Language attitudes: construct, measurement, and associations with language achievements

References

• Allport, G. W. 1935. “Attitudes.” In Handbook of Social Psychology, edited by C. Murchison, 798–844. Worcester: Mass: Clark University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Allport, G. W. 1954. “The Historical Background of Modern Social Psychology.” In Handbook of Social Psychology, edited by G. Lindzey, 3–56. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley.
   Google Scholar
• Artamonova, T. 2020. “L2 Learners’ Language Attitudes and Their Assessment.” Foreign Language Annals 53 (4): 807–826.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Au, S. 1988. “A Critical Appraisal of Gardner's Social-Psychological Theory of Second-Language (L2) Learning*.” Language Learning 38: 75–99.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bekker, I. 2004. “An Attitude Scale for Measuring Language Attitudes at South African Tertiary Institutions.” Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies 22 (1–12): 43–62.
   Google Scholar
• Botes, E., J. M. Dewaele, and S. Greiff. 2020. “The Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale and Academic Achievement: An Overview of the Prevailing Literature and a Meta-Analysis.” Journal for the Psychology of Language Learning 2 (1): 26–56.
   Google Scholar
• Bourhis, R. Y. 1983. “Language Attitudes and Self-Reports of French-English Language Usage in Quebec.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 4 (2–13): 163–179.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, T. A. 2015. Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research (2nd Edition). New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chin, W. W. 1998. “The Partial Least Squares Approach for Structural Equation Modeling.” In Modern Methods for Business Research, edited by G. A. Macoulides, 295–336. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper, R. L., and J. A. Fishman. 1977. “The Study of Language Attitudes.” Bilingual Review 4 (1/2): 7–34.
   Google Scholar
• Devellis, R. 2016. Scale Development: Theory and Applications. 4th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Dewaele, J.-M., J. Witney, K. Saito, and L. Dewaele. 2018. “Foreign Language Enjoyment and Anxiety: The Effect of Teacher and Learner Variables.” Language Teaching Research 22 (6): 676–697.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dörnyei, Z., and J.-M. Dewaele. 2023. Questionnaires in Second Language Research. Construction, Administration and Processing. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Routledge - Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Dragojevic, M. 2016. “Language Attitudes.” In The Oxford Encyclopedia of Intergroup Communication Vol. 1, edited by H. Giles, and J. Harwood, 263–278. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Eagly, A. H., and S. Chaiken. 1993. The Psychology of Attitudes. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Gardner, R. C. 1985a. Social Psychology and Second Language Learning: The Role of Attitudes and Motivation. London: Edward Arnold.
   Google Scholar
• Gardner, R. C. 1985b. The Attitude Motivation Test Battery: Technical Report. London, Ontario, Canada: University of Western Ontario, Department of Psychology.
   Google Scholar
• Gardner, R. C. 1988a. “Attitudes and Motivation.” Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 9: 135–148.
   Google Scholar
• Gardner, R. C. 1988b. “The Socio-Educational Model of Second-Language Learning: Assumptions, Findings, and Issues*.” Language Learning 38 (1): 101–126.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner, R. C., R. Clément, P. C. Smythe, and C. L. Smythe. 1979. Attitudes and Motivation Test Battery: Revised Manual. Research Bulletin No. 15. London, Ontario: University of Western Ontario.
   Google Scholar
• Gardner, R. C., and W. E. Lambert. 1972. Attitudes and Motivation in Second-Language Learning. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
   Google Scholar
• Gardner, R. C., P. F. Tremblay, and A. Masgoret. 1997. “Towards a Full Model of Second Language Learning: An Empirical Investigation.” The Modern Language Journal 81 (3): 344–362.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrett, P. 2010. Attitudes to Language. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., W. C. Black, B. J. Babin, R. E. Anderson, and R. L. Tatham. 2010. Multivariate Data Analysis (7th ed.). Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall International.
   Google Scholar
• Hooper, D., J. Coughlan, and M. R. Mullen. 2008. “Structural Equation Modeling: Guidelines for Determining Model fit.” 7th European Conference on research methodology for business and management studies, 195–200.
   Google Scholar
• Hu, L., and P. M. Bentler. 1999. “Cutoff Criteria for fit Indexes in Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria Versus new Alternatives.” Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal 6 (1): 1–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huguet, A. 2006. “Attitudes and Motivation Versus Language Achievement in Cross-Linguistic Settings. What is Cause and What Effect?” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 27 (5): 413–429.
