Manufacturing consent in Africa? Multinationals, NGOs and the (re)invention of resistance in the Niger Delta’s oilscapes

Bibliography

• Aaron, K. 2012. “New Corporate Social Responsibility Models for Oil Companies in Nigeria’s Delta Region: What Challenges for Sustainability?” Progress in Development Studies 12 (4): 259–273. doi:10.1177/146499341201200401.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aaron, K., and J. M. Patrick. 2013. “Corporate Social Responsibility Patterns and Conflicts in Nigeria’s Oil-Rich Region.” International Area Studies Review 16 (4): 341–356. doi:10.1177/2233865913507573.
   Google Scholar
• ACLED Data. 2014. “Resource Related Conflicts in Africa.” https://www.crisis.acleddata.com/resource-related-conflict-in-africa/
   Google Scholar
• Adeola, D., and O. Adeola. 2019. “The Extractive Sector and Corporate Social Responsibility: A Case of Chevron Nigeria.” Communicatio 45 (3): 40–66. doi:10.1080/02500167.2019.1639783.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adunbi, O. 2015. Oil Wealth and Insurgency in the Niger Delta. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Alao, A. 1999. “Diamonds Are Forever … but So Also Are Controversies: Diamonds and the Actors in the Sierra Leone Civil War.” Civil Wars 2 (3): 43–64. doi:10.1080/13698249908402414.
   Google Scholar
• Amnesty International. 2005. “Nigeria: Ten Years on, Injustice and Violence Haunt the Oil Delta.” https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/afr440222005en.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Arezki, R., and T. Gylfason. 2013. “Resource Rents, Democracy, Corruption and Conflict: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa.” Journal of African Economies 22 (4): 552–569. doi:10.1093/jae/ejs036.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blowfield, M. 2007. “Reasons to Be Cheerful? What We Know about CSR’s Impact.” Third World Quarterly 28 (4): 683–695. doi:10.1080/01436590701336523.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brass, J. N. 2012. “Blurring Boundaries: The Integration of NGOs into Governance in Kenya.” Governance 25 (2): 209–235. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0491.2011.01553.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bush, S. S., and J. Hadden. 2019. “Density and Decline in the Founding of International NGOs in the United States.” International Studies Quarterly 63 (4): 1133–1146. doi:10.1093/isq/sqz061.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chevron Nigeria Limited. 2016. “Highlights of Operations.” https://www.chevron.com/worldwide/nigeria#highlightsofoperations
   Google Scholar
• Cilliers, J., and C. Dietrich. 2000. Angola’s War Economy: The Role of Oil and Diamonds. Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Cooley, A., and J. Ron. 2002. “The NGO Scramble: Organizational Insecurity and the Political Economy of Transnational Action.” International Security 27 (1): 5–39. doi:10.1162/016228802320231217.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coumans, C. 2011. “Occupying Spaces Created by Conflict.” Current Anthropology 52 (S3): S29–S43. doi:10.1086/656473.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox, R. W. 2002. The Political Economy of a Plural World: Globalization and Civilization. New York: Cambridge: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Dauvergne, P., and G. LeBaron. 2014. Protest Inc: The Corporatization of Activism. Cambridge: Polity.
   Google Scholar
• de Koning, R. 2013. “Conflict between Industrial and Artisanal Mining in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC): Case Studies from Katanga, Ituri and Kivu.” Africa for Sale? 29: 181–200. doi:10.1163/9789004252646_009.
   Google Scholar
• Deva, S. 2006. “Global Compact: A Critique of the U.N.'s. “Public-Private” Partnership for Promoting Corporate Citizenship.” Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce 34 (1): 4.
   Google Scholar
• Doane, D. 2005. “Beyond Corporate Social Responsibility: Minnows, Mammoths and Markets.” Futures 37 (2-3): 215–229. doi:10.1016/j.futures.2004.03.028.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du Toit, A. 2004. ““Social Exclusion” Discourse and Chronic Poverty: A South African Case Study.” Development and Change 35 (5): 987–1010. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7660.2004.00389.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egbon, O., U. Idemudia, and K. Amaeshi. 2018. “Shell Nigeria’s Global Memorandum of Understanding and Corporate-Community Accountability Relations: A Critical Appraisal.” Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal 31 (1): 51–74. doi:10.1108/AAAJ-04-2016-2531.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felbab-Brown, V., and J. F. Forest. 2012. “Political Violence and the Illicit Economies of West Africa.” Terrorism and Political Violence 24 (5): 787–806. doi:10.1080/09546553.2011.644098.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furnaro, A. 2019. “Hegemony and Passivity in Mining Regions: Containing Dissent in North-Central Chile.” The Extractive Industries and Society 6 (1): 215–222. doi:10.1016/j.exis.2018.07.009.
