Barbarian hordes: the overpopulation scapegoat in international development discourse

References

• Adams, W. M. “Green Development Theory?” In Power of Development, edited by J. Crush, 87–99. London: Routledge, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Althusser, L. Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1971.
   Google Scholar
• Angus, I., and S. Butler. Too Many People? Population, Immigration, and the Environmental Crisis. Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Arrighi, G. The Long Twentieth Century. London: Verso, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Baechler, G. “Why Environmental Transformation Causes Violence: A Synthesis.” Environmental Change and Security Project Report 4 (1998): 24–44.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bellamy Foster, J. Marx’s Ecology: Materialism and Nature. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Bellamy Foster, J., B. Clark, and R. York. The Ecological Rift: Capitalism’s War on the Earth. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Benjaminsen, T. “Does Supply-induced Scarcity Drive Violent Conflicts in the African Sahel? The Case of the Tuareg Rebellion in Northern Mali.” Journal of Peace Research 45, no. 6 (2008): 819–836.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernard, H. R. Research Methods in Anthropology: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, 4th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Black, R. Refugees, Environment and Development. New York: Longman, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Boland, R. “Environment, Population, and Women’s Human Rights.” Environmental Law 27 (1997): 1137–1167.
   Google Scholar
• Boserup, E. The Conditions of Agricultural Growth: The Economics of Agrarian Change under Population Pressure. Chicago, IL: Aldine Publishers, 1965.
   Google Scholar
• Blaikie, P., and H. Brockfield. Land Degradation and Society. London: Methuen, 1987.
   Google Scholar
• Caldwell, J., and P. Caldwell. Limiting Population Growth and the Ford Foundation Contribution. London: Frances Pinter, 1986.
   Google Scholar
• Collier, W. The Bottom Billion. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Commoner, B. The Closing Circle: Nature, Man, and Technology. New York: Knopf, 1971.
   Google Scholar
• Dalby, S. “Security and Environment Linkages Revisited.” In Globalization and Environmental Challenges: Reconceptualizing Security in the 21st Century, edited by H. Günter Brauch, Ú. O. Spring, and C. Mesjasz. 164–172. New York: Springer-Verlag, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, G., and J. Tilton. “The Resource Curse.” Natural Resources Forum 29, no. 3 (2005): 233–242.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Vries, P. “Don’t Compromise your Desire for Development! A Lacanian/Deleuzian Rethinking of the Anti-politics Machine.” Third World Quarterly 28, no. 1 (2007): 25–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinar, S. “Resource Scarcity and Environmental Degradation: Analyzing International Conflict and Cooperation.” In Beyond Resource Wars: Scarcity, Environmental Degradation, and International Cooperation, edited by S. Dinar, 3–22. Cambridge, MA: mit Press, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Duden, B. “Population.” In The Development Dictionary, edited by W. Sachs, 146–157. London: Zed Books, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Durham, W. “Political Ecology and Environmental Destruction in Latin America.” In The Social Causes of Environmental Destruction in Latin America, edited by M. Painter and W. Durham, 249–264. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Easterly, W. The White Man’s Burden. New York: Penguin, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Ehrlich, P. R., and A. Ehrlich. The Population Bomb. San Francisco: Sierra Club/Ballantine Books, 1968.
   Google Scholar
• Ehrlich, P. R., and A. Ehrlich. The Population Explosion. New York: Frederick Muller, 1990.
   Google Scholar
• Elias, N. The Civilizing Process. New York: Blackwell, 1986.