   Google Scholar
• Kline, R. B. 2010. Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (3rd). New York & London: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Li, C. 2020. “A Positive Psychology Perspective on Chinese EFL Students’ Trait Emotional Intelligence, Foreign Language Enjoyment and EFL Learning Achievement.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 41 (3): 246–263.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, C. 2022. “Foreign Language Learning Boredom and Enjoyment: The Effects of Learner Variables and Teacher Variables.” Language Teaching Research, doi:10.1177/13621688221090324.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, C., and L. Wei. 2022. “Anxiety, Enjoyment, and Boredom in Language Learning Amongst Junior Secondary Students in Rural China: How do They Contribute to L2 Achievement?” Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 1–16. doi:10.1017/S0272263122000031.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacCallum, R. C., M. W. Browne, and H. M. Sugawara. 1996. “Power Analysis and Determination of Sample Size for Covariance Structure Modeling.” Psychological Methods 1 (2): 130–149.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masgoret, A., and R. C. Gardner. 2003. “Attitudes, Motivation, and Second Language Learning: A Meta-Analysis of Studies Conducted by Gardner and Associates.” Language Learning 53 (S1): 167–210.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng, D. F., and J. Zhao. 2015. “Investigating Cantonese Speakers’ Language Attitudes in Mainland China.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 36 (4): 357–371.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qu, J. 2017. 湘西地区少数民族语言态度研究. Beijing, China: The Ethnic Publishing House.
   Google Scholar
• Rezaei, S., A. Latifi, and A. Nematzadeh. 2017. “Attitude Towards Azeri Language in Iran: A Large-Scale Survey Research.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 38 (10): 931–941.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saeed, M., M. Z. Iqbal, M. Akhtar, and K. Saleem. 2014. “Development of a Scale to Measure English Language Learning Attitude of Secondary School Students.” Journal of Educational Research 17 (2): 42–57.
   Google Scholar
• Salmon, W., and J. G. Menjívar. 2019. “Setting and Language Attitudes in a Creole Context.” Applied Linguistics 40 (2): 248–264.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaefer, B. A., and P. A. McDermott. 1999. “Learning Behavior and Intelligence as Explanations for Children’s Scholastic Achievement.” Journal of School Psychology 37 (3): 299–313.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, A. N. 1971. “The Importance of Attitude in Foreign Language Learning.” The Modern Language Journal 55 (2): 82–88.
   Google Scholar
• Soukup, B. 2013. “The Measurement of ‘Language Attitudes’–A Reappraisal from a Constructionist Perspective.” In Language (de)Standardisation in Late Modern Europe: Experimental Studies, edited by S. Grondelaers, and T. Kristiansen, 251–266. Oslo: Novus Press.
   Google Scholar
• Steiger, J. H. 1990. “Structural Model Evaluation and Modification: An Interval Estimation Approach.” Multivariate Behavioral Research 25 (2): 173–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taguchi, T., M. Magid, and M. Papi. 2009. “The L2 Motivational Self-System Amongst Chinese, Japanese, and Iranian Learners of English: A Comparative Study.” In Motivation, Language Identity and the L2 Self, edited by Z. Dörnyei, and E. Ushioda, 66–97. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
   Google Scholar
• Teimouri, Y., L. Plonsky, and F. Tabandeh. 2022. “L2 Grit: Passion and Perseverance for Second-Language Learning.” Language Teaching Research 26 (5): 893–918.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ting, S. H., and Y. Y. Puah. 2015. “Sociocultural Traits and Language Attitudes of Chinese Foochow and Hokkien in Malaysia.” Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 25 (1): 117–140.
   Google Scholar
• Wei, R., H. Jiang, and M. Kong. 2021. “Attitudes Toward Trilingualism: A Survey Study of Chinese Mongolian University Students.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 42 (3): 291–306.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, M. 2010. 问卷统计分析实务-SPSS操作与应用. Chongqing: Chongqing University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Xie, W., and F. Cavallaro. 2016. “Attitudes Towards Mandarin–English Bilingualism: A Study of Chinese Youths in Singapore.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 37 (6): 628–641.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, Y. 2016. Research on Ethnic Identity and Language Attitudes of Yunnan’s Minority College Students Under the Context of Trilingual Education. Yunnan, China: Yunnan people’s Publishing House.
   Google Scholar
• Zanna, M. P., and J. K. Rempel. 1988. “Attitudes: A New Look at an Old Concept.” In The Social Psychology of Knowledge, edited by D. Bar-Tal, and A. Kruglanski, 315–334. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar