580
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Transnational language survival: heritage language use and maintenance among first-generation Yorùbá-English Nigerian immigrants in diaspora

ORCID Icon
Pages 1324-1341 | Received 10 May 2021, Accepted 06 Aug 2021, Published online: 20 Aug 2021

References

  • Adetoyeje, Y. O., and B. U. Sedenu. 2007. “Immigrants of Nigerian Descent in New York.” Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies 5 (3): 115–119. doi:10.1300/J500v05n03_07.
  • Akinde, O. 2013. “Acculturation of Nigerian Immigrants in Minnesota.” The Journal of Pan African Studies 6 (6): 181–199.
  • Akinrinade, S., and O. Olukoya. 2011. “Historicising the Nigerian Diaspora: Nigerian Immigrants and Homeland Relations.” Turkish Journal of Politics 2 (2): 71–85.
  • Alba, R., J. Logan, A. Lutz, and B. Stults. 2002. “Only English by the Third Generation? Loss and Preservation of the Mother Tongue among the Grandchildren of Contemporary Immigrants.” Demography 39: 467–484.
  • Arriagada, P. 2005. “Family Context and Spanish-Language Use: A Study of Latino Children in the United States.” Social Science Quarterly 86: 599–619.
  • Bayor, S. 2018. “The Experiences of Highly Educated Nigerian Immigrants in the United States.” Senior Projects Spring 2018. 281. https://digitalcommons.bard.edu/senproj_s2018/281.
  • Beckhusen, J., R. Florax, T. de Graff, J. Poot, and B. Waldorf. 2012. “Living and Working in Ethnic Enclaves: Language Proficiency of Immigrants in US Metropolitan Areas.” Centre for Research and Analysis of Migration Discussion Paper Series, pp. 1–22.
  • Berray, M. 2019. “A Critical Literary Review of the Melting Pot and Salad Bowl Assimilation and Integration Theories.” Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies 6 (1): 142–151. doi:10.29333/ejecs/217.
  • Bokamba, E. G. 2008. “The Lives of Local and Regional Congolese Languages in Globalized Linguistic Markets.” In Globalization and Language Vitality: Perspectives from Africa, edited by C. Vigouroux, and S. Mufwene, 97–125. London: Continuum.
  • Boon, E., and M. Polinsky. 2015. “From Silence to Voice: Empowering Heritage Language Speakers in the 21st Century.” Informes del Observatorio / Observatorio’s Report. Instituto Cervantes at Harvard’s Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
  • Bourdieu, P. 1977. “The Economics of Linguistic Exchanges.” Social Science Information 16: 645–668. doi:10.1177/05390184770160060.
  • Bourdieu, P. 1989. “Social Space and Symbolic Power.” Sociological Theory 7: 14–25.
  • Bourdieu, P. 1991. Language and Symbolic Power. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Bourdieu, P. 1993. The Field of Cultural Production. Cambridge: Polity.
  • Braun, V., and V. Clarke. 2019. “Reflecting on Reflexive Thematic Analysis.” Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health 11 (4): 589–597. doi:10.1080/2159676X.2019.1628806.
  • Brown, A. N. 2008. “Language Shift or Maintenance? An Examination of Language Usage Across Four Generations as Self-Reported by University Age Students in Belarus.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 29 (1): 1–15.
  • Brown, C. L. 2011. “Maintaining Heritage Language: Perspectives of Korean Parents.” Multicultural Education 19 (1): 31–37.
  • Brown, J. R., and J. Bousquette. 2018. “Heritage Languages in North America: Sociolinguistic Approaches.” Journal of Language Contact 11 (2): 201–207. doi:10.1163/19552629-01102002.
  • Bucholtz, M. 2006. “Sociolinguistics and Political Economy.” In Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics, edited by K. Brown, 493–495. Oxford: Elsevier.
  • Bull, T. 2013. “Linguistic Emancipation and the Linguistic Marketplace.” Sociolinguistic Studies 7: 33–55. doi:10.1558/sols.v7i1-2.33.
  • Cho, J. 2012. “Global Fatigue: Transnational Markets, Linguistic Capital, and Korean-American Male English Teachers in South Korea.” Journal of Sociolinguistics 16: 218–237.
  • Cho, G., and S. Krashen. 1998. “The Negative Consequences of Heritage Language Loss and Why We Should Care.” In Heritage Language Development, edited by S. Krashen, L. Tse, and J. McQuillan, 31–39. Culver City: Language Education Associates.
  • Connaughton-Crean, L., and P. Duibhir. 2017. “Home Language Maintenance and Development among First Generation Migrant Children in an Irish Primary School: An Investigation of Attitudes.” Journal of Home Language Research 2: 22–39. doi:10.16993/jhlr.29.
  • Cummins, J. 1991. “Introduction.” The Canadian Modern Language Review 47 (4): 601–605.
  • Dalisay, F. 2012. “Media Use and Acculturation of New Immigrants in the United States.” Communication Research Reports 29 (2): 148–160.
  • Estrada-Loehne, M. E. 2017. “Heritage Language Maintenance: A Mexican American Mother’s Success with Raising Bilingual Children.” Unpublished thesis, Eastern Washington University, Washington, DC.
  • Ette, E. 2012. Nigerian Immigrants in the United States. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
  • Fishman, J. A. 1965. “Language Maintenance and Language Shift: The American Immigrant Case within a General Theoretical Perspective.” Sociologus; Zeitschrift Fur Empirische Soziologie, Sozialpsychologische Und Ethnologische Forschung. A Journal for Empirical Sociology, Social Psychology, and Ethnic Research 16 (1): 19–39.
  • Fishman, J. A. 1966a. Language Loyalty in the United States: The Maintenance and Perpetuation of Non-English Mother Tongues by American Ethnic and Religious Groups. The Hague, The Netherlands: Mouton.
  • Fishman, J. A. 1966b. “Language Maintenance and Language Shift as a Field of Inquiry.” In Language Loyalty in the United States, edited by J. A. Fishman, 32–70. The Hague: Mouton.
  • Fishman, J. A. 2001. “300-Plus Years of Heritage Language Education in the United States.” In Heritage Languages in America: Preserving a National Resource, edited by J. K. Peyton, D. A. Ranard, and S. McGinnis, 81–89. Washington, DC & McHenry, IL: Center for Applied Linguistics & Delta Systems.
  • Forrest, J., P. Benson, and F. Siciliano. 2020. “Linguistic Shift and Heritage Language Retention in Australia.” In Handbook of the Changing World Language Map, edited by S. Brunn and R. Keherein, 1069–1086. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature.
  • Gathercole, V. C. M., ed. 2007. Language Transmission in Bilingual Families in Wales. Cardiff: Welsh Language Board.
  • Gharibi, K., and F. Boers. 2017. “Influential Factors in Lexical Richness of Young Heritage Speakers’ Family Language: Iranians in New Zealand.” International Journal of Bilingualism 23: 1–19. doi:10.1177/1367006917728395.
  • Gogolin, I. 2001. “The Linguistic Marketplace.” In Handbook of the Science of Language and Society, edited by R. Mesthrie, 612–613. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
  • Graves, T. D. 1967. “Acculturation, Access, and Alcohol in a Tri-ethnic Community.” American Anthropologist 69 (3-4): 306–321.
  • Hamid, M. O. 2016. “The Linguistic Market for English in Bangladesh.” Current Issues in Language Planning 17: 36–55. doi:10.1080/14664208.2016.1105909.
  • Hong, M. 2016. “Heritage Language Maintenance and Development among Asian Immigrant Families in Canada.” Master's diss., University of Victoria. https://dspace.library.uvic.ca/bitstream/handle/1828/7321/Hong_Mina_MEd_2016.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
  • Hua, Z., and L. Wei. 2016. “Transnational Experience, Aspiration and Family Language Policy.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 37 (7): 655–666.
  • Hulsen, M., K. de Bot, and B. Weltens. 2002. “‘Between Two Worlds’. Social Networks, Language Shift, and Language Processing in Three Generations of Dutch Migrants in New Zealand.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language 153: 27–52.
  • Hur, E., J. Otero, and E. Lee. 2021. “Attitudes and Expectations Towards Heritage Language Instruction: Evidence from Korean and Spanish in the U.S.” Languages 6: 14. doi:10.3390/languages6010014.
  • Igboanusi, H., and H. Wolf. 2010. “The Role of Ethnically Mixed Marriages in Language Shift: A Case Study of Nigeria’s Minority Languages.” Sociolinguistic Studies 3 (3): 451–463.
  • Jagodic, D. 2011. “Between Language Maintenance and Language Shift: The Slovenian Community in Italy Today and Tomorrow.” ESUKA – JEFUL 2 (1): 195–213.
  • Jee, J. M. 2020. “Heritage Language Anxiety and Major Language Anxiety Experienced by Korean Immigrants in Australia.” International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism. doi:10.1080/13670050.2020.1799321.
  • Jeon, M. 2008. “Korean Heritage Language Maintenance and Language Ideology.” http://web.international.ucla.edu/institute/article/87734.
  • Jeon, A. 2020. “‘I Had the Best of Both Worlds’: Transnational Sense of Belonging Second-Generation Korean Americans’ Heritage Language Learning Journey.” Language and Education 34 (6): 553–565. doi:10.1080/09500782.2020.1825478.
  • Jia, G. 2008. “Heritage Language Development, Maintenance, and Attrition among Recent Chinese Immigrants in New York City.” In Chinese as a Heritage Language: Fostering Rooted World Citizenry, edited by A. W. He and Y. Xiao, 185–199. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai’i, National Foreign Language Resource Center.
  • Kelleher, A. 2008. “What Is a Heritage Language?” In Heritage Languages in America: Frequently Asked Questions about Heritage Languages in the United States, edited by J. K. Peyton, 3–4. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics. Accessed May 10, 2010. http://www.cal.org/heritage/research/heritage_faqs_vol1.pdf.
  • Kharchenko, N. 2014. “Heritage Language Maintenance or Loss: A Difficult Choice for Immigrant Parents.” Unpublished thesis, University of Manitoba, Canada.
  • Kim, H. 2021. “The Role of Korean Immigrant Churches in the Identity Development and Heritage Language Learning among Biracial Korean American University Students.” The Korean Language in America 24 (2): 60–84. doi:10.5325/korelangamer.24.2.0060.
  • Lao, R. S., and J. S. Lee. 2009. “Heritage Language Maintenance and use among 1.5 Generation Khmer College Students.” Journal of Southeast Asian American Education and Advancement 4. doi:10.7771/2153-8999.1094.
  • Lee, S. J. 2006. “Exploring the Relationship Between Electronic Literacy and Heritage Language Maintenance.” Language Learning & Technology 10 (2): 93–113.
  • Lee, G., and A. Gupta. 2020. “Raising Children to Speak their Heritage Language in the USA: Roles of Korean Parents.” Journal of Language Teaching and Research 11 (4): 521–531. doi:10.17507/jltr.1104.01.
  • Lewis, E. G. 2015. Migration and Language Contact. https://www.ethnologue.com/ethnoblog/m-paul-lewis/migration-and-language-contact.
  • Liang, F. 2018. “Parental Perceptions Toward and Practices of Heritage Language Maintenance: Focusing on the United States and Canada.” International Journal of Language Studies 12 (2): 65–86.
  • Little, S. 2020. “Social Media and the Use of Technology in Home Language Maintenance.” In Handbook of Home Language Maintenance and Development: Social and Affective Factors, edited by A. C. Schalley and S. A. Eisenchlas, 257–273. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
  • Makoni, B. 2018. “Beyond Country of Birth: Heritage Language Learning and the Discursive Construction of Identities of Resistance.” Heritage Language Journal 15: 73–93.
  • Migration Policy Institute. 2015. “The Nigerian Diaspora in the United States.” RAD Diaspora Profile. https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjq1PGBpu7OAhWHF8AKHWmpDcMQFggcMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.migrationpolicy.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2FRAD-Nigeria.pdf&usg=AFQjCNEi1DbfOmYv-D7_H8u0fVwNwd9MKg&bvm=bv.131286987,d.ZGg.
  • Morgan, L., and M. Peter. 2014. “Affordances for Home Language Maintenance Created by Multimodal Web 2.0 and Mobile Technologies.” In ICICTE 2014 Proceedings (pp. 175–184). Kos, Greece: http://www.icicte.org/Proceedings2014/Papers%202014/5.3%20Morgan.pdf.
  • Nesteruk, O. 2010. “Heritage Language Maintenance and Loss among the Children of Eastern European Immigrants in the USA.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 31 (3): 271–286.
  • Ogbaa, K. 2003. The Nigerian Americans. Westport, London: Greenwood Press.
  • Oh, J. S., and A. J. Fuligni. 2007. “The Role of Heritage Language Development in the Adjustment of Adolescents from Immigrant Backgrounds.” UCLA: California Center for Population Research. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5ks759dc.
  • Ortman, J. M., and G. Stevens. 2008. “Shift Happens, But When?: Inter- and Intragenerational Language Shift among Hispanic Americans.” Presented at the Annual Meetings of the Population Association of America, April 17–19, New Orleans, LA.
  • Otcu-Grillman, B. 2010. “Heritage Language Maintenance and Cultural Identity Formation: The Case of a Turkish Saturday School in New York City.” Heritage Language Journal 7 (2): 273–298. doi:10.46538/hlj.7.2.6.
  • Oyebamiji, S., and A. Adekoye. 2019. “Nigerians’ Migration to the United States of America: A Contemporary Perspective.” Journal of African Foreign Affairs 6 (1): 165–180.
  • Portes, A., and R. Rumbaut. 2006. Immigrant America: A Portrait. 3rd ed. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Rassool, N. 2007. Global Issues in Language, Education and Development: Perspectives from Postcolonial Countries. Buffalo: Multilingual Matters.
  • Romanowski, P. 2021. “A Deliberate Language Policy or a Perceived Lack of Agency: Heritage Language Maintenance in the Polish Community in Melbourne.” International Journal of Bilingualism. doi:10.1177/13670069211000850.
  • Sam, D. L., and J. W. Berry. 1995. “Acculturative Stress among Young Immigrants in Norway.” Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 36: 10–24.
  • Schiffman, H. F. 2002. “French Language Policy: Centrism, Orwellian Dirigisme, or Economic Determinism?” In Contributions to the Sociology of Language: Opportunities and Challenges of Bilingualism, edited by J. A. Fishman (Series Ed.), L. Wei, J.-M. Dewaele, and A. Housen (Vol. Eds.), 89–104. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
  • Schwartz, S., M. Montgomery, and E. Briones. 2006. “The Role of Identity in Acculturation among Immigrant People: Theoretical Propositions, Empirical Questions, and Applied Recommendations.” Human Development 49: 1–30.
  • Shin, S. J., and J. S. Lee. 2013. “Expanding Capacity, Opportunity, and Desire to Learn Korean as a Heritage Language.” Heritage Language Journal 10 (3): 64–73.
  • Stevens, G. 1992. “The Social and Demographic Context of Language Use in the United States.” American Sociological Review 57: 171–185.
  • Strübel, J. 2012. “Get Your Gele: Nigerian Dress, Diasporic Identity and Translocalism.” The Journal of Pan African Studies 4 (9): 24–41.
  • Suarez, D. 2002. “The Paradox of Linguistic Hegemony and the Maintenance of Spanish as an Heritage Language in the United States.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 23: 512–530.
  • Taylor, P., D. Cohn, G. Livingston, and C. Funk. 2013. Second-generation Americans: A Portrait of the Adult Children of Immigrants. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2013/02/07/second-generationamericans/.
  • Tsai, J. L., Y.-W. Ying, and P. A. Lee. 2000. “The Meaning of “Being Chinese” and “Being American”: Variation among Chinese American Young Adults.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 31 (3): 302–332. doi:10.1177/0022022100031003002.
  • Vallance, A. L. 2015. “The Importance of Maintaining a Heritage Language While Acquiring the Host Language.” Honors College Theses. 34. https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/honorstheses/34.
  • Xia, Q. 2016. “Heritage Language Maintenance and Biliteracy Development for Immigrants’ Children: A Study of Chinese Immigrants’ Family Language Policy and Biliteracy Practices.” Unpublished thesis. University of Maryland, Maryland.
  • Xie, Y., and M. Gough. 2011. “Ethnic Enclaves and the Earnings of Immigrants.” Demography 48: 1293–1315. doi:10.1007/s13524-011-0058-8.
  • Xu, H. 2019. “Putonghua as ‘Admission Ticket’ to Linguistic Market in Minority Regions in China.” Language Policy 18: 17–37. doi:10.1007/s10993-018-9462-x.
  • Zhu, D., P. Hopper, and G. Kulaixi. 2020. “Heritage Language Maintenance among Second-Generation Chinese-American Children in a Small Chinese Community.” International Journal of Education, Culture and Society 5 (5): 100–114. doi:10.11648/j.ijecs.20200505.13.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.