Understanding the diversity of EU migration policy in practice: the implementation of the Blue Card initiative

References

• Balzacq , T. and Carrera , S. 2005 . Migration, Borders and Asylum: Trends and Vulnerabilities in EU Policy , Brussels : Centre for European Policy Studies .
   Google Scholar
• BBC , 2007 . “ EU ‘Blue Card’ to target skilled .” BBC News , October 23, 2012 . Accessed January 30, 2012. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7057575.stm .
   Google Scholar
• Berg , L. , and A. Spehar . 2013 . “ Swimming against the Tide: Why Sweden Supports Increased Labour Mobility within and from Outside the EU? ” Policy Studies 34 ( 2 ): 142 – 161 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonin , H. , W. Eichhorst , C. Florman , M. O. Hansen , L. Skiöld , J. Stuhler , K. Tatsiramos , H. Thomasen , and K. Zimmermann . 2008 . Geographic Mobility in the European Union: Optimising Its Economic and Social Benefits . IZA Research Report 19 . Bonn : Expertise for the European Commission .
   Google Scholar
• Borjas , G. 1989 . Economic Theory and International Migration . International Migration Review , 23 ( 3 ) : 457 – 485 . doi: 10.2307/2546424
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Börzel , T. 2000a . “ Improving Compliance through Domestic Mobilisation? New Instruments and Effectiveness of Implementation in Spain ” . In Implementating EU Environmental Policy. New Directions and Old Problems , Edited by: Knill , C. and Lenschow , A. 222 – 250 . Manchester : Manchester University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Börzel , T. 2000b . Why There Is No ‘Southern Problem’: On Environmental Leaders and Laggards in the European Union . Journal of European Public Policy , 7 ( 1 ) : 141 – 162 . doi: 10.1080/135017600343313
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boswell , C. and Geddes , A. 2011 . Migration and Mobility in the European Union , Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Carmel , E. 2011 . “ EU Migration Governance: Utility, Security and Integration ” . In Migration and Welfare in the ‘New’ Europe: Social Protection and the Challenges of Integration , Edited by: Carmel , E. K. , Cerami , A. and Papadopoulos , T. 49 – 66 . Bristol : Policy Press .
   Google Scholar
• Carmel , E. 2012 . Migration Governance in the European Union: A Theme and Its Variations . Journal of Poverty and Social Justice , 20 ( 1 ) : 31 – 39 . doi: 10.1332/175982712X626752
   Google Scholar
• Carmel , E. , and R. Paul . 2013 . “ Editorial ”. Policy Studies 34 ( 2 ): 113 – 121 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrera , S. and Guild , E. 2010 . “ The European Union's Area of Freedom, Security and Justice Ten Years on ” . In The Area of Freedom, Security and Justice Ten Years On: Successes and Future Challenges under the Stockholm Programme , Edited by: Guild , E. , Carrera , S. and Eggenschwiler , A. 1 – 12 . Brussels : Centre for European Policy Studies .
   Google Scholar
• Carrera , S. , A. Faure Atger , E. Guild , and D. Kostakopoulou . 2011 . “ Labour Immigration Policy in the EU: A Renewed Agenda for Europe 2020 .” CEPS Policy Brief 240 , April 5 .
   Google Scholar
• Castles , S. and Kosack , G. 1973 . Immigrant Workers and Class Structure in Western Europe , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cerna , L. 2008 . Towards an EU Blue Card? The Delegation of National Highly Skilled Immigration Policies to the EU-level . COMPAS Working Paper 08 – 65 . Oxford : COMPAS . Accessed January 31, 2013. http://www.compas.ox.ac.uk/fileadmin/files/Publications/working_papers/WP_2008/WP0865%20Cerna.pdf .
   Google Scholar
• Cerna , L. 2010 . “ The EU Blue Card: A Bridge too Far? ” Paper prepared for the ECPR Pan-European Conference , Porto , June 23–26 .
   Google Scholar
• Cerna , L. , and M.-H. Chou . 2012 . “ The Lisbon Strategy and Beyond: Lessons from Negotiating the Blue Card and Scientific Visa .” Paper prepared for workshop on ‘Managing Migration and Asylum in Europe: Current Challenges and Policy Responses’, University of Cambridge , March 15–16 .
   Google Scholar
• Commission , 2005 . Green Paper on an EU Approach to Managing Economic Migration, 811 Final . Brussels : Commission .
   Google Scholar
• Commission , 2007a . Proposal for a Council Directive on the Conditions of Entry and Residence of Third-country Nationals for the Purposes of Highly Qualified Employment, 637 Final . Brussels : Commission .
   Google Scholar
• Commission , 2007b . Attractive Conditions for the Admission and Residence of Highly Qualified Immigrants . European Commission Memo 07/423, October 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Commission , 2010a . An Agenda for New Skills and Jobs: A European Contribution Towards Full Employment . European Commission , November 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Commission , 2010b . Communication on Europe 2020 Flagship Initiative, Innovation Union, SEC(2010)1161, 546 Final . Brussels : Commission .
   Google Scholar
• Commission , 2010c . Proposal for a Directive on Conditions of Entry and Residence of Third Country Nationals in the Framework of An Intra-corporate Transfer, COM(2010)378 . Brussels : Commission .
   Google Scholar
• Commission , 2011 . “ Work Permits for Highly Qualified Migrants 6 Member States Fail to Comply with Rules .” European Commission Press Release , IP/11/1247 .
   Google Scholar
• Commission , 2012a . “ Blue Card: Commission Warns Member States Over Red Tape Facing Highly Qualified Migrants .” European Commission Press Release , IP/12/167 .
