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Third World Quarterly Volume 14, 1993 - Issue 2
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Original Articles

A de facto Kurdish state in Northern Iraq

Michael M Gunter Teaches at Tennessee Technical University, Cookeville, Tennessee, USA
Pages 295-319 | Published online: 15 Nov 2007

Notes

  • 1992 . GMT , 25 February
  • 1992 . Foreign Broadcast Information Service—West Europe , 27 February : 25
  • Eagleton , William Jr . 1963 . The Kurdish Republic of 1946 , London : Oxford University Press .
  • Roosevelt , Archie Jr . 1947 . ‘The Kurdish Republic of Mahabad’ . Middle East Journal , 1 July : 247 – 69 .
  • 1992 . ‘Talabani on negotiation with Baghdad’ . London: Saut‐Al‐Kuwayt in Arabic , 14 June : 14
  • 1992 . Foreign Broadcast Information Service—Near East & South Asia , 17 June : 19
  • Makiya , Kanan . 1992 . ‘The Anfal: uncovering an Iraqi campaign to exterminate the Kurds’ . Harper's Magazine , May : 61
  • al‐Khalil , Samir . 1989 . The Republic of Fear: The Politics of Modern Iraq , Berkeley : University of California Press .
  • Miller , Judith . 1993 . ‘Iraq accused: a case of genocide’ . The New York Times Magazine , 3 January : 14 28
  • Hedges , Chris . 1992 . ‘Kurds’ dream of freedom slipping away’ . The New York Times , 6 February : A1 A10
  • 22 December 1991 . “ ‘Barzani cited on disputes within Kurdistan Front’ ” . 22 December , 5 London : Al‐Hayah .
  • 1992 . FBIS‐NES , 3 January : 25
  • “ ‘Talabani interviewed on elections, unity’ ” . 1725 Paris : Radio Monte Carlo in Arabic .
  • 1992 . GMT , 16 May
  • 1992 . FBIS‐NES , 18 May : 19
  • “ ‘PUK delegation visits Tehran; battles in south’ ” . 1700 Paris : Radio Monte Carlo in Arabic .
  • 1992 . GMT , 28 March
  • 1992 . FBIS‐NES , 30 March : 22
  • Weaver , Leslie . 1992 . ‘Iraqi Kurds prepare for first free elections’ . The New York Times , 15 May : A14
  • “ ‘Barzani—Elections should end militia rule’ ” . Paris : AFP .
  • 1992 . GMT , 2 February
  • 1992 . FBIS‐NES , 6 February : 18
  • Imset , Ismet G . 1992 . ‘Further reportage on Kurdistan elections’ . Turkish Daily News , 8 May : 1 12
  • 1992 . FBIS‐NES , 19 May : 19
  • Bulut , Mahmut . 1992 . ‘Turkoman leader discusses Kurdish elections’ . Istanbul Turkiye , 9 April : 5
  • 1992 . FBIS‐NES , 23 April : 23
  • Atkan , Aziz . 1992 . ‘Kurds exclude Turkomans from elections’ . Istanbul Hurriyet , 12 April : 15
  • 1992 . FBIS‐NES , 21 April : 22
  • Gunter , Michael M . 1990 . The Kurds in Turkey: A Political Dilemma , Boulder , CO : Westview Press .
  • 1992 . GMT , 17 May
  • 1992 . FBIS‐NES , 18 May : 20
  • Paris . “ ‘Kurds to Form “All‐Party” Governing Coalition’ ” . Paris , AFP .
  • 1992 . GMT , 21 May
  • 1992 . FBIS‐NES , 21 May : 15
  • “ ‘Elections deadlocked, 2d poll set’ ” . Paris : AFP .
  • 1992 . GMT , 22 May
  • 1992 . FBIS‐NES , 26 May : 11
  • “ ‘Parties to share assembly “Equally”‘ ” . Paris : AFP .
  • 1992 . GMT , 22 May
  • 1992 . FBIS‐NES , 20 May : 11
  • 1992 . GMT , 27 May
  • 1992 . FBIS‐NES , 28 May : 24
  • 1992 . FBIS‐NES , 20 May : 11
  • 1992 . GMT , 23 May
  • 1992 . FBIS‐NES , 26 May : 12
  • 13 June 1992 . “ ‘Talabani interviewed on Kurdistan elections’ ” . 13 June , 5 London : Sawt Al‐Kuwayt Al‐Duwali .
  • 1992 . FBIS‐NES , 19 June : 23
  • 31 May 1992 . “ ‘Turkish paper interviews Barzani’ ” . 31 May , 13 Istanbul 2000 Ikibin'e Dogru
  • 1992 . FBIS‐NES , 9 June : 26
  • 27 May 1992 . “ ‘Assembly speaker on Kurdish elections’ ” . 27 May , 6 Baghdad : Alif Ba' .
  • 1992 . FBIS‐NES , 3 June : 19
  • 1992 . FBIS‐NES , 9 June : 26
  • 31 May 1992 . “ ‘PUK leader Talabani interviewed’ ” . 31 May , 10 – 12 . Istanbul 2000 Ikibin'e Dogru
  • 1992 . FBIS‐NES , 9 June : 27
  • 1992 . GMT , 13 April
  • 1992 . FBIS‐NES , 15 April : 41
  • 1992 . GMT , 21 June
  • 1992 . FBIS‐NES , 22 June : 29
  • 31 May 1992 . “ ‘Turkish paper on nascent Kurdish state’ ” . 31 May , 8 – 18 . Istanbul 2000 Ikibin'e Dogru
  • 1992 . FBIS‐NES , 8 June : 27
  • Vivekanand , PV . 1992 . ‘Kurds said exporting oil to Turkey’ . Amman Jordan Times , 21 April : 7
  • 1992 . FBIS‐NES , 21 April : 18
  • 1992 . US Department of State Dispatch , 23 March : 224
  • 1992 . ‘Report details cross‐border trade with Iraq’ . Turkish Daily News , 30 May : 3
  • 1992 . FBIS‐WEU , 5 June : 41
  • 1992 . GMT , 21 June
  • 1992 . FBIS‐NES , 22 June : 29
  • 1992 . GMT , 4 June
  • 1992 . FBIS‐NES , 4 June : 13
  • 1992 . GMT , 4 July
  • 1992 . FBIS‐NES , 6 July : 46
  • 1992 . GMT , 6 July
  • 1992 . FBIS‐NES , 9 July : 29
  • 1992 . ‘Al‐Da'wah criticises conference’ . Beirut Al‐Safir , 20 June : 12
  • 1992 . FBIS‐NES , 22 June : 27
  • 15 December 1991 . “ ‘Ozal on Syrian aid to “Terrorist Groups” ‘ ” . 15 December , 5 London : Al‐Hayah .
  • 1991 . FBIS‐WEU , 18 December : 42
  • 1992 . ‘Military and assembly to agree to protection of some Kurds’ . Briefing , 22 June : 9
  • 1992 . ‘Learning to live with “Kurdistan"’ . Briefing , 1 June : 11
  • 1992 . ‘Ankara OKs emergency law but crisis only deepens in SE’ . Briefing , 29 June : 15
  • 1992 . GMT , 8 April
  • 1992 . FBIS‐WEU , 9 April : 43
  • 1991 . GMT , 18 October
  • 1991 . FBIS‐WEU , 21 October : 58
  • 1992 . GMT , 9 June
  • 1992 . FBIS‐WEU , 11 June : 42
  • 1992 . GMT , 30 March
  • 1992 . FBIS‐WEU , 31 March : 27
  • 1992 . GMT , 1 April
  • 1992 . FBIS‐WEU , 2 April : 41
  • 1992 . ‘dpk lodges protest over Turkish air raids’ . Turkish Daily News , 2 June : 2
  • 1992 . FBIS‐WEU , 9 June : 40 41
  • 1992 . GMT , 17 May
  • 1992 . FBIS‐NES , 18 May : 21
  • Imset , Ismet G . 1988 . ‘PKK: The deception of terror (Countering Stability in Turkey), Part II’ . Briefing , 6 June : 20
  • 1992 . ‘On Elections, PKK, Independence’ . Istanbul Milliyet , 23 February : 7
  • 1992 . FBIS‐WEU , 26 February : 26
  • 1992 . FBIS‐NES , 1 December : 25
  • 1988 . ‘A good‐will gesture: but at what cost?’ . Briefing , 12 September : 6
  • 1988 . ‘Will the PKK be a regional issue?’ . Briefing , 14 March : 11
  • 1991 . ‘Talabani's meeting with PKK leader reported’ . Istanbul Hurriyet , 22 December : 16
  • 1991 . FBIS‐WEU , 27 December : 12
  • 1991 . ‘Formation of PKK‐affiliated party reported’ . Istanbul Cumhuriyet , 1 November : 10
  • 1991 . FBIS‐WEU , 18 December : 55
  • 1991 . ‘PKK said to suspend armed activity until march’ . Gunaydin , 28 November : 8
  • 1991 . FBISWEU , 3 December : 50
  • Imset , Ismet G . 1991 . ‘PKK promises no more military attacks’ . Turkish Daily News , 10 December : 1 11
  • 1991 . FBISWEU , 16 December : 42
  • Imset , Ismet G . 1991 . ‘Further on interview’ . Turkish Daily News , 28 November : 5
  • 1991 . FBIS‐WEU , 5 December : 40
  • Imset , Ismet G . 1991 . ‘Cease‐fire announcement causing PKK “Confusion” ‘ . Turkish Daily News , 19 December : 1 11
  • 1991 . FBIS‐WEU , 26 December : 25
  • 1992 . ‘PKK'S Ocalan on Turkish, US, Syrian policies’ . Istanbul 2000 Ikibin'e Dogru , 22 March : 18 – 29 .
  • 1992 . FBIS‐WEU , 23 April : 28
  • 1992 . ‘Talabani comments on Ankara, talks, PKK’ . Turkish Daily News , 16 June : 2
  • 1992 . FBIS‐WEU , 29 June : 54
  • 1992 . GMT , 14 June
  • 1992 . FBIS‐WEU , 15 June : 39
  • 1992 . GMT , 25 March
  • 1992 . FBIS‐NES , 26 March : 15
  • 1992 . ‘PKK denounces Barzani as “Collaborator” ‘ . Istanbul Hurriyet , 24 February : 14
  • 1992 . FBIS‐WEU , 28 February : 44
  • 1992 . ‘Ocalan said to order deaths of Barzani, Talabani’ . Istanbul Tercuman , 24 January : 11
  • 1992 . FBIS‐WEU , 27 January : 43
  • 1992 . ‘Ocalan interviewed on foreign support for PKK’ . Istanbul Milliyet , 26 March : 14
  • 1992 . FBIS‐WEU , 30 March : 36
  • Imset , Ismet G . 1992 . ‘Analysis’ . Turkish Daily News , 10 August : 1 12
  • 1992 . FBIS‐WEU , 18 August : 40 – 42 .
  • Imset , Ismet G . 1992 . ‘Ankara still silent on PKK blockade’ . Turkish Daily News , 12 August : 1 12
  • 1992 . FBIS‐WEU , 19 August : 27 – 28 .
  • 1992 . ‘Talabani interviewed on agreement with PKK’ . Nokta , 29 November : 10 – 21 .
  • 1992 . FBIS‐NES , 14 December : 21
  • 1992 . GMT , 5 August
  • 1992 . FBIS‐NES , 7 August : 20
  • 1992 . ‘Iraqi Kurdistan Prime Minister interviewed’ . Avanti! (Rome) , 31 October : 16
  • 1992 . FBIS‐NES , 4 November : 21
  • Muir , Jim . 1992 . ‘Iraqi Kurds question aims of Turkish incursion into Iraq’ . Christian Science Monitor , 9 November : 4
  • 1992 . ‘Kurdish military commander assesses fighting’ . Al‐Hayah London , 23 November : 1 4
  • 1992 . FBIS‐NES , 27 November : 33
  • 1992 . ‘News from Kurdish organizations around the world’ . Kurdish Life (US) , Fall : 8
  • “ ‘Operation kills 2,000 “Guerillas”’ ” . Paris : AFP .
  • 1992 . GMT , 4 November
  • 1992 . FBIS‐WEU , 4 November : 30
  • Hedges , Chris . 1992 . ‘An odd alliance subdues Turkey's Kurdish rebels’ . New York Times , 24 November : A1 A8
  • 1992 . GMT , 6 November
  • 1992 . FBIS‐WEU , 9 November : 45
  • 1992 . ‘Final warning to Iraqi Kurds’ . Hurriyet , 11 December : 19
  • 1992 . FBISWEU , 17 December : 44
  • 1992 . ‘Turkish, Kurdish delegations agree on security’ . Hurriyet , 20 November : 20
  • 1992 . FBIS‐WEU , 30 November : 59
  • “ ‘Ankara, Iraqi Kurds to cooperate on border security’ ” . Paris : AFP .
  • 1992 . GMT , 20 November
  • 1992 . FBISWEU , 23 November : 46
  • 1992 . ‘Interview with Prime Minister Demirel’ . Turkiye , 10 October : 14
  • 1992 . FBIS‐WEU , 12 November : 51
  • 1992 . GMT , 29 October
  • 1992 . FBISWEU , 30 October : 43
  • Metz , Helen Chapin , ed. 1990 . Iraq: A Country Study , 86 Washington : Government Printing Office .
  • Hassanpour , Amir . 1992 . Nationalism and Language in Kurdistan , 15 San Francisco : Mellen Research University Press .
  • 1992 . ‘kdp's Barzani interviewed on federation, plans’ . Al‐Akbar (Cairo) , 22 November : 4
  • 1992 . FBIS‐NES , 1 December : 25
  • Edmonds , C J . 1957 . Kurds, Turks and Arabs: Politics, Travel and Research in North‐Eastern Iraq, 1919–1925 , London : Oxford University Press .
  • Ghareeb , Edmund . 1981 . The Kurdish Question in Iraq , Syracuse : Syracuse University Press .
  • O'Ballance , Edgar . 1973 . The Kurdish Revolt, 1961–1970 , Hamden : Archon Books .
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  • Gunter , Michael M . 1993 . The Kurds in Iraq: Tragedy and Hope , New York : St Martin's Press .
  • Entessar , Nader . 1992 . Kurdish Ethnonationalism , 49 – 80 . Boulder , CO : Lynne Rienner Publishers .
  • McDowall , David . 1992 . The Kurds: A Nation Denied , 81 – 120 . London : Minority Rights Publications .
  • 1992 . ‘Explains intentions in North’ . Tercuman , 11 November : 10
  • 1992 . FBIS‐NES , 18 November : 24
  • 1992 . GMT , 19 October
  • 1992 . FBISWEU , 22 October : 72
  • 1992 . ‘Report views relations between Ankara, Peshmergas’ . Tercuman , 3 December : 11
  • 1992 . FBIS‐WEU , 9 December : 40
  • Daghi , Kamran Qurrah . 1992 . ‘Peshmerga Minister: We will shortly announce formation of unified Kurdistan army’ . Al‐Hayah London , 8 December : 1 4
  • 1992 . FBIS‐NES , 14 December : 20
  • 1992 . GMT , 8 October
  • 1992 . FBIS‐WEU , 9 October : 32
  • 1992 . ‘Interview with Prime Minister Demirel’ . Turkiye , 10 October : 14
  • 1992 . FBIS‐WEU , 12 November : 52
  • 1992 . GMT , 6 October
  • 1992 . FBIS‐WEU , 7 October : 41
  • 1992 . GMT , 28 October
  • 1992 . FBIS‐NES , 29 October : 27
  • 1992 . GMT , 28 October
  • 1992 . FBIS‐NES , 29 October : 28
  • 1992 . GMT , 31 October
  • 1992 . FBIS‐NES , 2 November : 24
  • 1992 . ‘Opposition executive committee members named’ . Sawt Al‐Kuwayt Al‐Duwali London , 5 November : 1 7
  • 1992 . FBIS‐NES , 9 November : 26 – 27 .
  • 1992 . GMT , 1 November
  • 1992 . FBIS‐NES , 2 November : 25
  • 1992 . ‘Opposition leader interviewed’ . Avanti! (Rome) , 30 October : 12
  • 1992 . FBIS‐NES , 2 November : 26
  • 1992 . ‘Barzani interviewed on planned “Government in Exile” ‘ . Avanti! (Rome) , 3 November : 14
  • 1992 . FBIS‐NES , 6 November : 22
  • 1992 . ‘Opposition demands to join in 3‐country meeting’ . Al‐Hayah London , 31 October : 1 4
  • 1992 . FBIS‐NES , 4 November : 20
  • 1992 . GMT , 20 November
  • 1992 . FBIS‐NES , 23 November : 27
  • “ ‘Tripartite talks begin’ ” . Tehran : IRNA .
  • 1992 . GMT , 14 November
  • 1992 . FBIS‐WEU , 16 November : 25
  • 1992 . ‘The results of the Kurdish summit’ . Turkiye , 16 November : 13
  • 1992 . FBIS‐WEU , 30 November : 57
  • Hedges , Chris . 1992 . ‘Kurds in Iraq warned by Turkey, Iran and Syria’ . New York Times , 15 November : 9
  • 1992 . ‘Demirel on Kurdish Issue, US ties’ . Al‐Hayah London , 20 November : 6
  • 1992 . FBIS‐WEU , 25 November : 42
  • 1992 . GMT , 30 December
  • 1993 . FBIS‐NES , 4 January : 30
  • 16 February 1976 . “ ‘The CIA report the President doesn't want you to read’ ” . In The Village Voice 16 February , 70 – 92 .
  • 1992 . ‘Barzani on federalism, opposition, Clinton’ . Al‐Sharq Al‐Awsat London , 6 November : 8
  • 1992 . FBIS‐NES , 16 November : 33
  • 1992 . ‘Barzani, Talabani declare trend toward unity’ . Al‐Hayah London , 11 December : 1 6
  • 1992 . ‘Iraqi Kurdistan prime minister interviewed’ . Avanti! (Rome) , 31 October : 16
  • 1992 . ‘Barzani on Kurdish internal situation’ . Al‐Hayah London , 11 December : 6
  • 1992 . FBISNES , 15 December : 16

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