   Google Scholar
• Gold, L. 2004. “The ‘Economy of Communion’: A Case Study of Business and Civil Society in Partnership for Change.” Development in Practice 14 (5): 633–644. doi:10.1080/0961452042000239788.
   Google Scholar
• Gramsci, A. 1971. Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci. London: Lawrence & Wishart.
   Google Scholar
• Gray, R., J. Bebbington, and D. Collison. 2006. “NGOs, Civil Society and Accountability: Making the People Accountable to Capital.” Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal 19 (3): 319–348. doi:10.1108/09513570610670325.
   Google Scholar
• Guo, C., and J. A. Musso. 2007. “Representation in Nonprofit and Voluntary Organizations: A Conceptual Framework.” Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 36 (2): 308–326. doi:10.1177/0899764006289764.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvard University. 2012. “The Only Government We See: Building Company/Community Dialogue in Nigeria.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZibwGOWHVIA
   Google Scholar
• Heap, S. 2000. NGOs Engaging with Business: A World of Difference and a Difference to the World. Oxford: INTRAC.
   Google Scholar
• Hilhorst, D. 2003. The real world of NGOs: discourses, diversity and development. London: Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Hoben, M., D. Kovick, D. Plumb, and J. Wright. 2012. Corporate and Community Engagement in the Niger Delta: Lessons learnt from Chevron Nigeria Limited’s GMoU, Washington: CBI, available via: https://www.cbi.org/assets/files/Corporate%20and%20Community%20Engagement%20in%20the%20Niger%20Delta_Lessons%20Learned.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Human Rights Watch. 2003, December 17. “Nigeria: The Warri Crisis: Fueling Violence.” A1518. Accessed April 26, 2022. https://www.refworld.org/docid/402f6e7d4.html
   Google Scholar
• Idemudia, U. 2011. “Corporate Social Responsibility and the Niger Delta Conflict: Issues and Prospects.” In Oil and Insurgency in the Niger Delta: Managing the Complex Politics of Petro-Violence, edited by C. Obi and S. Rustad, 167–183. London: Nordic Africa Institute/Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Idemudia, U. 2017. “Business and Peace in the Niger Delta: What We Know and What We Need to Know.” African Security Review 26 (1): 41–61. doi:10.1080/10246029.2016.1264439.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Idemudia, U., and N. Osayande. 2016. “Assessing the Effect of Corporate Social Responsibility on Community Development in the Niger Delta: A Corporate Perspective.” Community Development Journal 53 (1): 155–172. doi:10.1093/cdj/bsw019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ifeka, C. 2004. “Violence, Market Forces and Militarisation in the Niger Delta.” Review of African Political Economy 31: 144–150.
   Google Scholar
• Ikelegbe, A. 2006. “The Economy of Conflict in the Oil Rich Niger Delta Region of Nigeria.” African and Asian Studies 5 (1): 23–56. doi:10.1163/156920906775768291.
   Google Scholar
• Iwilade, A. 2012. ““Green” or “Red”? Reframing the Environmental Discourse in Nigeria.” Africa Spectrum 47 (2-3): 157–166. doi:10.1177/000203971204702-309.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwilade, A. 2014. “Networks of Violence and Becoming: Youth and the Politics of Patronage in Nigeria’s Oil-Rich Delta.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 52 (4): 571–595. doi:10.1017/S0022278X14000603.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwilade, A. 2019. “Temporalities of ‘Doing’: The over-Youth and Their Navigations of Post-Violence Contexts in Africa.” In Youth Inequality and Social Change in the Global South, Springer Series Perspectives on Children and Youth, edited by H. Cuervo and A. Miranda, 85–98, Singapore: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Johansson, A., and S. Vinthagen. 2016. “Dimensions of Everyday Resistance: An Analytical Framework.” Critical Sociology 42 (3): 417–435. doi:10.1177/0896920514524604.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz, H. 2006. “Gramsci, Hegemony, and Global Civil Society Networks.” VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations 17 (4): 332–347. doi:10.1007/s11266-006-9022-4.
   Google Scholar
• Keck, M. E., and K. Sikkink. 1998. Activists beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. doi:10.7591/j.ctt5hh13f.
   Google Scholar
• Kell, G. 2003. “The Global Compact: Origins, Operations, Progress, Challenges.” Journal of Corporate Citizenship 2003 (11): 35–49. doi:10.9774/GLEAF.4700.2003.au.00007.
   Google Scholar
• Kemi. 2021. (Pseudonym), Staff of Partnership for Peace, a Sub-Grantee of PIND, Which Is a Network of Multiple NGOs and Thousands of ‘Peace Activists’ Working in the Niger Delta.
   Google Scholar
• Kimenyi, M., Temesgen, T. Deressa, J. E. Pugliese, A. Onwuemele, and M. Mendie. 2014. “Analysis of Community-Driven Development in Nigeria’s Niger Delta Region: Use of the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) Framework.” Africa Growth Initiative Working Paper, No. 14, AGI, PIND & NISER, 1–44.
   Google Scholar
• Lawrence, R. 2007. “Corporate Social Responsibility, Supply-Chains and Saami Claims: Tracing the Political in the Finnish Forestry Industry.” Geographical Research 45 (2): 167–176. doi:10.1111/j.1745-5871.2007.00448.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Billon, P. 2010. “Oil and Armed Conflicts in Africa.” African Geographical Review 29 (1): 63–90. doi:10.1080/19376812.2010.9756226.
   Google Scholar
• Loye. (Pseudonym) 2014. Staff of Foundation for Partnership Initiatives in the Niger Delta (PIND), Major CSR Vehicle Funded by Chevron with an Initial Endowment of 50 Million USD; interview 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Maconachie, R. 2014. “Dispossession, Exploitation or Employment? Youth Livelihoods and Extractive Industry Investment in Sierra Leone.” Futures 62: 75–82. doi:10.1016/j.futures.2013.08.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martens, K. 2001. “Non-Governmental Organisations as Corporatist Mediator? An Analysis of NGOs in the UNESCO System.” Global Society 15 (4): 387–404. doi:10.1080/13600820120090909.
   Google Scholar
• Mittelman, J. H. 2011. Contesting Global Order: Development, Global Governance, and Globalization. Abingdon: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203836668.
   Google Scholar
• Moncrieffe, J. 1998. “Reconceptualizing Political Accountability.” International Political Science Review 19 (4): 387–406. doi:10.1177/019251298019004004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller-Hirth, N. 2009. “South African NGOs and the Public Sphere: Between Popular Movements and Partnerships for Development.” Social Dynamics 35 (2): 423–435. doi:10.1080/02533950903076568.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nwajiaku-Dahou, K. 2012. “The Political Economy of Oil and ‘Rebellion’ in Nigeria’s Niger Delta.” Review of African Political Economy 39 (132): 295–313. doi:10.1080/03056244.2012.688805.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Dwyer, B., and R. Boomsma. 2015. “The Co-Construction of NGO Accountability: Aligning Imposed and Felt Accountability in NGO-Funder Accountability Relationships.” Accounting, Auditing & Accountability 28 (1): 36–68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Laughlin, B. 2008. “Governing Capital? Corporate Social Responsibility and the Limits of Regulation.” Development and Change 39 (6): 945–957. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7660.2008.00522.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obi, C. 2009. “Nigeria’s Niger Delta: Understanding the Complex Drivers of Violent Oil-Related Conflict.” African Development 34 (2): 103–128.
   Google Scholar
• Obi, C. 2014. “Oil and Conflict in Nigeria’s Niger Delta Region: Between the Barrel and the Trigger.” The Extractive Industries and Society 1 (2): 147–153. doi:10.1016/j.exis.2014.03.001.
   Google Scholar
• Okonta, I., and O. Douglas. 2001. Where Vultures Feast: Shell, Human Rights, and Oil in the Niger Delta. Sierra Club Books.
   Google Scholar
• Okwechime, I. 2011. “Oil Multinationals and the Politics of Corporate Social Responsibility in the Niger Delta.” In Perspectives on African Studies: Essays in Honour of Toyin Falola, edited by A. Alao and R. Taiwo, 2–38. Munich: Lincom Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Onuoha, F. 2010. “The Geo-Strategy of Oil in the Gulf of Guinea: Implications for Regional Stability.” Journal of Asian and African Studies 45 (3): 369–384. doi:10.1177/0021909610364779.
   Google Scholar
• Oppong, N. 2020. “Between Elite Reflexes and Deliberative Impulses: Oil and the Landscape of Contentious Politics in Ghana.” Oxford Development Studies 48 (4): 329–344. doi:10.1080/13600818.2020.1844879.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oriola, T., K. D. Haggerty, and A. W. Knight. 2013. “Car Bombing “With Due Respect”: The Niger Delta Insurgency and the Idea Called MEND.” African Security 6 (1): 67–96. doi:10.1080/19392206.2013.759477.
   Google Scholar
• Orock, R. 2013. “Less-Told Stories about Corporate Globalization: Transnational Corporations and CSR as the Politics of (Ir)responsibility in Africa.” Dialectical Anthropology 37, no. (1): 27–50. doi:10.1007/s10624-013-9293-2.
   Google Scholar
• Orogun, P. 2010. “Resource Control, Revenue Allocation and Petroleum Politics in Nigeria: The Niger Delta Question.” GeoJournal 75, no. (5): 459–507. doi:10.1007/s10708-009-9320-7.
   Google Scholar
• Partners for Peace. 2021. “About Us.” https://p4p-nigerdelta.org/aboutp4p/
   Google Scholar
• Porter, M. E, and M. R. Kramer. 2002. “The Competitive Advantage of Corporate Philanthropy.” Harvard Business Review 80 (12): 5–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sassoon, A. S. 1982. “Hegemony, War of Position, and Political Intervention.” In Approaches to Gramsci, edited by A. S. Sassoon, 94–115. London: Writers and Readers.
   Google Scholar
• Shamir, R. 2004. “The De-Radicalization of Corporate Social Responsibility.” Critical Sociology 30 (3): 669–689. doi:10.1163/1569163042119831.
   Google Scholar
• Sharp, J. 2006. “Corporate Social Responsibility and Development: An Anthropological Perspective.” Development Southern Africa 23 (2): 213–222. doi:10.1080/03768350600707892.
   Google Scholar
• The Guardian. 2016. “Militants Blow Up Chevron Oil Facility, Vow More Attacks.” https://guardian.ng/news/militants-blow-up-chevron-oil-facility-vow-more-attacks/
   Google Scholar
• Tvedt, T. 2004. “Development NGOs: Actors in a Global Civil Society or in a New International Social System?.” In Creating a Better World: Interpreting Global Civil Society, edited by R. Taylor, 133–146. Bloomfield CT: Kumarian Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ugor, P. W. 2013. “Survival Strategies and Citizenship Claims: Youth and the Underground Oil Economy in Post-Amnesty Niger Delta.” Africa 83 (2): 270–292. doi:10.1017/S0001972013000041.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ukeje, C. U. 2004. “From Aba to Ugborodo: Gender Identity and Alternative Discourse of Social Protest among Women in the Oil Delta of Nigeria.” Oxford Development Studies 32 (4): 605–617. doi:10.1080/1360081042000293362.
   Google Scholar
• Umejesi, I., and W. Akpan. 2013. “Oil Exploration and Local Opposition in Colonial Nigeria: Understanding the Roots of Contemporary State-Community Conflict in the Niger Delta.” South African Review of Sociology 44 (1): 111–130. doi:10.1080/21528586.2013.784452.
   Google Scholar
• UN Global Compact. 1999. “UN Global Compact.” https://www.unglobalcompact.org/
   Google Scholar
• Wall, C. 2008. Buried Treasure: Discovering and Implementing the Value of Corporate Social Responsibility. Sheffield: Greenleaf Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Watts, M. 2003. “Economies of Violence: More Oil, More Blood.” Economic and Political Weekly 38 (48): 5089–5099. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4414347.
   Google Scholar
• Watts, M. J. 2004. “Antimonies of Community: Some Thoughts of Geography, Resources and Empire.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 29 (2): 195–216. doi:10.1111/j.0020-2754.2004.00125.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watts, M. 2008. “Blood Oil: The Anatomy of a Petro-Insurgency in the Niger Delta.” Focaal 2008 (52): 18–38. doi:10.3167/fcl.2008.520102.
   Google Scholar
• Zeisler, A. 2017. We Were Feminists Once: From Riot Grrrl to CoverGirl, the Buying and Selling of a Political Movement. Philadelphia: Perseus Book Group.
   Google Scholar