   Google Scholar
• Escobar, A. Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Escobar, A. Territories of Difference: Place, Movements, Life. Redes. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Fairhead, J. “International Dimensions of Conflict over Natural and Environmental Resources.” In Violent Environments, edited by N. L. Peluso and M. Watts, 213–235. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Federici, S. Caliban and the Witch: Women, the Body, and Primitive Accumulation. New York: Autonomedia, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Ferguson, J. The Anti-politics Machine: ‘Development,’ Depoliticization, and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Fink, B. The Lacanian Subject: Between Language and Jouissance. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Fletcher, R. “What Are We Fighting For? Rethinking Resistance in a Pewenche Community in Chile.” Journal of Peasant Studies 28, no. 3 (2001): 36–67.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher, R. “The Art of Forgetting: Imperialist Amnesia and Public Secrecy.” Third World Quarterly 33, no. 3 (2012): 447–463.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher, R. “Using the Master’s Tools? Neoliberal Conservation and the Evasion of Inequality.” Development and Change 43, no. 1 (2012): 295–317.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher, R. “Bodies Do Matter: The Peculiar Persistence of Neoliberalism in Environmental Governance.” Human Geography 6, no. 1 (2013): 29–45.
   Google Scholar
• Fletcher, R. Romancing the Wild: Cultural Dimensions of Ecotourism. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Foucault, M. The History of Sexuality: An Introduction. New York: Pantheon Books, 1978.
   Google Scholar
• Foucault, M. Security, Territory, Population. New York: Picador, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Foucault, M. Society Must Be Defended. New York: Picador, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Freud, S. Civilization and Its Discontents. New York: Norton, 1962.
   Google Scholar
• Gibson-Graham, J. K. “Surplus Possibilities: Postdevelopment and Community Economies.” Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 26, no. 1 (2005): 4–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson-Graham, J. K. A Postcapitalist Politics. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Godwin, W. Of Population: An Enquiry Concerning the Power of Increase in the Numbers of Mankind. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, 1820.
   Google Scholar
• Graeber, D. Debt: The First Five Thousand Years. New York: Melville House, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Gunder Frank, A. Latin America: Underdevelopment or Revolution. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1969.
   Google Scholar
• Hardin, G. “The Tragedy of the Commons.” Science 162 (1968): 1243–1248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison, P. The Third Revolution: Population, Environment and a Sustainable World. London: Penguin Books, 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Hartmann, B. “Population, Environment and Security: A New Trinity.” Environment and Urbanization 10, no. 2 (1998): 113–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartmann, B. “Will the Circle be Unbroken? A Critique of the Project on Environment, Population, and Security.” In Violent Environments, edited by N. L. Peluso and M. Watts, 39–62. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Hartmann, B. “Population Control: An Obstacle to Reproductive Justice.” PopDev, 2004. http://popdev.hampshire.edu/population-control-an-obstacle-to-reproductive-justice.
   Google Scholar
• Hartmann, B. “Rethinking the Role of Population in Human Security.” In Global Environmental Change and Human Security, edited by R. A. Matthew, J. Barnett, R. McDonald and K. O’Brien, 193–215. Cambridge, MA: mit Press, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Harvey, D. Spaces of Global Capitalism: A Theory of Uneven Geographical Development, 2nd ed. London: Verso, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Helstein, M. T. “‘That’s Who I Want to Be’: The Politics and Production of Desire within Nike Advertising to Women.” Journal of Sport & Social Issues 27, no. 3 (2003): 276–292.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Homer-Dixon, T. F. “Environmental Scarcity and Violent Conflict.” International Security 19, no. 1 (1994): 5–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Homer-Dixon, T. F. Environment, Scarcity, and Violence. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan, R. D. “The Coming Anarchy.” Atlantic Monthly Feb. (1994): 44–76. http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1994/02/the-coming-anarchy/304670/2/.
   Google Scholar
• Kapoor, I. “Participatory Development, Complicity and Desire.” Third World Quarterly 26, no. 8 (2005): 1203–1220.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klare, M. Resource Wars: The New Landscape of Global Conflict. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Kuumba, M. B. “Perpetuating Neo-colonialism through Population Control: South Africa and the United States.” Africa Today 40, no. 3 (1993): 79–85.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lakoff, G. The Political Mind. New York: Penguin, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Le Billon, P. “The Political Ecology of War: Natural Resources and Armed Conflicts.” Political Geography 20, no. 5 (2001): 561–584.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, T. M. The Will to Improve: Governmentality, Development, and the Practice of Politics. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Malthus, T. R. An Essay on the Principle of Population. London: J. Johnson, 1798.
   Google Scholar
• Meadows, D. H., D. L. Meadows, and J. Randers. The Limits to Growth. New York: Universe Books, 1972.
   Google Scholar
• National Security Council (nsc). Executive Summary: National Security Study Memorandum 200. April 24, 1974. http://www.population-security.org/11-CH3.html#letter.
   Google Scholar
• nsc. National Security Decision Memorandum 314. November 26, 1975. http://nssm200.tripod.com/nsdm314.html.
   Google Scholar
• Peluso, N. L., and M. Watts, eds. Violent Environments. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Peluso, N. L., and M. Watts. “Violent Environments: Responses.” ecsp Report 9 (2003): 93–96.
   Google Scholar
• Petty, W. Political Arithmetic. London: Cassell & Co, 1690.
   Google Scholar
• Rockefeller Commission on Population Control. Report: Population and the American Future. 1974. http://www.population-security.org/rockefeller/001_population_growth_and_the_american_future.htm#Chapter1.
   Google Scholar
• Rose, N. Powers of Liberty. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Ross, E. B. The Malthus Factor: Population, Poverty and Politics in Capitalist Development. London: Zed Books, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Sachs, J. The End of Poverty: How We Can Make It Happen in our Lifetime. New York: Penguin, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Sachs, W., ed. The Development Dictionary. London: Zed Books, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Sato, C. “Subjectivity, Enjoyment, and Development: Preliminary Thoughts on a New Approach to Postdevelopment.” Rethinking Marxism 18, no. 2 (2006): 273–288.
   Google Scholar
• Simon, J. The Ultimate Resource. Oxford: Martin Robertson, 1981.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, N. Uneven Development: Nature, Capital and the Production of Space. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1984.
   Google Scholar
• So, A. Social Change and Development: Modernization, Dependency, and World-system Theories. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1990.
   Google Scholar
• Spencer, H. Principles of Biology. Vol. 1. London: Williams and Norgate, 1864.
   Google Scholar
• Stavrakakis, Y. Lacan and the Political. London: Routledge, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Stavrakakis, Y. The Lacanian Left: Psychoanalysis, Theory, Politics. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Stavrakakis, Y. “On Acts, Pure and Impure.” International Journal of Žižek Studies 4, no. 2 (2010): 1–35.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, M., and S. Rayner. “Cultural Discourses.” Human Choice and Climate Change 1 (1998): 265–343.
   Google Scholar
• Tobin, K. A. Politics and Population Control: A Documentary History. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Environment Programme (unep). geo4 Global Environmental Outlook: Environment for Development. Nairobi: unep, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• unep. geo5 Global Environmental Outlook: Environment for Development. Nairobi: unep, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Wallerstein, I. “The Rise and Future Demise of the Capitalist World System: Concepts for Comparative Analysis.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 16, no. 4 (1974): 387–417.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, J. “The Jouissance of Philanthrocapitalism.” Paper presented at the ‘Capitalism, Democracy, and Celebrity Advocacy Symposium’, University of Manchester, June 19–20, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, K. “Challenging Neoliberal Population Control.” Open Democracy. 2012. http://www.opendemocracy.net/5050/kalpana-wilson/challenging-neoliberal-population-control.
   Google Scholar
• World Commission on Environment and Development (wced). Our Common Future. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987.
   Google Scholar
• World Population Plan of Action. Recommendations for Action: Reproduction, Family Formation, and the Status of Women. 1974. http://www.population-security.org/27-APP1.html#C.1.c.
   Google Scholar
• Žižek, S. The Sublime Object of Ideology. London: Verso, 1989.
   Google Scholar
• Žižek, S. “The Seven Veils of Fantasy.” In Key Concepts in Lacanian Psychoanalysis, edited by D Norbus, 190–218. London: Rebus Press, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Žižek, S. “Da Capo Senza Fine.” In Contingency, Hegemony, Universality, edited by E. Laclau, J. Butler and S. Žižek, 213–262. London: Verso, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Žižek, S. In Defense of Lost Causes. London: Verso, 2008.
   Google Scholar