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Third World Quarterly Volume 23, 2002 - Issue 3
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Original Articles

'The red template': Us policy in Soviet-occupied Afghanistan

Andrew Hartman
Pages 467-489 | Published online: 25 Aug 2010

  • Kux , Dennis . 2001 . The United States and Pakistan, 1947-2000: Disenchanted Allies . Woodrow Wilson Center Press , : 262
  • Cogan , Charles G . 1993 . 'Partners in Time: The CIA and Afghanistan since 1979,' . World Policy Journal , summer : 73 – 82 .
  • Both quotes are attributed to DCI William Casey: Kux, Disenchanted Allies, p. 261, and Brigadier Mohammed Yousaf and Major Mark Adkin, The Bear Trap: Afghanistan's Untold Story, chapter entitled 'The Role of the CIA.' Yousaf was the Pakistani ISl agent who coordinated the mujihadeen war, and later wrote this account of the war. The book proved elusive to locate, but the entire text can be read at Afghanbooks.com.
  • Garthoff , Raymond L . 1994 . Detente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan . The Blockings Institute , : 6 – 8 . Garthoff presents a sound explanation of context and perspective
  • Armacost testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee . 1988 . National Security Archive, Afghanistan . The Making of US Policy , June 23 1973-1990
  • A M Gray, Marines Corps Gazette, May 1990.
  • United States Department of State, PPS 23, February 1948, Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS).
  • Luger , Stan . 2000 . Corporate Power, American Democracy, and the Automobile Industry . South End Press , For a detailed analysis, see
  • Fitzgerald , Frances . 2000 . Way Out There in the Blue: Reagan, Star Wars, and the End of the Cold War . Simon and Schuster , : 79
  • Galster , Steve . 1973-1990 . introductory essay, Afghanistan: The Making of US Policy . National Security Archive ,
  • 1992 . For a thorough analysis of this during the Cold War, read Noam Chomsky's Deterring Democracy . South End Press , ch. 2: 'Cold War Fact and Fiction
  • 1979 . Cold War International History Project, Bulletin 8/9, Introductory Essay by Odd Arne Westad . VI: 'From Hesitation to Intervention: Soviet Decisions on Afghanistan ,
  • Garthoff, Detente and Confrontation, p. 1036.
  • La Nouvel Observateur (France), January 15-21, 1998, interview.
  • Garthoff, Détente and Confrontation, pp 1040 1067
  • Galster , Steve . 1973-1990 . introductory essay, Afghanistan: The Making of US Policy . National Security Archive ,
  • Garthoff, Detente and Confrontation, p. 1045
  • Galster , Steve . 1973-1990 . introductory essay, Afghanistan: The Making of US Policy . National Security Archive ,
  • Cordovez , Diego and Harrison , Selig . 1995 . Out of Afghanistan: The Inside Story of Soviet Withdrawal , 53 – 54 . Oxford University Press .
  • Armacost testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee . 1988 . National Security Archive, Afghanistan . The Making of US Policy , June 23 1973-1990
  • Cronin , Richard . 'Afghanistan: Soviet Invasion and US Response' . Foreign Affairs and National Defense Division, 1982, National Security Archive ,
  • Defense Intelligence Agency, Intelligence Commentary . 1980 . National Security Archive, Afghanistan . The Making of US Policy , January 7 1973-1990
  • Memorandum from the White House to Cabinet Members . 1980 . 'Persian Gulf Security Framework,' . National Security Archive , June 3
  • Cordovez , Diego and Harrison , Selig . Out of Afghanistan: The Inside Story of Soviet Withdrawal , 55
  • Garthoff, Détente and Confrontation, p. 1045.
  • Lohbeck , Kurt . 1993 . Holy War, Unholy Victory: Eyewitness to the CIA's Secret War in Afghanistan . Regnery Gateway , : 52
  • Ibid, p. 43.
  • Memorandum from the White House to Cabinet Members . 1980 . 'Persian Gulf Security Framework,' . National Security Archive , June 3
  • Fitzgerald , Frances . 2000 . Way Out There in the Blue: Reagan, Star Wars, and the End of the Cold War . Simon and Schuster , : 16
  • Ibid.
  • Garthoff, Détente and Confrontation, p. 1070.
  • Ibid.
  • Sklar , Holly . 1980 . Trilateralism: The Trilateral Commission and Elite Planning for World Management . South End Press ,
  • David C Korten, When Corporations Rule the World, Kumarian Press, 1995. The documentation concerning the Trilateral Commission is rich--it never classified any of its findings. The collective power of the Commission's members is impressive: Jimmy Carter, George H W Bush, Bill Clinton, Alan Greenspan, Cyrus Vance, etc.
  • Fitzgerald , Frances . 2000 . Way Out There in the Blue: Reagan . Star Wars, and the End of the Cold War, Simon and Schuster , : 80 – 82 . For an in depth analysis of the work of the CPD, consult this book
  • Garthoff, Detente and Confrontation, p. 1074
  • Fitzgerald, Way Out There in the Blue, p. 91
  • Ullmann , John E . 1983 . 'The Military-Industrial Firm: Private Enterprise Revised,' . Policy Analysis , November 9 The Cato Institute
  • Ibid.
