Bibliography
- Appadurai, A., V. Rao, and M. Walton. 2004. “The Capacity to Aspire: Culture and the Terms of Recognition.” In Culture and Public Action, 59–84. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press.
- Bakardjieva, M. 2015. “Do Clouds Have Politics? Collective Actors in Social Media Land.” Information, Communication & Society 18 (8): 983–990. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2015.1043320.
- BBC News. 2011. ‘Zimbabwe Facebook Subversion Trial Collapses’. BBC News. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-15004244
- Benski, T., L. Langman, I. Perugorría, and B. Tejerina. 2013. “From the Streets and Squares to Social Movement Studies: What Have We Learned?” Current Sociology 61 (4): 541–561. doi:10.1177/0011392113479753.
- Boyd, D. 2014. It’s Complicated: The Social Lives of Networked Teens. New Haven: Yale University Press.
- Brechenmacher, S. 2017. Civil Society under Assault: Repression and Responses in Russia, Egypt, and Ethiopia. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
- Castells, M. 2015. Networks of Outrage and Hope: Social Movements in the Internet Age. Cambridge: Polity Press.
- Chang, P. Y. 2008. “Unintended Consequences of Repression: Alliance Formation in South Korea’s Democracy Movement (1970–1979).” Social Forces 87 (2): 651–677. doi:10.1353/sof.0.0153.
- Cheeseman, N. 2020. The Conflict in Ethiopia Calls into Question Authoritarian Aid. Carnegie Europe, 22 December. https://carnegieeurope.eu/2020/12/22/conflict-in-ethiopia-calls-into-question-authoritarian-aid-pub-83515
- Chirimambowa, T. C., and T. L. Chimedza. 2017. Mawarire and #Tajamuka – New Narratives to Remove Mugabe. ZimEye, 7 February. https://www.zimeye.net/2017/02/07/mawarire-and-tajamuka-new-narratives-to-remove-mugabe/
- CIPESA. 2020. State of Internet Freedom in Ethiopia 2019: Mapping Trends in Government Internet Controls, 1999-2019. Kampala: CIPESA.
- Code for Africa. 2020. Ethiopia’s Hacktivism. https://investigate.africa/wpcontent/themes/ancir/dist/assets/reports/Ethiopias_hacktivism_16_19_2020.pdf
- Craig, J. 2016. ‘Ethiopia Protests Highlight Growing Solidarity between Oromia, Amhara regions’. VOA, 9 August. http://www.voanews.com/a/ethiopia-protests-oromia-amhara-regions/3457240.html
- Della Porta, D., and D. Rucht. 1995. “Left Libertarian Movements in Context: A Comparison of Italy and West Germany.” 1965–1990.” In The Politics of Social Protest. Comparative Perspectives on States and Social Movements, edited by J. C. Jenkins and B. Klandermans. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
- Diani, M. 2000. “Social Movement Networks Virtual and Real.” Information, Communication & Society 3 (3): 386–401. doi:10.1080/13691180051033333.
- Edwards, B., and P. F. Gillham. 2013. “Resource Mobilisation Theory.” In The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social and Political Movements, edited by D. A. Snow, D. della Porta, B. Klandermans, and D. McAdam, 1–6. Oxford: Blackwell.
- Edwards, B., and J. D. McCarthy. 2004. “Resources and Social Movement Mobilization.” In The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, edited by A. Snow, S. A. Soule, and H. Kriesi, 116–128. Oxford: Blackwell.
- Eyerman, R., and A. Jamison. 1991. Social Movements: A Cognitive Approach. Cambridge: Polity Press.
- Gerbaudo, P., and E. Treré. 2015. “In Search of the ‘We’ of Social Media Activism: Introduction to the Special Issue on Social Media and Protest Identities.” Information, Communication & Society 18 (8): 865–871. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2015.1043319.
- Gerhards, J., and D. Rucht. 1992. “Mesomobilization: Organizing and Framing Two Protest Campaigns in West Germany.” American Journal of Sociology 98 (3): 555–596. doi:10.1086/230049.
- Gladwell, M. 2010. ‘Small Change: Why the Revolution Will Not Be Tweeted’, The New Yorker, 4 October. http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/10/04/small-change-malcolm-gladwell
- Gramsci, A. 1971. Selections from the Prison Notebooks. New York: Columbia University Press.
- Gukurume, S. 2017. “#ThisFlag and #ThisGown Cyber Protests in Zimbabwe: Reclaiming Political Space.” African Journalism Studies 38 (2): 49–70. doi:10.1080/23743670.2017.1354052.
- Gurr, T. 1970. Why Men Rebel. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Human Rights Watch. 2020. Ethiopia, Communications Shutdown Takes Heavy Toll. Human Rights Watch, 9 March. https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/03/09/ethiopia-communications-shutdown-takes-heavy-toll
- Internet World Stats. 2020. https://www.internetworldstats.com/africa.htm#zw
- Karekwaivanane, G., and N. Msonza. 2021. Zimbabwe Digital Rights Landscape Report. Institute of Development Studies. doi:10.19088/IDS.2021.006.
- Kavada, A. 2015. “Creating the Collective: Social Media, the Occupy Movement and Its Constitution as a Collective Actor.” Information, Communication & Society 18 (8): 872–886. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2015.1043318.
- Kidd, D., and K. McIntosh. 2016. “Social Media and Social Movements.” Sociology Compass 10 (9): 785–794. doi:10.1111/soc4.12399.
- Kolo, A. K. 2016. “The Blood Flowing in Oromia Is Our Blood Too”: Why Oromo-Amhara Solidarity Is the Greatest Threat to the Ethiopian Government. Borkena, 28 September. https://borkena.com/2016/09/28/the-blood-flowing-in-oromia-is-our-blood-too-why-oromo-amhara-solidarity-is-the-greatest-threat-to-the-ethiopian-government/
- Larok, A. 2019. “Modified Activism after Ethiopia’s New Dawn.” In After Protest: Pathways beyond Mass Mobilization, edited by Richard Youngs, 47–52. Washington, DC: Carnegie Europe.
- Lim, M. 2013. “Many Clicks but Little Sticks: Social Media Activism in Indonesia.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 43 (4): 636–657. doi:10.1080/00472336.2013.769386.
- Matsilele, T., and P. Ruhanya. 2021. “Social Media Dissidence and Activist Resistance in Zimbabwe.” Media, Culture & Society 43 (2): 381–394. doi:10.1177/0163443720957886.
- McCarthy, J. D., and M. N. Zald. 1977. “Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: A Partial Theory.” American Journal of Sociology 82 (6): 1212–1241. doi:10.1086/226464.
- Morozov, M. 2009. The Brave New World of Slacktivism. Foreign Policy, May 19. http://neteffect.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2009/05/19/the_brave_new_world_of_slacktivism.
- Mundt, M., K. Ross, and C. M. Burnett. 2018. “Scaling Social Movements Through Social Media: The Case of Black Lives Matter.” Social Media + Society 4 (4): 205630511880791. doi:10.1177/2056305118807911.
- Mutsvairo, B., and L. A. Sirks. 2015. “Examining the Contribution of Social Media in Reinforcing Political Participation in Zimbabwe.” Journal of African Media Studies 7 (3): 329–344. doi:10.1386/jams.7.3.329_1.
- Phiri, G. 2016. ‘Govt Internet Surveillance Repressive’, Daily News, 23 October. https://www.dailynews.co.zw/articles/2016/10/23/govt-internet-surveillance-repressive
- Polyakova, A., and C. Meserole. 2019. Exporting Digital Authoritarianism. Foreign Policy, 26 August. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/FP_20190826_digital_authoritarianism_polyakova_meserole.pdf
- Raftopoulos, B. 2020. Zimbabwe: Deepening Authoritarianism, Dissipating Alternatives. African Arguments, 1 December. https://africanarguments.org/2020/12/zimbabwe-deepening-authoritarianism-dissipating-alternatives/
- Rainie, L. W. 2012. Networked: The New Social Operating System. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
- Rane, H., and S. Salem. 2012. “Social Media, Social Movements and the Diffusion of Ideas in the Arab Uprisings.” Journal of International Communication 18 (1): 97–111. doi:10.1080/13216597.2012.662168.
- Rolfe, B. 2005. “Building an Electronic Repertoire of Contention.” Social Movement Studies 4 (1): 65–74. doi:10.1080/14742830500051945.
- Rucht, D. 2004. “Movement Allies, Adversaries and Third Parties.” In The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, edited by D. Snow, S. A. Soule, and H. Kriesi. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
- Sacks, S. L. 2020. “Evan Mawarire’s #ThisFlag as Tactical Lyric: The Role of Digital Speech in Imagining a Networked Zimbabwean Nation.” African Studies Review 63 (2): 238–257. doi:10.1017/asr.2019.44.
- Saco, D. 2002. Cybering Democracy: Public Space and the Internet. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
- Sandoval-Almazan, R., and J. R. Gil-Garcia. 2014. “Towards Cyberactivism 2.0? Understanding the Use of Social Media and Other Information Technologies for Political Activism and Social Movements.” Government Information Quarterly 31 (3): 365–378. doi:10.1016/j.giq.2013.10.016.
- Sebeelo, T. B. 2021. “Hashtag Activism, Politics and Resistance in Africa: Examining #ThisFlag and #RhodesMustFall Online Movements.” Insight on Africa 13 (1): 95–109. doi:10.1177/0975087820971514.
- Segerberg, A., and W. L. Bennett. 2011. “Social Media and the Organization of Collective Action: Using Twitter to Explore the Ecologies of Two Climate Change Protests.” The Communication Review 14 (3): 197–215. doi:10.1080/10714421.2011.597250.
- Shirky, C. 2008. Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing without Organizations. New York: Penguin Books.
- Tarraw, S. 1995. “Power in Movement.” In Social Movements and Contentious Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- ThisFlag. 2020. ‘ThisFlag - IfulegiLeyi – MurezaUyu’. https://www.facebook.com/ThisFlag/
- Treré, E. 2015. “Reclaiming, Proclaiming, and Maintaining Collective Identity in the #YoSoy132 Movement in Mexico: An Examination of Digital Frontstage and Backstage Activism through Social Media and Instant Messaging Platforms.” Information Communication & Society 18 (8): 901–915.
- Trottier, D. 2012. Social Media as Surveillance: Rethinking Visibility in a Converging World. Farnham: Ashgate.
- Tüfekçi, Z., and C. Wilson. 2012. “Social Media and the Decision to Participate in Political Protest: Observations from Tahrir Square.” Journal of Communication 62 (2): 363–379. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01629.x.
- Workneh, T. W. 2021. “Social Media, Protest, & Outrage Communication in Ethiopia: Toward Fractured Publics or Pluralistic Polity?” Information, Communication & Society 24 (3): 309–328. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2020.1811367.
- Zihnioğlu, Ö. 2019. “The Prospects of Civic Alliance: New Civic Activists Acting Together with Civil Society Organizations.” VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations 30 (2): 289–299. doi:10.1007/s11266-018-0032-9.
- Zihnioğlu, Ö. 2023. “Strategizing Post-Protest Activism in Abeyance: Retaining Activist Capital under Political Constraint.” Social Movement Studies 22 (1): 122–137. doi:10.1080/14742837.2021.2003193.