636
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

‘We are Korean people and we must speak Korean well:’ parental involvement in five Korean American families with successful heritage language maintenance

ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 1648-1661 | Received 15 Sep 2021, Accepted 06 Nov 2021, Published online: 30 Nov 2021

References

  • Atkins, T. E. 2010. Primitive Selves: Koreana in the Japanese Colonial Gaze, 1910–1945. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.
  • Brown, C. L. 2009. “Heritage Language and Ethnic Identity: A Case Study of Korean-American College Students.” International Journal of Multicultural Education 11 (1): 1–16. doi:10.18251/ijme.v11i1.157
  • Brown, C. L. 2011. “Maintaining Heritage Language: Perspective of Korean Parents.” Multicultural Education 19 (1): 31–37.
  • Chen, W.-B., and A. Gregory. 2009. “Parental Involvement as a Protective Factor During the Transition to High School.” The Journal of Educational Research 103 (1): 53–62. doi:10.1080/00220670903231250.
  • Cho, G. 2015. “Perspectives vs. Reality of Heritage Language Development: Voices from Second-Generation Korean-American High School Students.” Multicultural Education 22 (2): 30–38.
  • Choi, I. 2003. “Korean Diaspora in the Making: Its Current Status and Impact on the Korean Economy.” In The Korean Diaspora in the World Economy, edited by C. F. Bergsten and I. Choi, 9–27. Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics.
  • College Board. 2006. The Official Study Guide for all SAT Subject Tests. New York, NY: The College Board.
  • Cumings, B. 1981. The Origins of the Korean war, vol. 1. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Dotterer, A. M., and E. Wehrspann. 2016. “Parent Involvement and Academic Outcomes among Urban Adolescents: Examining the Role of School Engagement.” Educational Psychology 36 (4): 812–830. doi:10.1080/01443410.2015.1099617.
  • Dudden, A. 2005. Japan’s Colonization of Korea: Discourse and Power. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai‘i Press.
  • Fan, X., and M. Chen. 2001. “Parental Involvement and Students’ Academic Achievement: A Meta-Analysis.” Educational Psychology Review 13 (1): 1–22. doi:10.1023/A:1009048817385.
  • Fishman, J. A. 1991. Reversing Language Shift: Theoretical and Empirical Foundations of Assistance to Threatened Languages. Bristol, United Kingdom: Multilingual Matters.
  • Fishman, J. A. 2001. “Three Hundred Plus Years of Heritage Language Education in the United States.” In Heritage Languages in America: Preserving a National Resource, edited by J. Peyton, D. Ranard, and S. McGinnis, 37–77. McHenry, IL: Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems.
  • Gragert, E. H. 1994. Landownership Under Colonial Rule: Korea’s Japanese Experience, 1900–1935. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai‘i Press.
  • Grolnick, W. S., C. Benjet, C. O. Kurowski, and N. H. Apostoleris. 1997. “Predictors of Parent Involvement in Children's Schooling.” Journal of Educational Psychology 89 (3): 538–548. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.89.3.538.
  • Grolnick, W. S., and M. L. Slowiaczek. 1994. “Parents’ Involvement in Children's Schooling: A Multidimensional Conceptualization and Motivational Model.” Child Development 65: 237–252. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00747.x.
  • Guardado, M. 2002. “Loss and Maintenance of First Language Skills: Case Studies of Hispanic Families in Vancouver.” Canadian Modern Language Review 58 (3): 341–363.
  • Guardado, M., and A. Becker. 2014. “‘Glued to the Family’: The Role of Familism in Heritage Language Development Strategies.” Language, Culture and Curriculum 27 (2): 163–181. doi:10.1080/07908318.2014.912658.
  • Jeon, M. 2008. “Korean Heritage Language Maintenance and Language Ideology.” Heritage Language Journal 6 (2): 206–223.
  • Joo, S. J., A. Chik, & E. Djonov. 2021. “From my Parents’ Language to my Language: Understanding Language Ideologies of Young Australian Korean Heritage Language Learners at the Primary and Secondary School Level.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. Advance online publication.
  • Kim, J. 2011. “Korean Immigrant Mothers’ Perspectives: The Meanings of a Korean Heritage Language School for Their Children’s American Early Schooling Experiences.” Early Childhood Education Journal 39 (2): 133–141. doi:10.1007/s10643-011-0453-1.
  • Kim, H. Y. 2011. “Parents’ Perceptions, Decisions, and Influences: Korean Immigrant Parents Look at Language Learning and Their Children’s Identities.” Multicultural Education 18 (2): 16–19.
  • Kim, K. K.-O., K. Lee, & T.-Y. Kim. 1981. Korean-Americans in Los Angeles: Their Concerns and Language Maintenance. Technical Report 01-81. National Center for Bilingual Research.
  • Kondo-Brown, K. 2008. “Issues and Future Agendas for Teaching Chinese, Japanese, and Korean Heritage Students.” In Teaching Chinese, Japanese and Korean Heritage Language Students: Curriculum Needs, Materials, and Assessment, edited by K. Kondo-Brown and J. D. Brown, 17–43. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Kwon, J. 2017. “Immigrant Mothers’ Beliefs and Transnational Strategies for Their Children’s Heritage Language Maintenance.” Language and Education 31 (6): 495–508. doi:10.1080/09500782.2017.1349137.
  • Lao, C. 2004. “Parents’ Attitudes Toward Chinese-English Bilingual Education and Chinese-Language use.” Bilingual Research Journal 28 (1): 99–121. doi:10.1080/15235882.2004.10162614.
  • Lee, J. S. 2002. “The Korean Language in America: The Role of Cultural Identity in Heritage Language Teaching.” Language, Culture and Curriculum 15 (2): 117–133. doi:10.1080/07908310208666638.