  • Fitzgerald, Way Out There in the Blue, p. 243
  • Ibid, p. 74.
  • Ibid.
  • Krauthammer , Charles . 1986 . "The Reagan Doctrine,' . The New Republic , February 17
  • Gaddis , John Lewis . 1982 . Strategies of Containment , 356 – 357 . Oxford University Press . emphasis in the original
  • Chonsky , Noam . 1992 . Deterring Democracy . South End Press , George Kennan, Speech to the National War College, October 1947, as cited by, ch 2: 'Cold War Fact and Fiction
  • Galster , Steve . 1973-1990 . introductory essay, Afghanistan: The Making of US Policy . National Security Archive ,
  • Cogan , Charles G . 1993 . 'Partners in Time: The CIA and Afghanistan since 1979' . World Policy Journal , summer : 73 – 82 .
  • Kux , Dennis . 2001 . The United States and Pakistan, 1947-2000: Disenchanted Allies . Woodrow Wilson Center Press , : 252
  • Cogan , Charles G . 1993 . 'Partners in Time: The CIA and Afghanistan since 1979' . World Policy Journal , summer : 73 – 82 .
  • Yousaf , Brigadier Mohammed and Adkin , Major Mark . The Bear Trap: Afghanistan's Untold Story . Afghanbooks.com ,
  • Ibid.
  • Ibid.
  • Kux , Dennis . 2001 . The United States and Pakistan, 1947-2000: Disenchanted Allies . Woodrow Wilson Center Press , : 252
  • Coll , Steve . 1992 . 'Anatomy of a Victory: CIA'S Covert Afghan War' . The Washington Post , July 19
  • Cockburn , Alexander and Clair , Jeffrey St. 1998 . Whiteout: The CIA, Drugs, and the Press . Verso , : 257 – 258 .
  • Yousaf , Brigadier Mohammed and Adkin , Major Mark . The Bear Trap: Afghanistan's Untold Story . Afghanbooks.com ,
  • Coll , Steve . 1992 . 'Anatomy of a Victory: CIA's Covert Afghan War' . The Washington Post , July 19
  • Ibid.
  • Galster , Steve . 1973-1990 . introductory essay, Afghanistan: The Making of US Policy . National Security Archive ,
  • Ibid.
  • Lohbeck , Kurt . 1993 . Holy War, Unholy Victory: Eyewitness to the CIA's Secret War in Afghanistan . Regnery Gateway , : 52
  • Galster , Steve . introductory essay, Afghanistan: The Making of US Policy, 1973-1990 . National Security Archive ,
  • Kux . The United States and Pakistan, 1947-2000 . Disenchanted Allies , 281
  • Cordovez , Diego and Harrison , Selig . Out of Afghanistan: The Inside Story of Soviet Withdrawal ,
  • Galster , Steve . 1973-1990 . introductory essay, Afghanistan: The Making of US Policy . National Security Archive ,
  • Kux , Dennis . 2001 . The United States and Pakistan, 1947-2000: Disenchanted Allies . Woodrow Wilson Center Press , : 266
  • Shultz , George . 1993 . Turmoil and Triumph . Scribner , : 1003
  • Fitzgerald, Way Out There in the Blue, p. 433.
  • Cogan , Charles G . 1993 . 'Partners in Time: The CIA and Afghanistan since 1979' . World Policy Journal , summer : 73 – 82 .
  • Kux . 1947-2000 . The United States and Pakistan . Disenchanted Allies , : 252
  • Ibid, p. 256.
  • Ibid, Kux cited the Freedom of Information Act in providing him this documentation.
  • Ibid.
  • Rashid , Ahmed . 1999 . "The Taliban: Exporting Extremism' . Foreign Affairs , Nov/Dec : 22 – 35 .
  • Kux . 1947-2000 . The United States and Pakistan . Disenchanted Allies , : 252
  • 1989 . 'Policies of the Pakistani Military Toward the Afghan Resistance: Human Rights Implications,' Asia Watch . National Security Archive , February 27
  • Ahmed Rashid, 'The Taliban: Exporting Extremism.'
  • United States Department of State, Confidential Cable #00317 . 1989 . National Security Archive . Lifshultz was writing for the Pakistani Times , February 13
  • Kux . 1947-2000 . The United States and Pakistan . Disenchanted Allies , : 270
  • Ibid, p. 271.
  • Simpson , John . 2001 . 'The Wreck of Land That I love' . The London Sunday Telegraph , October 14
  • Kux . 1947-2000 . The United States and Pakistan . Disenchanted Allies , : 275
  • Yousaf , Brigadier Mohammed and Adkin , Major Mark . The Bear Trap: Afghanistan's Untold Story , Afghanbooks.com .
  • McCoy , Alfred W . 1991 . The Politics of Heroin: CIA Complicity in the Global Drug Trade . Lawrence Hill Books , : 450
  • Coll , Steve . 1992 . 'Anatomy of a Victory: CIA's Covert Afghan War' . The Washington Post , July 19
  • Lohbeck , Kurt . Unholy Victory: Eyewitness to the CIA's Secret War in Afghanistan . Holy War ,
  • United States Bureau of Intelligence and Research . 1982 . "The Afghan Resistance Movement in 1981: Progress, But A long Ways to Go' . National Security Archive , January 19
  • Lohbeck , Kurt . Unholy Victory: Eyewitness to the CIA's Secret War in Afghanistan, Introduction . Holy War ,
  • Kux . 1947-2000 . The United States and Pakistan . Disenchanted Allies , : 276
  • Burchill , Scott . 2001 . 'Corrected: Mad, Bad, Dangerous to Know,' . Zmagazine , October
  • McCoy , Alfred W . 1991 . The Politics of Heroin: CIA Complicity in the Global Drug Trade . Lawrence Hill Books , : 450
  • Fisk , Robert . 2001 . 'Atrocities May Be Designed to Provoke America Into a Costly Military Adventure,' . The London Independent , September 29
  • Ibid.
  • Ibid.
  • Ahmed Rashid, "The Taliban: Exporting Extremism.'
  • Wright , Robin . 1996 . 'US Missed Cues on New Crop of Radicals,' . Los Angeles Times , August 4
  • Dahlburg , John-Thor . 1996 . 'Cold War Incursion Sowed Seeds of Terror,' . Los Angeles Times , August 4
  • Ibid.
  • Central Intelligence Agency Report . 'Usama bin Laden: Islamic Extremist Financier,' . National Security Archive , September 11th Sourcebooks
  • Ibid.
  • Fisk , Robert . 2001 . 'Atrocities May Be Designed to Provoke America Into a Costly Military Adventure,' . The London Independent , September 29 Fisk, who covered the entire war in Afghanistan, was the last Western reporter to interview bin Laden
  • Hopper , D Ian . 2001 . 'US Sent Guns to bin Laden in the 1980's,' . Associated Press , October 16
  • Dahlburg , John-Thor . 1996 . 'Cold War Incursion Sowed Seeds of Terror,' . Los Angeles Times , August 4
  • Ibid.
  • Ibid.
  • Ahmed Rashid, "The Taliban: Exporting Extremism.'
  • Dahlburg , John-Thor . 1996 . 'Cold War Incursion Sowed Seeds of Terror,' . Los Angeles Times , August 4
  • Ibid.
  • Ahmed Rashid, "The Taliban: Exporting Extremism.'
  • Cockbum , Alexander and Clair , Jeffrey St. 1998 . The CIA, Drugs, and the Press . Verso , : 259 – 260 .
  • McCoy , Alfred W . 1991 . The Politics of Heroin: CIA Complicity in the Global Drug Trade . Lawrence Hill Books , : 441
  • United States Department of State, Bureau of International Narcotics Matters, International Narcotics Strategy Report, National Security Archive.
  • The National Narcotics Intelligence Consumers Committee . 1984 . Narcotics Intelligence Estimate . National Security Archive , : 46
  • McCoy , Alfred W . 1997 . 'Drug Fallout: The CIA's Forty-Year Complicity in the Narcotics Trade,' . The Progressive , August
  • McCoy , Allied W . 1991 . The Politics of Heroin: CIA Complicity in the Global Drug Trade . Lawrence Hill Books , : 453
  • McCoy , Allied W . 1991 . The Politics of Heroin: CIA Complicity in the Global Drug Trade . Lawrence Hill Books , : 453
  • Cockbum , Alexander and Clair , Jeffrey St. 1998 . The CIA, Drugs, and the Press . Verso , : 264 – 265 .
  • Ibid.
  • La Nouvel Observateur (Prance), January 15-21, 1998, interview.
  • Blum , William . 1995 . Killing Hope: US Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II . Common Courage Press , : 347 Blum cites the documents found during the November 1979 takeover of the US embassy in Tehran, also available in the National Security Archive set of documents
  • Ibid, p. 345.
  • Cockbum , Alexander and Clair , Jeffrey St . The CIA, Drugs . the Press , 258
  • Dahlburg , John-Thor . 1996 . 'Cold War Incursion Sowed Seeds of Terror,' . Los Angeles Times , August 4
  • Armacost testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee . 1988 . National Security Archive, Afghanistan . The Making of US Policy , June 23 1973-1990
  • Ibid.
  • Marsden , Peter . 1998 . The Taliban: War, Religion, and the New Order in Afghanistan . Zed Books , : 36 – 42 .
  • Rashid , Ahmed . 2000 . Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil, and Fundamentalism in Central Asia . Yale university Press , : 166
  • 2002 . 'Hold the Applause,' . The Progressive, 'Comment,' , February : 8 – 10 .
  • Ibid.
  • Ibid.
  • Preston Mendenhall and Robert Windem, 'Rethinking Osamabin Laden,' MSNBC

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