Shared e-scooter rider safety behaviour and injury outcomes: a review of studies in the United States

References

• Abduljabbar, R. L., Liyanage, S., & Dia, H. (2021). The role of micro-mobility in shaping sustainable cities: A systematic literature review. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 92, 102734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2021.102734
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aizpuru, M., Farley, K. X., Rojas, J. C., Crawford, R. S., Moore, T. J., & Wagner, E. R. (2019). Motorized scooter injuries in the era of scooter-shares: A review of the national electronic surveillance system. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 37(6), 1133–1138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2019.03.049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, B., Rupp, J. D., Moran, T. P., Hudak, L. A., & Wu, D. T. (2021). The effect of nighttime rental restrictions on E-scooter injuries at a large urban tertiary care center. International Journal of Environmental Research of Public Health, 18(19), 10281. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910281
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austin Public Health (2019). Dockless electric scooter-related injuries study—Austin Texas September-November 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Badeau, A., Carman, C., Newman, M., Steenblik, J., Carlson, M., & Madsen, T. (2019). Emergency department visits for electric scooter-related injuries after introduction of an urban rental program. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 37(8), 1531–1533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2019.05.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bird Rides, I. (2019). A look at e-scooter safety. Bird Rides.
   Google Scholar
• Bloom, M. B., Noorzad, A., Lin, C., Little, M., Lee, E. Y., Margulies, D. R., & Torbati, S. S. (2021). Standing electric scooter injuries: Impact on a community. The American Journal of Surgery, 221(1), 227–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2020.07.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bresler, A. Y., Hanba, C., Svider, P., Carron, M. A., Hsueh, W. D., & Paskhover, B. (2019). Craniofacial injuries related to motorized scooter use: A rising epidemic. American Journal of Otolaryngology, 40(5), 662–666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2019.05.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, C. (2016). Fear: A silent barrier to bicycling in Black and Hispanic communities. ITE Journal, 86(9), 22–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caspi, O., Smart, M. J., & Noland, R. B. (2020). Spatial associations of dockless shared e-scooter usage. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 86, 102396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102396
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, A., Miranda-Moreno, L., Clewow, R., & Sun, L. (2019). Trend or Fad? Deciphering the enablers of micromobility in the U.S.. SAE International.
   Google Scholar
• Cicchino, J. B., Kulie, P. E., & McCarthy, M. L. (2021a). Injuries related to electric scooter and bicycle use in a Washington, DC, emergency department. Traffic Injury Prevention, 22(5), 401–406. https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2021.1913280
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cicchino, J. B., Kulie, P. E., & McCarthy, M. L. (2021b). Severity of e-scooter rider injuries associated with trip characteristics. Journal of Safety Research, 76, 256–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2020.12.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• City of Austin (2019). Dockless mobility community survey report. City of Austin.
   Google Scholar
• City of Chicago (2020). Chicago E-scooter pilot evaluation summary. City of Chicago.
   Google Scholar
• City of Santa Monica. (2019). “Santa monica shared mobility pilot program summary report.” Santa Monica, CA: City of Santa Monica.
   Google Scholar
• Currans, K. M., Iroz-Elardo, N., Ewing, R., Choi, D., Siracuse, B., Lyons, T., & Griffee, J. (2022). Scooting to a New Era in active transportation: Examining the Use and safety of E-scooters. National Institute for Transportation and Communities (NITC).
   Google Scholar
• Denver Public Works. (2019). Denver dockless mobility program pilot interim report. City of Denver.
   Google Scholar
• DiMaggio, C. J., Bukur, M., Wall, S. P., Frangos, S. G., & Wen, A. Y. (2020). Injuries associated with electric-powered bikes and scooters: analysis of US consumer product data. Injury Prevention, 26(6), 524–528. https://doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043418
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• English, K. C., Allen, J. R., Rix, K., Zane, D. F., Ziebell, C. M., Brown, C. V. R., & Brown, L. H. (2020). The characteristics of dockless electric rental scooter-related injuries in a large U.S. city. Traffic Injury Prevention, 21(7), 476–481. https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2020.1804059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farley, K. X., Aizpuru, M., Wilson, J. M., Daly, C. A., Xerogeanes, J., Gottschalk, M. B., & Wagner, E. R. (2020). Estimated incidence of electric scooter injuries in the US from 2014 to 2019. JAMA Network Open, 3(8), e2014500. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.14500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glenn, J., Bluth, M., Christianson, M., Pressley, J., Taylor, A., Macfarlane, G. S., & Chaney, R. A. (2020). Considering the potential health impacts of electric scooters: An analysis of user reported behaviors in provo, Utah. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(17), 6344. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176344
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grill, F. D., Roth, C., Zyskowski, M., Fichter, A., Kollmuss, M., Stimmer, H., Deppe, H., Wolff, K.-D., & Nieberler, M. (2022). E-scooter-related craniomaxillofacial injuries compared with bicycle-related injuries - A retrospective study. Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, 50(9), 738–744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcms.2022.05.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James, O., Swiderski, J. I., Hicks, J., Teoman, D., & Buehler, R. (2019). Pedestrians and E-scooters: An initial look at E-scooter parking and perceptions by riders and Non-riders. Sustainability, 11(20), 5591. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11205591
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiao, J., Bai, S., & Choi, S. J. (2021). Understanding e-scooter incidents patterns in street network perspective: A case study of Travis county, Texas. Sustainability, 13(19), 10583. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910583.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kappagantu, A., Yaremchuk, K., & Tam, S. (2021). Head and neck injuries and electronic scooter Use in the United States. The Laryngoscope, 131(11), E2784–e2789. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.29620
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karpinski, E., Bayles, E., Daigle, L., & Mantine, D. (2022). Characteristics of early shared E-Scooter fatalities in the United States 2018–2020. Safety Science, 153, 105811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2022.105811
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazemzadeh, K., Haghani, M., & Sprei, F. (2023). Electric scooter safety: An integrative review of evidence from transport and medical research domains. Sustainable Cities and Society, 89, 104313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2022.104313
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobayashi, L. M., Williams, E., Brown, C. V., Emigh, B. J., Bansal, V., Badiee, J., Checchi, K. D., Castillo, E. M., & Doucet, J. (2019). The e-merging e-pidemic of e-scooters. Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open, 4(1), e000337. https://doi.org/10.1136/tsaco-2019-000337
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lavoie-Gagne, O., Siow, M., Harkin, W., Flores, A. R., Girard, P. J., Schwartz, A. K., & Kent, W. T. (2021). Characterization of electric scooter injuries over 27 months at an urban level 1 trauma center. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 45, 129–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2021.02.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, Q., Yang, H., Ma, Y., Yang, D., Hu, X., & Xie, K. (2021). Examining municipal guidelines for users of shared E-Scooters in the United States. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 92, 102710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2021.102710
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNulty, M., Look, N., Strage, K., & Lauder, A. (2022). Orthopaedic injuries after introduction of electric scooters to denver, Colorado. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 30(18), 897–902. https://doi.org/10.5435/JAAOS-D-21-00838
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray, J. (2020). “New Safety Data: 99.9% of Lime Scooter Trips Are Incident-Free.” Accessed September 15, 2020. http://www.li.me/second-street/safety-data-99percent-of-lime-trips-are-incident-free.
   Google Scholar
• NACTO. (2020). Shared Micromobility in the US: 2019. National Association of City Transportation Officials.
   Google Scholar
• Namiri, N. K., Lui, H., Tangney, T., Allen, I. E., Cohen, A. J., & Breyer, B. N. (2020). Electric scooter injuries and hospital admissions in the United States, 2014-2018. JAMA Surgery, 155(4), 357–359. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2019.5423
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Namiri, N., Lee, A., Amend, G., Vargo, J., & Breyer, B. (2021). Impact of alcohol and drug use on bicycle and electric scooter injuries and hospital admissions in the United States. Trauma, 25(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/14604086211044353
   Google Scholar
• Navarro, S. M., Vakayil, V. R., Solaiman, R. H., Keil, E. J., Cohen, M. W., Spartz, E. J., Tignanelli, C. J., & Harmon, J. V. (2022). Risk of hospital admission related to scooter trauma injuries: a national emergency room database study. BMC Emergency Medicine, 22(1), 150. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12873-022-00711-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuroth, L. M., Humphries, K. D., Wing, J. J., Smith, G. A., & Zhu, M. (2022). Motor vehicle-related electric scooter injuries in the US: A descriptive analysis of NEISS data. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 55, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2022.02.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NTSB. (2023). “Micromobility: Data challenges associated with assessing the prevalence and risk of electric scooter and electric bicycle fatalities and injuries.” National Transportation Safety Board Safety Research Report SRR-22-01.
   Google Scholar
• Orozco-Fontalvo, M., Llerena, L., & Cantillo, V. (2023). Dockless electric scooters: A review of a growing micromobility mode. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 17(4), 406–422. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2022.2044097
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., … Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pimentel, R. W., & Lowry, M. B. (2020). “If You provide, will they ride? Motivators and deterrents to shared micro-mobility.” Seattle WA.
   Google Scholar
• Populus. (2018). The micro-mobility revolution: The introduction and adoption of electric scooters in the United States. Populus.
   Google Scholar
• Portland Bureau of Transportation. (2019). Portland 2018 E-scooter findings report. Portland Bureau of Transportation.
   Google Scholar
• Portland Bureau of Transportation. (2020). City of Portland bureau of transportation E-scooter findings report. Portland Bureau of Transportation.
