How language usage affects sojourners’ psychological well-being in a trilingual society: linguistic acculturation of Mainland Chinese students in Hong Kong

References

• Abe-Kim, J., S. Okazaki, and S. G. Goto. 2001. “Unidimensional Versus Multidimensional Approaches to the Assessment of Acculturation for Asian American Populations.” Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 7: 232–246.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Althaus, S. L., and D. Tewksbury. 2000. “Patterns of Internet and Traditional News Media use in a Networked Community.” Political Communication 17 (1): 21–45. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/105846000198495.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arends-Tóth, J., and F. J. Van de Vijver. 2006a. Issues in the Conceptualization and Assessment of Acculturation.
   Google Scholar
• Arends-Toth, J., and F. R. van de Vijver. 2006b. 10 Assessment of Psychological Acculturation.
   Google Scholar
• Beltrán, U. 2007. “The Combined Effect of Advertising and News Coverage in the Mexican Presidential Campaign of 2000.” Political Communication 24 (1): 37–63. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/citedby/10.1080/10584600601128663.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry, J. W. 1997. “Immigration, Acculturation, and Adaptation.” Applied Psychology 46 (1): 5–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry, J. W. 2016. “Theories and Models of Acculturation.” In The Oxford Handbook of Acculturation and Health, edited by S. Schwartz, and J. Unger, 19–20. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Berry, J. W., and F. Hou. 2016. “Immigrant Acculturation and Wellbeing in Canada.” Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne 57 (4): 254. doi:10.1037/cap0000064.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry, J. W., J. S. Phinney, D. L. Sam, and P. Vedder. 2006. “Immigrant Youth: Acculturation, Identity, and Adaptation.” Applied Psychology 55 (3): 303–332.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branscombe, N. R., M. T. Schmitt, and R. D. Harvey. 1999. “Perceiving Pervasive Discrimination among African Americans: Implications for Group Identification and Well-Being.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77 (1): 135.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Celenk, O., and F. J. Van de Vijver. 2011. “Assessment of Acculturation: Issues and Overview of Measures.” Online Readings in Psychology and Culture 8 (1): 1–22.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, S. X., V. Benet-Martínez, and M. Harris Bond. 2008. “Bicultural Identity, Bilingualism, and Psychological Adjustment in Multicultural Societies: Immigration-Based and Globalization-Based Acculturation.” Journal of Personality 76 (4): 803–838. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00505.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choudaha, R. 2017. “Three Waves of International Student Mobility (1999–2020).” Studies in Higher Education 42 (5): 825–832. doi:10.1080/03075079.2017.1293872.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, A. S. 2019. “The Problematic Definition of ‘Chinese’ in Hong Kong.” Language and Communication 67: 55–68. doi:10.1016/j.langcom.2019.03.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook B,Alegria M, Lin JY and Guo J. 2009. “Pathways and Correlates Connecting Latinos’ Mental Health With Exposure to the United States.” American Journal of Public Health 99 (12): 2247–2254. doi:10.2105/Ajph.2008.137091.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diener, E., D. Wirtz, R. Biswas-Diener, W. Tov, C. Kim-Prieto, D. W. Choi, and S. Oishi. 2009. “New Measures of Well-Being.” In Assessing Well-Being, edited by E. Diener, 247–266. Dordrecht: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Dong, J., and J. Blommaert. 2009. “Space, Scale and Accents: Constructing Migrant Identity in Beijing.” Multilingua - Journal of Cross-Cultural and Interlanguage Communication 28 (1): 1–24. doi:10.1515/mult.2009.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein, J. A., G. J. Botvin, and T. Diaz. 1998. “Linguistic Acculturation and Gender Effects on Smoking among Hispanic Youth.” Preventive Medicine 27 (4): 583–589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein, J. A., G. J. Botvin, and T. Diaz. 2001. “Linguistic Acculturation Associated with Higher Marijuana and Polydrug Use among Hispanic Adolescents.” Substance Use and Misuse 36 (4): 477–499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fung, A. Y., and C. K. Chan. 2017. “Post-handover Identity: Contested Cultural Bonding Between China and Hong Kong.” Chinese Journal of Communication 10 (4): 395–412. doi:10.1080/17544750.2017.1371782.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao, X. 2010. “To be or not to be “Part of Them”: Micropolitical Challenges in Mainland Chinese Students’ Learning of English in a Multilingual University.” TESOL Quarterly 44 (2): 274–294. doi:10.5054/tq.2010.219944.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao, X. 2017. “Linguistic Instrumentalism and National Language Policy in Mainland China’s State Print Media Coverage of the Protecting Cantonese Movement.” Chinese Journal of Communication 10 (2): 157–175. doi:10.1080/17544750.2016.1207694.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu, M. 2011. “‘I am not Qualified to be a Honkongese Because of my Accented Cantonese’: Mainland Chinese Immigrant Students in Hong Kong.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 32 (6): 515–529. doi:10.1080/01434632.2011.614350.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu, M. 2014. “From Opposition to Transcendence: The Language Practices and Ideologies of Students in a Multilingual University.” International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 17 (3): 310–329. doi:10.1080/13670050.2013.766148.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hootsuite. 2019. Top 20 Chinese Social Media Sites And Apps (Update Of 2019). Hicom. Accessed August 10, 2021. https://www.hicom-asia.com/chinese-kol-top-10-social-media-platforms-they-use/.
