Chinese senior secondary students’ attitudes towards national, regional and foreign languages: the case of Chongqing

References

• Ali, S. S., G. Rahman, and Shahabullah. 2020. “Language Attitude of Pashto Speakers Towards English.” Sir Syed Journal of Education and Social Research 3 (3): 192–197. https://doi.org/10.36902/sjesr-vol3-iss3-2020(192-197).
   Google Scholar
• Anwar, K., M. F. Ubaidillah, V. N. Tarrayo, F. Ismiatun, K. Khotimah, I. Irawansyah, and U. Sulistiyo. 2020. “Orientations in Learning English as a Foreign Language: How do Indonesian Students View Them?” EduLite: Journal of English Education, Literature and Culture 5 (1): 32–42. https://doi.org/10.30659/e.5.1.32-42.
   Google Scholar
• Baker, C. 1992. Attitudes and Language. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
   Google Scholar
• Bohner, G., and Wänke, M. 2002. Attitudes and Attitude Change. Hove: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bourhis, R. Y., H. Giles, and W. E. Lambert. 1975. “Social Consequences of Accommodating One’s Style of Speech: A Cross-National Investigation.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language 6: 55–72.
   Google Scholar
• British Council. 2005. IELTS Handbook. Manchester: British Council.
   Google Scholar
• British Council (China). 2023. English in Numbers. Accessed November 7, 2023. https://www.britishcouncil.cn/en/EnglishGreat/numbers.
   Google Scholar
• Busse, V. 2017. “Plurilingualism in Europe: Exploring Attitudes Toward English and Other European Languages among Adolescents in Bulgaria, Germany, the Netherlands, and Spain.” The Modern Language Journal 101 (3): 566–582. https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12415.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavallaro, F., M. F. Seilhamer, H. Yen Yee, and N. Bee Chin. 2018. “Attitudes to Mandarin Chinese Varieties in Singapore.” Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 28 (2): 195–225. https://doi.org/10.1075/japc.00010.cav.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, J. Y. H. 2017. “Stakeholders’ Perceptions of Language Variation, English Language Teaching and Language use: The Case of Hong Kong.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 38 (1): 2–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2016.1145226.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, J. Y. H. 2018a. “Attitudes and Identities in Learning English and Chinese as a Lingua Franca: A Bilingual Learners’ Perspective.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 39 (9): 759–775. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2018.1438446.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, J. Y. H. 2018b. “Gender and Attitudes Towards English Varieties: Implications for Teaching English as a Global Language.” System 76: 62–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2018.04.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, H. D. 2020. “A Study of the Language Attitude and the Language Practice of Primary School and Middle School Students in Xiamen.” MA diss., Beijing Foreign Studies University.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, C., S. Lee, and H. W. Stevenson. 1995. “Response Style and Cross-Cultural Comparison of Rating Scales among East Asian and North American Students.” Psychological Science 6 (3): 170–175. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1995.tb00327.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chew, P. G. L. 2010. “From Chaos to Order: Language Change, Lingua Francas and World Englishes.” In Contending with Globalization in World Englishes, edited by M Saxena and T Omoniyi , 45–71. Bristol, Blue Ridge Summit: Multilingual Matters.
   Google Scholar
• Coupland, N., and H. Bishop. 2007. “Ideologised Values for British Accents 1.” Journal of Sociolinguistics 11 (1): 74–93. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9841.2007.00311.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding, H., and L. Yu. 2013. “the Dilemma: A Study of Bilingual Education Policy in Yi Minority Schools in Liangshan.” International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 16 (4): 451–470. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2012.699943.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong, J. 2010. “The Enregisterment of Putonghua in Practice.” Language and Communicaton 30 (4): 265–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2010.03.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong, X. Y. 2020. “Chinese College Students’ Language Attitudes: Linguistic, Cognitive and Social-Cultural Perspectives.” Doctoral diss., Jilin University.
   Google Scholar
• Dornyei, Z. 2005. The Psychology of the Language Learner: Individual Differences in Second Language Acquisition. Mahwah, NJ: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Dörnyei, Z. 2007. Research Methods in Applied Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dragojevic, M., and H. Giles. 2014. “The Reference Frame Effect: An Intergroup Perspective on Language Attitudes.” Human Communication Research 40 (1): 91–111. https://doi.org/10.1111/hcre.12017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dwyer, A. M. 2005. The Xinjiang Conflict: Uyghur Identity, Language Policy, and Political Discourse. East-West Center Washington
   Google Scholar
• Dwyer, A. M. 2014. “China's Language Policy Goes Global.” World Politics Review. https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/china-s-language-policy-goes-global/.
   Google Scholar
• Echeverria, B. 2005. “Language Attitudes in San Sebastian: The Basque Vernacular as Challenge to Spanish Language Hegemony.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 26 (3): 249–264. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434630508668407.
   Google Scholar
• Feng, A. 2005. “Bilingualism for the Minor or the Major? An Evaluative Analysis of Parallel Conceptions in China.” International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 8 (6): 529–551. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050508669067
   Google Scholar
• Gao, X. 2012. “Cantonese is not a Dialect’: Chinese Netizens’ Defence of Cantonese as a Regional Lingua Franca.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 33 (5): 449–464. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2012.680461.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao, Y. H., D. Y. Wu, and Z. Ma. 2019. “Language Attitudes in Hong Kong Compared with Guangzhou and Beijing: 20 Years After the Handover.” Applied Linguistics 2: 39–50.
   Google Scholar
• Gardner, R. C. 1985. Social Psychology and Second Language Learning: The Role of Attitudes and Motivation. London: Edward Arnold.
   Google Scholar
• Gardner, R. C. 2001. “Integrative Motivation and Second Language Acquisition.” Motivation and Second Language Acquisition 23 (1): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263101001012.
   Google Scholar
• Gardner, R. C., and W. E. Lambert. 1972. Attitudes and Motivation in Second Language Learning. Rowley, MA.: Newbury House Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Gardner, D., and K. Lau. 2018. “Learning and Using English: What Experience and Expectations do non-Local Asian International Students Bring to Their University Studies in Hong Kong?” Oxford Review of Education 44 (6): 755–770. https://doi.org/10.1080/03054985.2018.1448262.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner, D., and K. Lau. 2019. “One International University, two Perspectives: The Role of English as a Lingua Franca as Perceived by Mainland and Hong Kong Chinese Students.” Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education 49 (2): 192–210. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2017.1392846.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrett, P. 2010. Attitudes to Language. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Garrett, P., N. Coupland, and A. Williams. 2003. Investigating Language Attitudes: Social Meanings of Dialect, Ethnicity and Performance. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.
   Google Scholar
• Giles, H. 1970. “Evaluative Reactions to Accents.” Educational Review 22 (3), 211–227. https://doi.org/10.1080/0013191700220301.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giles, H., and A. C. Billings. 2004. “Assessing Language Attitudes: Speaker Evaluation Studies.” In The Handbook of Applied Linguistics, edited by A. Davies, and C. Elder, 187–209. Oxford: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Giles, H., and J. R. Edwards. 2010. “Attitudes to Language: Past, Present, and Future.” In The Routledge Linguistics Encyclopedia, 35–40. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Gluszek, A., and J. F. Dovidio. 2010. “Speaking with a Nonnative Accent: Perceptions of Bias, Communication Difficulties, and Belonging in the United States.” Journal of Language and Social Psychology 29 (2): 224–234. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X09359590.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo, L. 2004. “The Relationship Between Putonghua and Chinese Dialects.” In Language Policy in the People’s Republic of China, edited by M. Zhou and H. Sun, 45–54. Dordrecht: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Harrell, S. 1993. “Linguistics and Hegemony in China.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language 1993(103): 97–114.
   Google Scholar
• Harzing, A.-W. P., M. A. P. Brown, K. P. Köster, and S. P. Zhao. 2012. “Response Style Differences in Cross-National Research.” Management International Review 52 (3): 341–363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-011-0111-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, A. E. 2011. “Educational Decentralization: A Review of Popular Discourse on Chinese–English Bilingual Education.” Asia Pacific Journal of Education 31(01) (1): 91–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/02188791.2011.544245.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoare, R. 2001. “An Integrative Approach to Language Attitudes and Identity in Brittany.” Journal of Sociolinguistics 5 (1): 73–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9481.00138.
   Google Scholar
• Hu, Y. 2007. “China’s Foreign Language Policy on Primary English Education: What’s Behind it?” Language Policy 6 (3-4): 359–376. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-007-9052-9.
   Google Scholar
• Jaspers, J. 2018. “Language Education Policy and Sociolinguistics: Toward a new Critical Engagement.” In The Oxford Handbook of Language Policy and Planning, edited by J. W. Tollefson, and M. Pérez-Milans, 704–724. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190458898.013.31.
   Google Scholar
• Kalmar, I., Z. Yong, and X. Hong. 1987. “Language Attitudes in Guangzhou, China.” Language in Society 16 (4): 499–508. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500000348.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kristiansen, T. 2009. “The Macro-Level Social Meanings of Late-Modern Danish Accents.” Acta Linguistica Hafniensia 41 (1): 167–192. https://doi.org/10.1080/03740460903364219.
   Google Scholar
• Kusmaryono, I., D. Wijayanti, and H. R. Maharani. 2022. “Number of Response Options, Reliability, Validity, and Potential Bias in the use of the Likert Scale Education and Social Science Research: A Literature Review.” International Journal of Educational Methodology 8 (4): 625–637. https://doi.org/10.12973/ijem.8.4.625.
   Google Scholar
• Ladegaard, H. J. 2000. “Language Attitudes and Sociolinguistic Behaviour: Exploring Attitude-Behaviour Relations in Language.” Journal of Sociolinguistics 4 (2): 214–233. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9481.00112.
   Google Scholar
• Lai, M. L. 2002. “Language Attitudes of the First Post-colonial Generation in Hong Kong Secondary Schools: Issues in Gender, Medium of Instruction, Social Class and Cultural Identity.” Doctoral diss., Durham University.
   Google Scholar
• Lai, M. L. 2005. “Language Attitudes of the First Postcolonial Generation in Hong Kong Secondary Schools.” Language in Society 34 (3): 363–388. https://doi.org/10.1017/S004740450505013X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai, M. L. 2011. “Cultural Identity and Language Attitudes–Into the Second Decade of Postcolonial Hong Kong.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 32 (3): 249–264. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2010.539692.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert, W. E. 1972. Language, Psychology, and Culture. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lambert, W. E., M. Anisfeld, and G. Yeni-Komshian. 1965. “Evaluation Reactions of Jewish and Arab Adolescents to Dialect and Language Variations.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2 (1): 84–90. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0022088.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert, W. E., R. C. Hodgson, R. C. Gardner, and S. Fillenbaum. 1960. “Evaluation Reactions to Spoken Languages.” The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 60 (1): 44–51. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0044430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le, T. M., and N. Yu. 2022. “The Attitudes of Vietnamese Social Work Practitioners Toward Sexual Minorities.” Journal of Social Work 22 (5): 1255–1275. https://doi.org/10.1177/14680173221083501.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, D. C. 2006. “Chinese as a Lingua Franca in Greater China.” Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 26: 149–176. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190506000080.
   Google Scholar
• Liang, S. 2015. Language Attitudes and Identities in Multilingual China: A Linguistic Ethnography. Heidelberg: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Lin, Y., J. Li, and J. Qiu. 2010. “Yao Children’s Language Impression on Mandarin, Dialect and Their own Language: A Matched-Guise Experiment.” Journal of Guangxi Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition) 46 (4): 6–11.
   Google Scholar
• Lippi-Green, R. 1994. “Accent, Standard Language Ideology, and Discriminatory Pretext in the Courts.” Language in Society 23 (2): 163–198. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500017826.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Y. 2011. “An Investigation of University Students’ Language Attitudes: An Investigation on Students in Southeastern Transportation University.” Journal of Chifeng College 32 (7): 208–210.
   Google Scholar
• Ma, Y., and J. Y. Tan. 2016. “An Investigation of Current Language Situation of Chongqing Citizens.” Journal of Gansu Radio & TV University 26 (4): 51–55.
   Google Scholar
• Maio, G., G. Haddock, and B. Verplanken. 2019. The Psychology of Attitudes & Attitude Change. Los Angeles: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Marginson, S. 2011. “Higher Education in East Asia and Singapore: Rise of the Confucian Model.” Higher Education 61 (5): 587–611. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-010-9384-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenzie, R. M. 2010. The Social Psychology of English as a Global Language: Attitudes, Awareness and Identity in the Japanese Context. London: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• McKenzie, R. M., P. Kitikanan, and P. Boriboon. 2016. “The Competence and Warmth of Thai Students’ Attitudes Towards Varieties of English: The Effect of Gender and Perceptions of L1 Diversity.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 37 (6): 536–550. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2015.1083573.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenzie, R. M., and A. McNeill. 2023. Implicit and Explicit Language Attitudes: Mapping Linguistic Prejudice and Attitude Change in England. New York: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781003145844.
   Google Scholar
• Milroy, J. 2007. “The Ideology of the Standard.” In The Routledge Companion to Sociolinguistics, edited by C. Llamas, L. Mullany, and P. Stockwell, 133–139. City: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Mohamed, N. 2020. “First Language Loss and Negative Attitudes Towards Dhivehi among Young Maldivians: Is the English-First Educational Policy to Blame?” TESOL Quarterly 54 (3): 743–772. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.591.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moriarty, M. 2010. “The Effects of Language Planning Initiatives on the Language Attitudes and Language Practices of University Students: A Comparative Study of Irish and Basque.” Language Problems and Language Planning 34 (2): 141–157. https://doi.org/10.1075/lplp.34.2.03mor.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nejjari, W., M. Gerritsen, R. Van Hout, and B. Planken. 2019. “Refinement of the Matched-Guise Technique for the Study of the Effect of non-Native Accents Compared to Native Accents.” Lingua. International Review of General Linguistics. Revue Internationale De Linguistique Generale 219: 90–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2018.12.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng, D. F., and J. Zhao. 2015. “Investigating Cantonese Speakers’ Language Attitudes in Mainland China.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 36 (4): 357–371. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2014.925906.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen, T. T. T., and M. O. Hamid. 2016. “Language Attitudes, Identity and L1 Maintenance: A Qualitative Study of Vietnamese Ethnic Minority Students.” System 61: 87–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2016.08.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunan, D., and K. M. Bailey. 2009. Exploring Second Language Classroom Research: A Comprehensive Guide. Boston: Heinle Cengage Learning.
   Google Scholar
• O’Rourke, B., and G. Hogan-Brun. 2012. “Language Attitudes in Language Policy and Planning.” In The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics, edited by C. Chapelle, 1–4. Oxford: John Willey and Sons. https://doi-org.eproxy.lib.hku.hk/10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal0607.
   Google Scholar
• Pan, L. 2016. English a Global Language in China: Deconstructing the Ideological Discourses of English in Language Education. Heidelberg: Springer International.
   Google Scholar
• Ponce, A. R. C., and R. I. G. Lucas. 2021. “Language Attitudes in Linguistically Diverse Contexts: Implications for Mother Tongue Education Programme in Central Mindanao, Philippines.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development (Advanced Publication Online): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2021.2002341.
   Google Scholar
• Rehamo, A., and S. Harrell. 2020. “Theory and Practice of Bilingual Education in China: Lessons from Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture.” International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 23 (10): 1254–1269. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2018.1441259.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rickford, J. 1985. “Standard and non-Standard Language Attitudes in a Creole Continuum.” In Language of Inequality, edited by N. Wolfson, and J. Manes, 145–160. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
   Google Scholar
• Rohsenow, J. S. 2004. “Fifty Years of Script and Written Language Reform in the PRC.” In Language Policy in the People’s Republic of China, edited by M. Zhou, and H. Sun, 21–43. Boston: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Ryan, E. B., and H. Giles, eds. 1982. Attitudes Towards Language Variation: Social and Applied Contexts. London: Edward Arnold.
   Google Scholar
• Schüppert, A., N. H. Hilton, and C. Gooskens. 2015. “Swedish is Beautiful, Danish is Ugly? Investigating the Link Between Language Attitudes and Spoken Word Recognition.” Linguistics 53 (2): 375–403. https://doi.org/10.1515/ling-2015-0003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smagulova, J. 2008. “Language Policies of Kazakhization and Their Influence on Language Attitudes and use.” International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 11 (3-4): 440–475. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050802148798.
   Google Scholar
• Ting, S. H. 2003. “Impact of Language Planning on Language Attitudes: A Case Study in Sarawak.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 24 (3): 195–210. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434630308666498.
   Google Scholar
• Vogel, T., and M. Wanke 2016. Attitudes and Attitude Change. 2nd ed. Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, P. 2016. “Assessment on Language Rights in Education Domain: Shift-Oriented, Maintenance-Oriented or Something Else?” International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 19 (1): 89–107. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2014.969678.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei, R., and J. Su. 2015. “Surveying the English Language Across China.” World Englishes 34 (2): 175–189. https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12132.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolard, K. A., and T. J. Gahng. 1990. “Changing Language Policies and Attitudes in Autonomous Catalonia.” Language in Society 19 (3): 311–330. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500014536.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao, S. 2003. “Development of Western Regions and Language Studies: An Investigation of Language Attitudes in Chongqing.” Journal of Sichuan International Studies University 19 (1): 143–146.
   Google Scholar
• Xu, C., and X. Liu. 2023. “The Economic Value of Language in China: How Important is Mandarin Proficiency in the Chinese Labor Market? A Bounding Approach.” Labour Economics 84: 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102393.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, J., Z. Yang, and S. Zhu. 2003. “Study Into the Impressions of Putonghua and Guangdong Dialect in Guangdong University Students’ Eyes.” Exploration of Psychology 23 (1): 51–54.
   Google Scholar
• Zhao, H., and H. Liu. 2021. “(Standard) Language Ideology and Regional Putonghua in Chinese Social Media: A View from Weibo.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 882–896. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2020.1814310.
   Google Scholar