  • Lee, B. Y. 2013. “Heritage Language Maintenance and Cultural Identity Formation: The Case of Korean Immigrant Parents and Their Children in the USA.” Early Child Development and Care 183 (11): 1576–1588. doi:10.1080/03004430.2012.741125.
  • Lee, J. S., and S. J. Shin. 2008. “Korean Heritage Language Education in the United States: The Current State, Opportunities, and Possibilities.” Heritage Language Journal 6 (2): 1–20.
  • Li, G., and K. Wen. 2015. “East Asian Heritage Language Education for a Plurilingual Reality in the United States: Practices, Potholes, and Possibilities.” International Multilingual Research Journal 9 (4): 274–290. doi:10.1080/19313152.2015.1086623.
  • Lopez, D. E. 1996. “Language: Diversity and Assimilation.” In Ethnic Los Angeles, edited by R. D. Waldinger and M. Bozorgmehr, 139–163. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Min, P. G. 2000. “Korean-Americans’ Language use.” In New Immigrants in the U.S, edited by S. L. McKay and S. C. Wang, 306–332. London, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
  • Nesteruk, O. 2010. “Heritage Language Maintenance and Loss among the Children of Eastern European Immigrants in the USA.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 31 (3): 271–286. doi:10.1080/01434630903582722.
  • Oriyama, K. 2012. “What Role Can Community Contact Play in Heritage Language Literacy Development? Japanese–English Bilingual Children in Sydney.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 33 (2): 167–186. doi:10.1080/01434632.2011.617822
  • Park, S. 2013. “Immigrant Students’ Heritage Language and Cultural Identity Maintenance in Multilingual and Multicultural Societies.” Concordia Working Papers in Applied Linguistics 4: 30–53.
  • Park, S. M., and M. Sarkar. 2007. “Parents’ Attitudes Toward Heritage Language Maintenance for Their Children and Their Efforts to Help Their Children Maintain the Heritage Language: A Case Study of Korean-Canadian Immigrants.” Language, Culture and Curriculum 20 (3): 223–235. doi:10.2167/lcc337.0.
  • Polinsky, M., and G. Scontras. 2020. “Understanding Heritage Languages.” Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 23 (1): 4–20. doi:10.1017/S1366728919000245.
  • Rothman, J. 2009. “Understanding the Nature and Outcomes of Early Bilingualism: Romance Languages as Heritage Languages.” International Journal of Bilingualism 13 (2): 155–163. doi:10.1177/1367006909339814.
  • Sánchez-Muñoz, A. 2016. “Heritage Language Healing? Learners’ Attitudes and Damage Control in a Heritage Language Classroom.” In Advances in Spanish as a Heritage Language, edited by D. Pascual and Cabo, 205–218. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
  • Sevinç, Y. 2016. “Language Maintenance and Shift Under Pressure: Three Generations of the Turkish Immigrant Community in the Netherlands.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2016: 81–117..
  • Shin, F. H. 2000. “Parent Attitudes Toward the Principles of Bilingual Education and Their Children’s Participation in Bilingual Programs.” Journal of Intercultural Studies 21 (1): 93–99. doi:10.1080/07256860050000812.
  • Shin, S. J. 2002. “Birth Order and the Language Experience of Bilingual Children.” TESOL Quarterly 36 (1): 103–113. doi:10.2307/3588366.
  • Shin, S. J. 2005. Developing in two Languages: Korean Children in America. Bristol, United Kingdom: Multilingual Matters.
  • Shin, S. J., and L. Milroy. 1999. “Bilingual Language Acquisition by Korean Schoolchildren in New York City.” Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 2 (2): 147–167. doi:10.1017/S1366728999000243.
  • Sun, W., and J. Kwon. 2020. “Representation of Monoculturalism in Chinese and Korean Heritage Language Textbooks for Immigrant Children.” Language, Culture and Curriculum 33 (4): 402–416. doi:10.1080/07908318.2019.1642346
  • Torres, K. M., and J. E. Turner. 2017. “Heritage Language Learners’ Perceptions of Acquiring and Maintaining the Spanish Language.” International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 20 (7): 837–853. doi:10.1080/13670050.2015.1113927.
  • Valdés, G. 2000. “Introduction.” In Spanish for Native Speakers, edited by N. Anderson, vol. 1, 1–20. San Diego, CA: Harcourt College.
  • Wiley, T. G. 2014. “Diversity, Super-Diversity, and Monolingual Language Ideology in the United States Tolerance or Intolerance?” Review of Research in Education 38 (1): 1–32. doi:10.3102/0091732X13511047.
  • Wiley, T. G., and G. Valdés. 2000. “Editors’ Introduction: Heritage Language Instruction in the United States: A Time for Renewal.” Bilingual Research Journal 24 (4): iii–vii. doi:10.1080/15235882.2000.10162770.
  • You, B. 2005. “Children Negotiating Korean American Ethnic Identity Through Their Heritage Language.” Bilingual Research Journal 29 (3): 711–721. doi:10.1080/15235882.2005.10162860.
  • Zhang, D. 2010. “Language Maintenance and Language Shift among Chinese Immigrant Parents and Their Second-Generation Children in the U.S.” Bilingual Research Journal 33 (1): 42–60. doi:10.1080/15235881003733258.
  • Zhang, D., and D. T. Slaughter-Defoe. 2009. “Language Attitudes and Heritage Language Maintenance among Chinese Immigrant Families in the USA.” Language, Culture and Curriculum 22 (2): 77–93. doi:10.1080/07908310902935940.
  • Zyzik, E. 2016. “Toward a Prototype Model of the Heritage Language Learner.” In Innovative Strategies for Heritage Language Teaching: A Practical Guide for the Classroom, edited by M. A. Fairclough and S. M. Beaudrie, 19–38. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.