   Google Scholar
• Hu, L. T., and P. M. Bentler. 1999. “Cutoff Criteria for fit Indexes in Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria Versus new Alternatives.” Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal 6 (1): 1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juang, L. P., and J. T. Cookston. 2009. “Acculturation, Discrimination, and Depressive Symptoms among Chinese American Adolescents: A Longitudinal Study.” The Journal of Primary Prevention 30 (3-4): 475–496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai, M. L. 2012. “Tracking Language Attitudes in Postcolonial Hong Kong: An Interplay of Localization, Mainlandization, and Internationalization.” Multilingua 31 (1): 1–29. doi:10.1515/mult.2012.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanca, M., C. Alksnis, N. J. Roese, and R. C. Gardner. 1994. “Effects of Language Choice on Acculturation: A Study of Portuguese Immigrants in a Multicultural Setting.” Journal of Language and Social Psychology 13 (3): 315–330.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, R. M., and S. B. Robbins. 1995. “Measuring Belongingness: The Social Connectedness and the Social Assurance Scales.” Journal of Counseling Psychology 42 (2): 232.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, M. 2016. “Pluralistic Ignorance in Sino–Hong Kong Conflicts: The Perception of Mainland Chinese People Living in Hong Kong.” Chinese Journal of Communication 9 (2): 153–172. doi:10.1080/17544750.2015.1091021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, X. 2018. “A Comparative Study of Language Attitudes in Hong Kong: Towards English, Cantonese and Putonghua.” International Journal of English Linguistics 8 (3): 195–209. doi:10.5539/ijel.v8n3p195.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, N. 2015. “The Rise of “Anti-China” Sentiments in Hong Kong and the 2012 Legislative Council Elections.” The China Review 15(1): 39–66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marin, G., F. Sabogal, B. V. Marin, F. Otero-Sabogal, and E. J. Perez-Stable. 1987. “Development of a Short Acculturation Scale for Hispanics.” Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 9: 183–205.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews, S., and V. Yip. 2013. Cantonese: A Comprehensive Grammar. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Mossakowski, K. 2003. “Coping with Perceived Discrimination: Does Ethnic Identity Protect Mental Health?” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 44: 318–331. doi:10.2307/1519782.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noh, S., and V. Kaspar. 2003. “Perceived Discrimination and Depression: Moderating Effects of Coping, Acculturation, and Ethnic Support.” American Journal of Public Health 93 (2): 232–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan, J. Y. 2011. “A Resilience-Based and Meaning-Oriented Model of Acculturation: A Sample of Mainland Chinese Postgraduate Students in Hong Kong.” International Journal of Intercultural Relations 35 (5): 592–603. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2011.02.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pascasio, E. M., and A. Hidalgo. 1979. “How Role-Relationships, Domains, and Speech Situations Affect Language use among Bilinguals.” In Language and Society: Anthropological Issues, edited by W. C. McCormack and S. A. Wurm, 111–126. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
   Google Scholar
• Playford, K., and S. Safdar. 2007. A comparison of various conceptualizations of acculturation and the prediction of adaptation of international students.
