References
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- Phongpaichit , P , Piriyarangsan , S and Treerat , N . 1998 . 'Guns, girls, Gambling, Ganja: Thailand's Illegal Economy and Public Policy' . Thailand: Silkworm Books , New research shows that drugs may have contributed 1.31 billion to the Thai economy in 1994, and a similar focus is needed on prostitution in Thailand, a major foreign exchange earner. See the review of
- 1998 . Far Eastern Economic Review , 5 December
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- Woo , J E . 1991 . Race to the Swift: State and Finance in Korean Industrialisation , 236 New York : Columbia University Press . Donations would often be recycled to socially acceptable causes, such as 'victims of flood and other natural disasters the Red Cross, national defence, the Korean equivalent of the USO, anticommunist leagues, welfare organisation, sports organisations, sports related funds, education related funds, subway construction etc. which in effect often compensated for the partial tax system'., n 82
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- Cole , D and Lyman , P . 1971 . Korean Development: The Interplay of Politics and Economics , 83 Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
- Evans , P , Rueschemeyer , D and Evans , P . 1985 . “ 'The state and economic transformation' ” . In Bringing the State Back 111 , Edited by: Skocpol , T and Rusechemeyer , D . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . However, state autonomy was not sufficient as a basis for an effective developmental strategy. State capacity, the effective reach and scope of the state combined with the state's corporate nature, ie the ability to effectively make and implement policy.
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- Woo . Race , 199 – 200 . The argument sketched here leads to a slightly different emphasis than, for example, that of Michell, who argues that the 'informal system of personal relationships [which] cuts across formal structures [and] government/business relations in a way which in other countries would Icad to widespread corruption' did not do so in Korea because of 'external vigilance and the strong inculcation of economic nationalism'. 1984, p. 36. Rather there has been widespread corruption but it has been nationalised.
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- Wade , L and Kim , B . 1977 . The Political Economy of Success , Seoul : Kyung Hee Press .
- Kim , H . 1978 . 'Statement of Kim Hyung Wook former Director Korean Central Intelligence Agency' . US Congress Subcommittee on International Organisations, Investigation of Korean-American Relations Part 7 . 1978 . pp. 53 About $2 million in payoffs was generated for Korean authorities from the deal with Japanese firms to build the Seoul subway system, with the Director of the KCIA Lee Hu Rak receiving $500 000.
- 1978 . Congressional Quarterly Almanac , 34 : 811
- Kim . “ 'Statement of Kim Hyung Wook' ” . 51 – 52 .
- Koo , Hagen . 1993 . “ who terms the relationship 'strong state and contentious society' ” . In State and Society in Contemporary Korea , Edited by: Koo , H . Ithaca , NY : Cornell .
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- 1991 . Korea Herald , 15 October
- 1995 . FEER , 23 November
- The independence of the Bank of Korea was ruled out and the government controlled appointments to the public and private banking sector is official and unofficial means. In 1991, for example, the government unilaterally appointed new presidents to the five main commercial banks. Patrick, 'comparisons contrasts and implications' p. 349;
- Yoo , S M . 'Deregulation and privatisation: the Korean experience and lessons for competition policy' . paper presented to the 5th Conference on Competition Policies Among Asian and Oceanian Countries . Tokyo . pp. 19
- 1992 . Korea Herald , 29 April
- 1994 . Korea Herald , 9 October
- 1994 . Korea Herald , 18 October
- Moran , Kim Hyon Chol. J . 1998 . 'The role of the security services in democratization: an analysis of South Korea's Agency for National Security Planning'' . Intelligence and National Security , 13 (1) : 11 – 12 . Kim Ki-sup had managed a slush fund worth 7 billion won for
- Sidel , J T . 1997 . 'Philippine politics in town, district and province: Bossism in Cavite and Cebu' . Journal of Asian Studies , 56 (4)
- Sidel . 1995 . 'On the waterfront: labor racketeering in the port of Cebu' . Southeast Asia Research , 3 (1)
- Rivera , T C . 1994 . 'The state, civil society and foreign actors: the politics of Philippine industrialisation' . Contemporary Southeast Asia , 16 (2) : 157
- Hutchcroft , P . 1991 . 'Oligarchs and cronies in the Philippine state. The politics of patrimonial plunder' . World Politics , 43 (3) : 424
- Ibid, p. 440-441, 448; and Rivera, 'The state, civil society and foreign actors'.
- Sidel . “ Philippine Politics in Town, District and Province ” . 949 – 950 .
- Lindsey , C . 1983 . 'In search of dynamism: foreign investment in the Philippines under martial law' . Pacific Affairs , 56 (3) : 492
- Docherty , J . 1982 . “ 'Who controls the Philippine economy?' ” . In Cronies and Enemies: The Current Philippine Scene , Edited by: Aquino , B . Honolulu , Hi : Center for Asian and Pacific Studies, University of Hawaii .
- Turner , M . 1984 . 'The political economy of the Philippines: critical perspectives' . Pacific Review , 57 (3) : 467 – 468 .
- Sidel . “ 'Philippine politics in town district and province' ” . 948
- and Sidel, 'On the waterfront'.
- Rivera . “ 'The state civil society and foreign actors' ” . 169
- Ibid,
- Sidel, 'Philippine politics in town, district and province'.
- Canlas , M , Miranda , M Jr and Putzel , J . 1988 . “ 'The political context' ” . In Land, Poverty and Politics in the Philippines , Edited by: Canlas , M . 73 London : Catholic Institute for International Relations .
- Hutchcroft . “ 'Oligarchs and cronies' ” . 427
- Rivera . “ 'The state, civil society and foreign actors' ” . 170
- Canlas . “ 'The political context ” . 78
- McCoy , A . '"Same banana", hazing and honor at the Philippine military academy' . Journal of Asian Studies ,
- 1988 . 'Cacique democracy and the Philippines: origins and dreams' . New Left Review , 169 : 18 A term used by B Anderson in
- Hutchcroft . “ 'Oligarchs and cronies' ” . 428
- Zwick , J . 1984 . “ 'Militarism and repression in the Philippines' ” . In The State as Terrorist: The Dynamics of Governmental Violence and Repression , Edited by: Stohl , M and Lopez , G A . 126 – 128 . London : Aldwych Press . The judiciary was subordinated to military courts, the press controlled and opposition media closed. A 1973 constitutional change approved by referendum provided for an indefinite term for Marcos, granted the president extensive powers of appointment and replacement in the administration and emasculated the National Assembly.
- Carbonell-Catilo , A . 1986 . 'The Philippines: the politics of plunder' . Corruption and Reform , I (3) : 237 – 238 .
- Rivera . “ 'The state, civil society and foreign actors' ” . 173
- Hutchcroft . “ 'Oligarchs and cronies' ” . 435 – 436 . Carbonell-Catilo, 'The Philippines'
- Hutchcroft . “ 'Oligarchs and cronies' ” . 443
- Putzel , J . “ 'Prospects for agrarian reform under the Aquino government' ” . In Poverty and Politics Edited by: Miranda , Canlas and Land , Putzel . 51 – 52 . A 'minimal' programme was adopted by Marcos in 1972.
- Putzel . “ 'Prospects for agrarian reform' ” . 52
- Gerson , P . 1998 . 'Poverty, income distribution and economic policy in the Philippines , Working Paper of the IMF, No 98/20 24 For example 'in the coconul industry, traditionally the largest employer and largest producer of agricultural earnings in the economy … a series of presidential decrees created a single institution with control of all stages of coconut production from the purchase of coconuts from farmers to the sale of processed oil on the domestic and international markets', Productivity in the coconut sector was the same in 1982-85 as in 1962-66. Ibid, p. 16. And remarkably in the sugar industry, a similar source of rent seeking havens, 'Between 1860 and 1996 productivity in the sugar industry has increased by less than 20 percent', ibid, p. 16.
- McCoy . “ 'Same banand' ” . 721
- Rocamora , J . 1992 . “ 'Lost opportunities, deepening crisis: the Philippines under Cory Aquino' ” . In Low Intensity Democracy , Edited by: Gills , B , Rocamora , J and Wilson , R . 207 London : Pluto .
- Zwick . “ 'Militarism and repression in the Philippines' ” . 130 – 133 .
- Rocamora . 1992 . “ 'Lost opportunities' ” . 208
- Zwick . “ 'Militarism and repression in the Philippines' ” . 128
- Rocamora . “ 'Lost opportunities' ” . 209
- McCoy . “ 'Same banana' ” . 691 – 694 .
- Lindsey . “ 'In search of dynamism' ” . 479
- Ibid, pp 487-88.
- Kowalewski . 1987/88 . 'Transnational corporations and Asian inequality' . Pacific Affairs , 60 (4) : 586 – -593 .
- Catanzaro , R . 1994 . 'Violent social regulation: organised crime in the Italian south' . Social and Legal Studies , 3 : 267 – 269 .
- Kowalewski , D . 1990 . 'Vigilante counter insurgency and human rights in the Philippines: a statistical analysis' . Human Rights Quarterly , 12 : 247
- Diokno , M S . 1989 . “ '"Guardians of democracy", vigilantes in the Philippines' ” . In States of Terror: Death Squads or Development? , Edited by: Dickno . 40 London : Catholic Institute of International Relations .
- Sidel , J T . 1996 . 'Siam and its twin'? . Democratisation and Bossism in contemporary Thailand and the Philippines IDS Bulletin , 27 February and Sidel, 'Philippine politics in town district and province'
- Rivera . “ 'The state, civil society and foreign actors' ” . 171 – 172 . By the end of 1986 the Philippine government and its agencies had incurred a total foreign debt of $21.5 billion or about 77 of the country's external total debts' in addition to a substantial sector of indebted private firms.
- Hutchcroft, 1991, p 445-446.
- Thompson , M . 1996 . 'Off the endangered list: Philippine democratisation in comparative perspective' . Comparative Politics , 28 (2) : 184 – 185 .
- Callahan , W. 1998 . “ 'Challenging the political order: social movements' ” . In Governance in the Asia-Pacific , Edited by: Maidment , R , Goldblatt , D and Mitchell , J . 160 – 161 . London : Routledge .
- Carbonell-Catilo . 'The Philippines' . 241
- Canlas . 'The political context' . 79
- Rocamora . 'Lost opportunities' . 196 – 197 . and Canlas, Miranda & Putzel, Land, Poverty and Polities
- McCoy . “ 'Same banana' ” . 691
- Thompson . “ 'Off the endangered list' ” . 191 – 194 .
- Rocamora . “ 'Lost opportunities' ” . 199 – 204 .
- Ibid, p. 193.
- Putzel . “ 'Prospects for agrarian reform' ” . 66
- Thompson . “ 'Off the endangered list' ” . 190 Land reform involved the planned redistribution of land, the reform of idle, abandoned and expropriated land, reform of public land and reforms in credit and marketing. Following opposition from landowners and figures within the government the plan was further diluted.
- Putzel . “ 'Prospects for agrarian reform' ” . 58 – 63 .
- Gerson . “ 'Poverty, income distribution and economic policy' ” . 17
- Sidel , J T . 1998 . 'The underside of progress: land, labor and violence in two Philippine growth zones, 1985-1995'' . Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars , 30 (1) : 3
- Ibid, p. 4.
- Arguillas , C . 1989 . “ '"Masses arise" the making of a vigilante group' ” . In States of Terror: Death Squads or Development? , Edited by: Arguillas . London : Catholic Institute of International Relations . It can be postulated that the government's weak stance on human rights abuses contributed to a culture in which political violence continued to be an accepted tactic both by official (police, army) agencies and unofficial paramilitary groups. Diokno, '"Guardians of democracy"';, Aquino abolished the Home Defence league mentioned above but the government continued to sanction vigilante group activities
- Tiglao , R . 1998 . 'Manila Bay morass' . FEER , 20 March : 40 – -45 .
- Hernandez , C . 1996 . 'The Philippines in 1995 growth amid challenges' . Asian Surwg , 36 (2)
- 1997 . 'The Philippines in 1996; a house finally in order?' . Asian Survey , 37 (2)
- Thompson . “ 'Off the endangered list' ” . 194
- Vacek , L . 1998 . Conference Report: Supporting the Nonprofit Sector in Asia Bangkok: Asia Pacific Philanthropy Consortium . 1998 . pp. 12
- Callahan, 'Challenging the political order'.
- Werner , S . 1983 . 'The developmet of political corruption: a case study of Israel' . Political Studies , 31 : 38
- Hutchroft . “ 'Oligarchs and cronies' ” . 444
- Gerson . “ 'Poverty, income distribution and economic Policy' ” . 20 – 22 .
- Gerson . “ 'Poverty income distribution and economic policy' ” . 4 – 5 .