- 19 August 1934 . “ 'Ganapriya' ” . 19 August , The letter was signed using a pen-name,
- Kinnear , Michael . 1994 . The Gramophone Company's First Indian Recordings, 1899-1908 Bombay
- Gaisberg , F. W. 1947 . Music on Record London
- Joshi , G. N. 1988 . A concise history of the phonograph industry in India . Popular Music , 7 : 147 – 156 .
- Parrel , Gerry . 1997 . The gramophone comes to India, Indian Music and the West Oxford
- 1991 . Music for the masses: film songs of Tamilnadu . Economic and Political Weekly , 26 Other than in the writings of S. T. Baskaran, south India has not figured in any of the literature on the history of gramophones in India. See
- 1996 . The Eye of the Serpent: an introduction to Tamil cinema 39 – 40 . Madras
- Kittler , Friedrich . 1999 . Gramophone, Farn, Typewriter Stanford, CA For a comparative European referent on this sense of media technology as a kind of modernity, see
- 1909 . Essays in National Idealism 170 Colombo In this quote the arts critic Ananda K. Coomaraswamy was probably referring to the Maharaja of Mysore who was a prominent early gramophone enthusiast and patron who financed numerous recordings of his court musicians and marching bands through HMV.; also see p. 191
- 1974 . Politics and Nationalist Awakening in South India, 1852-1891 Tuscon, AZ Ibid., p. 190. Though Coomaraswamy did not define what he meant by the term 'bourgeois public', it seems likely that it would correspond to what R. Suntharalingam termed the three new elite classes which emerged during the late 19th century in urban south India: the Hindu commercial elite, the administrative elite and the professional elite. See
- Ibid.
- Kinnear , Michael . 1994 . The Gramophone Company's First Indian Recordings, 1899-1908 35 – 69 . Bombay
- Ibid.
- Ibid., p. 10.
- Joshi , G. N. 1980 . The phonograph comes to India . Cinema Vision India , 1 : 40 – 45 .
- Parrel , G. Indian Music and the West 126 – 127 . EMI Music Archives, Indian correspondence, 6 December 1904. Quoted in
- Kinnear , M. The Gramophone Company's First Indian Recordings 24
- 1993 . Cassette Culture: popular music and technology in north India Chicago This early emphasis on the regionally of Indian music tastes seems to contradict Peter Manuel's argument that audio cassette technology of the 1970s was solely responsible for developing regional music markets in north India. At least on the evidence provided above, one must see the emergence of regional music markets in India as part of a longer history which started with the gramophone trade and was continued more extensively through audio cassettes. See
- 1911 . Catalogue of Tamil, Telugu, Sanskrit, Malayalam and Camarese Gramophone Records Madras The transliterations are from the original text in English.
- Ries , Raymond E. 1967 . The cultural setting of south Indian music . Bulletin of the Institute of Traditional Cultures, Madras , : 7 – 21 . For a general account of Camatic music in relation to other musical practices in south India, see
- Jackson , William J. 1991 . Tyagaraja: life and lyrics Delhi Undoubtedly the most important recent scholarship on this early history of Camatic music and its leading composer is that of
- Seetha , S. 1981 . Tanjore as Seat of Music Madras
- Dirks , Nicolas . 1987 . The Hollow Crown: elhnohistory of an Indian kingdom Cambridge For an account of one such small kingdom, that of Pudukothai, see
- Lewandowski , Susan . 1980 . Migration and Ethnicity in Urban India: Kerala migrants in the city of Madras, 1870-1970 New Delhi For general background on 19th century migration to Madras with particular reference to those from Kerala, see
- Anandhi , S. 1997 . Sexuality and nation: 'ideal' and Other' women in nationalists politics, Tamilnadu, c. 1900-1947 . South Indian Studies , July-December
- Anandhi , S. 1991 . Representing Devadasis: 'Dasigal Mosavalai' as radical text . Economic and Political Weekly , March
- Nair , Janaki . 1996 . “ The Devadasi, Dharma and the state ” . In Feminist Terrains in Legal Domains: interdisciplinary essays on women and law in India Edited by: Kumar , Rama . New Delhi
- Srinivasan , Amrit . 1988 . “ Reform of conformity? Temple 'prostitution' and the community in Madras presidency ” . In Structures of Patriarchy: state, community and household in modernizing Asia Edited by: Agarwal , Bina . Delhi
- Song books were of special concern to the colonial government on account that they often included nationalist songs considered seditious. For an official account of the government's attempts to censor gramophone songs books, see Extracts from proscribed Tamil books and pamphlets, 1932, in Selections from Government Orders Relating to the Civil Disobedience Movement, 1930-35; Tamil Nadu Archives. For the best account of the popularity of nationalist songs and recordings in south India, see S. T. Baskaran, The Message Bearers.
- Sundaram , M. R. M. 1993 . Eminent Tamil Writer Kalki: a life sketch Madras For a wider discussion of Kalki's career and writings, see
- Singer , Ben . 1995 . “ Modernity, hyperstimulus, and the rise of popular sensationalism ” . In Cinema and the Invention of Modem Life Edited by: Chamey , Leo and Schwanz , Vanessa R. 72 – 102 . Berkeley, CA For another comparable account of the modernity of Euroamerican cities at the turn of the 20th century, see
- Iyer , G. V. Narayanaswami . 1933 . The mechanization of south Indian music . JMMA , IV ( 1-4 ) : 155
- Greene , Paul . 1995 . “ Cassettes in culture: emotion, politics and performance in rural Tamil Nadu ” . University of Pennsylvania . Loudspeaker broadcasts of recorded music are now a ubiquitous feature of life in Tamil Nadu. For a contemporary account, see PhD dissertation,
- Chetty , C. V. Krishnaswamy . 1938 . Broadcasting in south India: origin and progress . The Hindu , 14 June The author had been intimately connected with the development of broadcasting as Honorary Secretary of the original Madras Presidency Radio Club and then as the Electrical Engineer in charge of the Corporation Broadcasting service until it ended with AU India Radio taking over in Madras during 1938
- Lelyveld , David . 1990 . Transmitters and culture: the colonial roots of Indian broadcasting . South Asia Research , 10 : 41 – 52 . excellent account of the early years of radio broadcasting and the creation of AU India Radio.
- 1936 . City broadcasting . My Magazine , 18 July The details of timing, location and sometimes program for upcoming 'City Broadcasting' events were routinely printed in both the English and Tamil press based in Madras. For example, the newspapers The Hindu and Swadesimitran (in Tamil) both carried radio broadcast announcements. Also see
- Sastry , G. T. 1938 . Musical programmes: how to improve them . The Hindu , 14 June
- C. V. Krishnaswamy Chetty, Broadcasting in south India.
- 1911 . From a correspondent, Insanity of sound . The Hindu , 15 August
- Cousins , Margaret . The Music of Orient and Occident 180 – 181 .
- 1933 . The estimation of the crowds at these radio gramophone broadcasts came from Dr. U. Rama Rao, who in 1933 was serving as President of the Madras Music Academy . Journal of the Madras Music Academy , 3 ( 1-2 ) : 78 (hereafter JMMA),
- G. T. Sastry, Musical programmes: how to improve them.
- Iyengar , C. R. Srinivasa . 1932 . Gramophone music: material to be recorded . The Hindu , 19 November This claim is based upon a broad survey of south Indian gramophone record catalogues and other promotional materials covering the period in question and is further corroborated by the prominent music critic,
- The Twin Record Company . 1933 . Record Catalogue , April
- Iyer , G. V. Narayanaswami . Madras, The mechanization of south Indian music, and Margaret Cousins from 'India's orchestra' originally published in the Musical Courier (1928) . The Music of Orient and Occident , 70 – 71 .
- 1911 . Catalogue of Tamil, Telugu, Sanskrit, Malayalam and Camarese Gramophone Records Madras
- Iyengar , C. R. Srinvasa . 1934 . The Hindu , 4 November
- See the monthly editions of the Columbia Tamil and Telugu Catalogue, Madras, published throughout the early 1930s.
- Srinivasan , R. , ed. 1953 . Professor P. Sambamoorty Silver Jubilee Commemoration Volume Madras
- Hughes , Stephen . Music in the age of mechanical reproduction: drama, gramophone and the beginnings of Tamil cinema . Journal of Asian Studies , For an elaboration of this point, see, forthcoming
- Subramanian , Lakshmi . 1999 . The reinvention of a tradition: nationalism, Carnatic music and the Madras Music Academy, 1900-1947 . The Indian Economic and Social History Review , 36 : 131 – 163 . For a more general discussion of the Carnatic music establishment and its leading institution, see
- Iyer , G. V. Narayanaswami . “ Madras, The mechanization of south Indian music ” . 155
- Iyer , E. Krishna . 1933 . Personalities in Present Day Music xii Madras
- G. T. Sastry, Musical programmes: how to improve them.
- Rao , T. V. Subba . 1941 . Editorial . JMMA , 12 ( 1-4 )
- Lakshmanana , T. 1930 . Pillai's My musical reminiscences . JMMA , 1 ( 3 )
- 1931 . JMMA , 2 ( 1 )
- 1934 . The Hindu , 3 September The Congress leader, S. Satyamurti in an address on the occasion of the first record release by the new gramophone company, Tas-O-Phone of Madura as reported in
- Sundararajan , P. G. 1988 . The Life of S. Satyamurti New Delhi For a biographical account of Satyamurti, see
- Verma , Vijay . 1992 . “ The saga of Old Gramophone Records ” . In Sociology of Oriental Music Edited by: Joshi , O. P. Jaipur For example, see
- Ibid., p. xxv.
- Iyer , C. P. Ramaswamy . 1931 . Opening Address' to the 3rd Madras Music Conference in 1931, singled out Sambamoorty for criticism: 'Indian music is chamber music. Open air music and orchestration are not akin to the genius of Indian music . JMMA , 2 : 214
- 1933 . The Hindu , 29 June
- Cousins , M. 1928 . 'India's Orchestra' . Musical Courier , : 70 – 71 . The Music of Orient and Occident,
- Iyengar , C. R. Srinvasa . 1935 . The Hindu , 15 July
- Meiyappan , A. V. 1986 . Enathu Vazhkkai Anupavankal (in Tamil) 12 – 13 . Chainai In later years AVM admitted that Odeon had not done as well as expected after their first release and was feeing possible financial ruin when the sales of this record saved the company. [1974])
- Hutchins & Company Recording Department . 1934 . Madras, Hutchins Records Catalogue 6 Madras March 1934 release
- June 1934 . Columbia Tamil and Telugu Catalogue June , 11 Madras 1934
- Sastry , G. T. 1938 . Musical programmes: how to improve them . The Hindu , 14 June The three quotations come from, in order,
- Murti , S. R. 1933 . The Hindu , 11 September in a letter to the editor entitled Padams of Kshetragna,
- Iyer , E. Krishna . 1933 . Personalities in Present Day Music xii Madras
- Huyssen , Andreas . 1986 . After the Great Divide: modernism, mass culture, postmodernism 3 – 62 . Bloomington During the 1930s the consequences of mass culture were most famously debated by Theodore Adorno and Walter Benjamin. See
- Gronow , P. 1981 . The record industry comes to the Orient . Ethnomusicology , 25 ( 2 ) : 251 – 284 . For accounts about the early history of gramophones in other parts of the world, see
- Gelatt , Roland . 1977 . The Fabulous Phonograph 1877-1977 London
- Frith , Simon . 1988 . Industrialization of music, Music for Pleasure: essays in the sociology of pop New York
- I make this point as a proviso to S. T. Baskaran's claim that the arrival of the gramophone in India at the turn of the century immediately blurred the sharp distinction between upper and lower class tastes in music and transcended the social stratification of music. Music for the masses, 1991, and The Eye of the Serpent, pp. 39-40.
- 1913 . Madras Times , 20 March : 13
- Ibid.
- Washbrook , David . 1976 . The Emergence of Provincial Politics: the Madras presidency 1870-1920 105 – 109 . Cambridge Patronage of music was consistent with a larger pattern of urban philanthropy discussed by
- 1999 . “ Indira Menon for an account of how Madras emerges as a centre of Camatic music ” . In The Madras Quartet: women in Kamatic music 34 – 39 . Delhi
- Srinivasan , R. 1962 . Facets of Indian Culture Bombay For further accounts of these changes in Camatic music, see
- Higgins , Jon . 1976 . From prince to populace: patronage as a determinant of change in south Indian (Kamatak) music . Asian Music , 7 and the more scholarly accounts of
- Kuppuswamy , T. V. 1992 . Camatic Music and the Tamils Delhi
- Mutatkar , Sumati . 1955 . Evolution of Indian music, in Radio Sangeet Sammelan Delhi
- 1999 . The Madras Quartet , : 39 – 72 . Indira Menon has recently covered this topic in detail. See
- Kersenboom-Story , Saskia . 1987 . Nityasumanagali: Devadasi tradition in south India Delhi Also for a more general and somewhat romanticized account of the ritual duties of south Indian devadasis, see
- Ananda K. Coomaraswamy claimed that the social stigma against 'dancing girls and musicians of low-caste' was a great obstacle which prevented the upper classes from appreciating Indian music. Essays in National Idealism, p. 169.
- 1910 . Madras Times , 13 December
- See R. Gelatt, The Fabulous Phonograph and S. Frith, Music for Pleasure.
- G. N. Joshi, The phonograph comes to India.
- 1949 . Turn of the Century, 1849-1949: P. Orr & Sons Madras
- Meiyappan , A. V. 1986 . Enathu Vazhkkai Anupavankal (in Tamil) Chennai [1974])
- 1935 . The Hindu , 2 July 10 April 1936
- 1931 . The Hindu , 29 December : 11
- Venkatachalapathy , A. R. 1995 . “ A social history of Tamil book publishing, c. 1850-1938 ” . JNU . PhD dissertation,
- Vasu , T. T. 1991 . “ Madras--a seat of fine arts ” . In Madras: its yesterdays, todays and tomorrows Edited by: Muttiah , S. 66 Madras
- Cousins , Margaret . The Music of Orient and Occident 181
- 1929 . Sangeetha Thiratoo (Part 6) (in Tamil) Calcutta
- 1935 . From Gramophone in the streets: commissioner's suggestion . The Hindu , 18 September
- Luthra , H. R. 1986 . Indian Broadcasting 6 – 8 . Delhi
Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television
Volume 22, 2002 - Issue 4