   Google Scholar
• Puzio, T. J., Murphy, P. B., Gazzetta, J., Dineen, H. A., Savage, S. A., Streib, E. W., & Zarzaur, B. L. (2020). The electric scooter: A surging new mode of transportation that comes with risk to riders. Traffic Injury Prevention, 21(2), 175–178. https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2019.1709176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rix, K., Demchur, N. J., Zane, D. F., & Brown, L. H. (2021). Injury rates per mile of travel for electric scooters versus motor vehicles. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 40, 166–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2020.10.048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAE International. (2019). Taxonomy and classification of powered micromobility vehicles (J3194 ground vehicle standard). SAE International.
   Google Scholar
• San Francisco MTA. (2019). Powered scooter share Mid-pilot evaluation. SFMTA.
   Google Scholar
• Sanders, R. L., Branion-Calles, M., & Nelson, T. A. (2020). To scoot or not to scoot: Findings from a recent survey about the benefits and barriers of using E-scooters for riders and non-riders. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 139, 217–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2020.07.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santacreu, A., Yannis, G., & de Saint Leon, O. (2020). Safe micromobility. International Transport Forum.
   Google Scholar
• Serra, G. F., Fernandes, F. A. O., Noronha, E., & de Sousa, R. J. A. (2021). Head protection in electric micromobility: A critical review, recommendations, and future trends. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 163, 106430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2021.106430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah, N. R., Aryal, S., Wen, Y., & Cherry, C. R. (2021). Comparison of motor vehicle-involved e-scooter and bicycle crashes using standardized crash typology. Journal of Safety Research, 77, 217–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2021.03.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah, N. R., & Cherry, C. R. (2022). “The chance of getting struck by a Car on an e-scooter is twice as high at night.” Findings.
   Google Scholar
• Shiffler, K., Mancini, K., Wilson, M., Huang, A., Mejia, E., & Yip, F. K. (2021). Intoxication is a significant risk factor for severe craniomaxillofacial injuries in standing electric scooter accidents. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 79(5), 1084–1090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2020.09.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siow, M. Y., Lavoie-Gagne, O., Politzer, C. S., Mitchell, B. C., Harkin, W. E., Flores, A. R., Schwartz, A. K., Girard, P. J., & Kent, W. T. (2020). Electric scooter orthopaedic injury demographics at an urban level I trauma center. Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma, 34(11), e424–e429. https://doi.org/10.1097/BOT.0000000000001803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tokey, A. I., Shioma, S. A., & Jamal, S. (2022). Analysis of spatiotemporal dynamics of e-scooter usage in Minneapolis: Effects of the built and social environment. Multimodal Transportation, 1(4), 100037. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.multra.2022.100037
   Google Scholar
• Traynor, M. D., Jr., Lipsitz, S., Schroeder, T. J., Zielinski, M. D., Rivera, M., Hernandez, M. C., & Stephens, D. J. (2022). Association of scooter-related injury and hospitalization with electronic scooter sharing systems in the United States. The American Journal of Surgery, 223(4), 780–786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2021.06.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trivedi, T. K., Liu, C., Antonio, A. L. M., Wheaton, N., Kreger, V., Yap, A., Schriger, D., & Elmore, J. G. (2019). Injuries associated with standing electric scooter Use. JAMA Network Open, 2(1), e187381–e187381. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.7381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Useche, S. A., Gonzalez-Marin, A., Faus, M., & Alonso, F. (2022). Environmentally friendly, but behaviorally complex? A systematic review of e-scooter riders’ psychosocial risk features. PLoS ONE, 17(5), e0268960. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268960
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vann, M., Podsiad, K., & Harmon, K. J. (2022). “List of e-Scooter Fatalities, 2016 – June 2022 [Dataset].” U. o. N. C. H. S. R. Center. https://www.micromodes.org/.
   Google Scholar
• Vernon, N., Maddu, K., Hanna, T. N., Chahine, A., Leonard, C. E., & Johnson, J.-O. (2020). Emergency department visits resulting from electric scooter use in a major southeast metropolitan area. Emergency Radiology, 27(5), 469–475. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10140-020-01783-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, C., Bitter, C. C., Lorber, S., Overfelt, C. R., Zehfus, H., Spangler, A., Lew, V., Lewis, L. M., & Naunheim, R. S. (2022). Incidence of Emergency Department Visits for Electric Rental Scooters Using Detailed Ridership Data. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine, 23(2), 174–182. https://doi.org/10.5811/westjem.2021.6.51101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, H., Ma, Q., Wang, Z., Cai, Q., Xie, K., & Yang, D. (2020). Safety of micro-mobility: Analysis of E-Scooter crashes by mining news reports. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 143, 105608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2020.105608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, M. (2019). Baltimore city dockless vehicle pilot program evaluation report. Baltimore City Department of Transportation.
   Google Scholar