   Google Scholar
• Poon, A. Y. 2010. “Language use, and Language Policy and Planning in Hong Kong.” Current Issues in Language Planning 11 (1): 1–66.
   Google Scholar
• Schonlau, M., R. D. Fricker, and M. N. Elliott. 2002. Conducting Research Surveys via e-Mail and the web. Santa Monica, CA: Rand.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, R. A., and N. G. Khawaja. 2011. “A Review of the Acculturation Experiences of International Students.” International Journal of Intercultural Relations 35 (6): 699–713. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2011.08.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephenson, M. 2000. “Development and Validation of the Stephenson Multigroup Acculturation Scale (SMAS).” Psychological Assessment 12 (1): 77. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.12.1.77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sung, C. C. M. 2020. “Mainland Chinese Students’ Multilingual Experiences During Cross-Border Studies in a Hong Kong University: From a Language Ideological Perspective.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 1–16. doi:10.1080/01434632.2020.1767632.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sussman, R., and R. Gifford. 2019. “Causality in the Theory of Planned Behavior.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 45 (6): 920–933. doi:10.1177/0146167218801363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai, J. L., Y. W. Ying, and P. A. Lee. 2000. “The Meaning of “Being Chinese” and “Being American” Variation among Chinese American Young Adults.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 31 (3): 302–332. doi:10.1177/0022022100031003002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, C., and A. Kennedy. 1994. “Acculturation Strategies, Psychological Adjustment, and Sociocultural Competence During Cross-Cultural Transitions.” International Journal of Intercultural Relations 18 (3): 329–343.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei, M., K. T. Wang, P. P. Heppner, and Y. Du. 2012. “Ethnic and Mainstream Social Connectedness, Perceived Racial Discrimination, and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms.” Journal of Counseling Psychology 59 (3): 486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong-Rieger, D., and D. Quintana. 1987. “Comparative Acculturation of Southeast Asian and Hispanic Immigrants and Sojourners.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 18 (3): 345–362.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, A. D. 2021. “Chineseness and Cantonese Tones in Post-1997 Hong Kong.” Language and Communication 76: 58–68. doi:10.1016/j.langcom.2020.10.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, J., and Y. S. Xie. 2019. As Hong Kong Universities Become Battle Zones, Mainland Chinese Students Flee. The Wall Street Journal. Accessed August 10, 2021. https://www.wsj.com/articles/as-hong-kong-universities-become-battle-zones-mainland-chinese-students-flee-11573649430.
   Google Scholar
• Yeh, C. J., and M. Inose. 2003. “International Students’ Reported English Fluency, Social Support Satisfaction, and Social Connectedness as Predictors of Acculturative Stress.” Counselling Psychology Quarterly 16 (1): 15–28. doi:10.1080/0951507031000114058.
   Google Scholar
• Ying, Y. W., P. A. Lee, and J. L. Tsai. 2000. “Cultural Orientation and Racial Discrimination: Predictors of Coherence in Chinese American Young Adults.” Journal of Community Psychology 28 (4): 427–441.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon, E., J. Hacker, A. Hewitt, M. Abrams, and S. Cleary. 2012. “Social Connectedness, Discrimination, and Social Status as Mediators of Acculturation/Enculturation and PWB.” Journal of Counseling Psychology 59 (1): 86–96. doi:10.1037/a0025366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon, E., R. M. Lee, and M. Goh. 2008. “Acculturation, Social Connectedness, and Subjective PWB.” Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 14 (3): 246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, B., and K. Zhang. 2016. “‘It’s More Foreign Than a Foreign Country’: Adaptation and Experience of Mainland Chinese Students in Hong Kong.” Tertiary Education and Management 22 (4): 300–315. doi:10.1080/13583883.2016.1226944.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zea, M. C., K. K. Asner-Self, D. Birman, and L. P. Buki. 2003. “The Abbreviated Multidimensional Acculturation Scale: Empirical Validation with two Latino/Latina Samples.” Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 9: 107–126. doi:10.1037/1099-9809.9.2.107.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar