Why do Indonesian politicians promote shari’a laws? An analytic framework for Muslim-majority democracies

References

• Alamsyah, Rahman Andi. Laporan Penelitian Awal: Peraturan Daerah Syariah Di Sumatera Barat (1998-2013) [Preliminary Report: Shari’a Regulations in West Sumatra (1998-2013)]. unpublished report, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. “Transkrip Cianjur Chep Hernawan Pendiri dan Ketua Umum Gerakan Islam Reformis [Transcript of Cianjur Interview with Chep Hernawan Founder and Head of Islamist Reform Movement].” Unpublished manuscript. 1 November, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Anwar, Syafi’i M. “Developing Social Fiqh : An Alternative to Counter ‘Creeping Shariahization’?” ICIP 1, no.1, January-April, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Aspinall, Edward, and Mada Sukmajati. Politik Uang Di Indonesia: Patronase Dan Klientelisme Pada Pemilu Legislatif 2014 [Money Politics in Indonesia: Patronage and Clientelism in the 2014 Legislative Election]. Research Centre for Politics and Government, 2015. Accessed March 25, 2016. https://digitalcollections.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/27189
   Google Scholar
• Badan Pusat Statistik. Kewarganegaraan, Suku Bangsa, Agama, dan Bahasa Sehari-hari Penduduk Indonesia. [Citizenship, Ethnicity, Religion and Dialects of Indonesian Citizens.] Jakarta, Indonesia: Badan Pusat Statistik, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Barfield, Thomas. “Afghanistan: The Local and the Global in the Practice of Shari’a.” In Sharia Politics: Islamic Law and Society in the Modern World, edited by Robert W. Hefner, 184–185. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Beatty, Andrew. A Shadow Falls in the Heart of Java. New York: Faber & Faber, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, Nathan. “Egypt: Cacophony and Consensus in the Twenty-First Century.” In Sharia Politics: Islamic Law and Society in the Modern World, edited by Robert W. Hefner, 94–120. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Buehler, Michael. “The Rise of Shari’a By-Laws in Indonesian Districts: An Indication for Changing Patterns of Power Accumulation and Political Corruption.” South East Asia Research 16, no. 2 (2008): 255–285.10.5367/000000008785260473
   Google Scholar
• Buehler, Michael. “Subnational Islamization through Secular Parties: Comparing Shari’a Politics in Two Indonesian Provinces.” Comparative Politics 46, no. 1 (2013): 63–82.10.5129/001041513807709347
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buehler, Michael. The Politics of Shari’a Law: Islamist Activists and the State in Democratizing Indonesia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Buehler, Michael, and Paige Tan. “Party-Candidate Relationships in Indonesian Local Politics: A Case Study of the 2005 Regional Elections in Gowa, South Sulawesi Province.” Indonesia no. 84 (2007): 41–69.
   Google Scholar
• Bush, Robin. “Regional Sharia Regulations in Indonesia: Anomaly or Sympton?” In Expressing Islam: Religious Life and Politics in Indonesia, edited by Greg Fealy, and Sally White, 174–191. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Crouch, Melissa. “Stretching the Scope of Special Autonomy in Aceh: The Controversial Qanun Requirement for Political Candidates.” Australian Journal of Asian Law 11, no. 1 (2009): 135–158.
   Google Scholar
• Elaigwu, Isawa, and Habu Galadima. “The Shadow of Sharia over Nigerian Federalism.” Publius 33 (Summer 2003), 123–144.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erb, Maribeth, and Priyambudi Sulistiyanto. Deepening Democracy in Indonesia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Hallaq, Wael B. Shari’a between Past and Present: Theory, Practice and Modern Transformations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Haqqani, Husain, and Hillel Fradkin. “Going Back to the Origins.” Journal of Democracy 19, no. 3 (2008): 13–18.10.1353/jod.0.0008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harnischfeger, Johannes. Democratization and Islamic Law: The Sharia Conflict in Nigeria. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Ibrahim, Anis, Nuruddin Hady Sirajuddin, and Umar Sholahuddin. Parlemen Lokal DPRD: Peran Dan Fungsi Dalam Dinamika Otonomi Daerah. [Local Parliaments: Their Role and Function in Subnational Political Autonomy]. Malang: Setara Press, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Kendhammer, Brandon. “The Sharia Controversy in Northern Nigeria and the Politics of Islamic Law in New and Uncertain Democracies.” Comparative Politics 45 (April 2013): 291–311.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitschelt, Herbert, and Steven I. Wilkinson, eds. “Citizen–politician Linkages: An Introduction.” In Patrons, Clients, and Policies: Patterns of Democratic Accountability and Political Competition, edited by Herbert Kitschelt, and Steven I. Wilkinson, 1–49. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Longley, April. “The High Water Mark of Islamist Politics? The Case of Yemen.” Middle East Journal 61, no. 2 (2007): 240–260.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messick, Brinkley. The Calligraphic State. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Nakamura, Mitsuo. Islam and Democracy in Indonesia: Observations on the 2004 General and Presidential Elections 6. Cambridge, MA: Islamic Legal Studies Program, Harvard Law School, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Onishi, Norimitsu. “Extremism Spreads across Indonesian Penal Code.” The New York Times, October 28, 2009. Accessed March 25, 2016. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/28/world/asia/28stoning.html.
   Google Scholar
• Patabai, Pabokori. Mengewal Bulukumba Ke Gerbang Syariat Islam [Guiding Bulukumba towards the Gate of Syariat Islam]. Makassar: Karier Utama, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Rosser, A., I. Wilson, and P. Sulistiyanto. “Leaders, Elites and Coalitions: The Politics of Free Public Services in Decentralised Indonesia.” The Developmental Leadership Program, University of Adelaide, 2011. Accessed July 22, 2016. https://hekyll.services.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/handle/2440/71944
   Google Scholar
• Roy, Olivier. “Islam et Politique En Asie Centrale.” Archives de Sciences Sociales Des Religions 46, no. 115 (2001): 49–61.
   Google Scholar
• Tribun Timur. “Patabai Pabokori yang mengingingkan daerahnya sebagai gudang penghapal Al Quran [Patabai Pabokori wants the District to be like a Storage House for Al Quran Memorizing Experts].” Tribun Timur 28 (March 2005): 24. Accessed July 22, 2016. http://makassar.tribunnews.com/
   Google Scholar
• Tribun Timur. PS Daerah [Local News]. July 28, 2006, 17. Accessed July 22, 2016. http://makassar.tribunnews.com/
   Google Scholar
• Turmudi, Endang. “Patronage, Aliran and Islamic Ideologies during Elections in Jombang, East Java.” In Elections in Indonesia: The New Order and Beyond, edited by Hans Antlov, and Sven Cederroth, 38–60. London: Routledge, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Wiktorowicz, Quintan. Islamic activism: A social movement theory approach. Indiana University Press, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, I. D. “Morality Racketeering: Vigilantism and Populist Islamic Militancy in Indonesia.” In Between Dissent and Power: The Transformations of Islamic Politics in the Middle East and Asia, edited by Khoo Boo Teik, Vedi Hadiz, and Yoshiro Nakanishi, 248–274. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.10.1057/9781137408808
   Google Scholar
• Yavuz, Hakan. “Turkey: Islam without Shari’a.” In Sharia Politics: Islamic Law and Society in the Modern World, edited by Robert W Hefner, 94–120. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Zaman, Muhammad Qasim. “Pakistan: Shari’a and the State.” In Sharia Politics: Islamic Law and Society in the Modern World, edited by Robert W. Hefner, 94–120. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2011.
   Google Scholar