   Google Scholar
• Commission , 2012b . What are EU directives? European Commission. Accessed December 18, 2012. http://ec.europa.eu/eu_law/introduction/what_directive_en.htm
   Google Scholar
• Council , 2009 . (2009/50/EC) Council Directive of 25 May 2009 on the Conditions of Entry and Residence of Third-country Nationals for the Purposes of Highly Qualified Employment . Brussels : Council .
   Google Scholar
• Duina , F. 1999 . Harmonising Europe: Nation-states within the Common Market , Albany : State University of New York Press .
   Google Scholar
• EU Immigration Portal , 2012 . Immigration Portal . European Commission. Accessed August 20, 2012. http://ec.europa.eu/immigration/
   Google Scholar
• Falkner , G. , Hartlapp , M. , Leiber , S. and Treib , O. 2004 . Non-compliance with EU Directives in the Member States: Opposition through the Backdoor? . West European Politics , 27 ( 3 ) : 452 – 473 . doi: 10.1080/0140238042000228095
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falkner , G. , Treib , O. , Hartlapp , M. and Leiber , S. 2005 . Complying with Europe: EU Harmonisation and Soft Law in the Member States , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Favell , A. and Hansen , R. 2002 . Markets against Politics: Migration, EU Enlargement and the Idea of Europe . Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies , 28 ( 4 ) : 581 – 601 . doi: 10.1080/1369183021000032218
   Google Scholar
• Fragomen , 2011a . “ European Union .” Fragomen . Accessed August 20, 2012. http://www.fragomen.com/european-union-05-23-2011
   Google Scholar
• Fragomen , 2011b . “ France Introduces EU Blue Card .” Fragomen . Accessed August 20, 2012. http://totallyexpat.com/global-immigration-news/france-introduces-eu-blue-card/
   Google Scholar
• Fragomen , 2011c . “ Romania Introduces EU Blue Card .” Fragomen . Accessed August 20, 2012. http://totallyexpat.com/global-immigration-news/romania-introduces-eu-blue-card/
   Google Scholar
• Fragomen , 2011d . “ Slovak Republic Introduces EU Blue Card .” Fragomen . Accessed August 20, 2012. http://totallyexpat.com/global-immigration-news/slovak-republic-introduces-eu-blue-card/
   Google Scholar
• Geddes , A. 2005 . Chronicles of a Crisis Foretold: The Politics of Irregular Migration, Human Trafficking and People Smuggling in the UK . The British Journal of Politics and International Relations , 7 : 324 – 339 . doi: 10.1111/j.1467-856X.2005.00192.x
   Google Scholar
• Green Cowles , M. , J. Caporaso , and T. Risse , 2001 . Transforming Europe: Europeanization and Domestic Change . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Guild , E. 2007 . EU Policy on Labour Migration a First Look at the Commission's Blue Card Initiative . CEPS Policy Brief 145, November .
   Google Scholar
• Gümüs , Y. 2010 . EU Blue Card Scheme: The Right Step in the Right Direction? . European Journal of Migration and Law , 12 : 435 – 453 . doi: 10.1163/157181610X535773
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hailbronner , K. 2010 . “ Implications of the EU Lisbon Treaty on EU Immigration Law .” Presentation at the Fourth Workshop on the Transatlantic Exchange for Academics in Migration Studies , San Diego , March 29–30 .
   Google Scholar
• Héritier , A. 1996 . The Accommodation of Diversity in European Policy-making and Its Outcomes: Regulatory Policy as a Patchwork . Journal of European Public Policy , 3 ( 2 ) : 149 – 167 . doi: 10.1080/13501769608407026
   Google Scholar
• Huysmans , J. 2000 . The European Union and the Securitisation of Migration . JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies , 38 ( 5 ) : 751 – 777 . doi: 10.1111/1468-5965.00263
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Immigration Professionelle , 2012 . “ Carte bleue européenne [European Blue Card] .” Pour la promotion de l'immigration professionnelle , January 19 . Paris : Ministère de l'Intérieur .
   Google Scholar
• Joppke , C. , 1998 . Challenge to the Nation-state: Immigration in Western Europe and the United States . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kaeding , M. 2006 . Determinants of Transposition Delay in the European Union . Journal of Public Policy , 26 ( 3 ) : 229 – 253 . doi: 10.1017/S0143814X06000547
   Google Scholar
• Kinkartz , S. 2012 . “ Germany to Tackle Skill Shortage with Blue Card .” Deutsche Welle , March 3 .
   Google Scholar
• Knill , C. 2001 . The Europeanisation of National Administrations: Patterns of Institutional Change and Persistence , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Knill , C. and Lehmkuhl , D. 2002 . Europeanizing Domestic Regulatory Policies . European Journal of Political Research , 41 ( 2 ) : 255 – 280 . doi: 10.1111/1475-6765.00012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knill , C. and Lenschow , A. 1998 . Coping with Europe: The Impact of British and German Administrations on the Implementation of EU Environmental Policy . Journal of European Public Policy , 5 ( 4 ) : 595 – 614 . doi: 10.1080/13501769880000041
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knill , C. and Lenschow , A. 1999 . Neue Konzepte – alte Probleme? Die institutionellen Grenzen effektiver Implementation . Politische Vierteljahresschrift , 40 ( 4 ) : 591 – 617 .
   Google Scholar
• Kostakopoulou , T. 2000 . The Protective Union: Change and Continuity in Migration Law and Policy in Post-Amsterdam Europe . Journal of Common Market Studies , 38 ( 3 ) : 497 – 518 . doi: 10.1111/1468-5965.00232
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroes , J. 2011 . “ Netherlands: The EU Blue Card and the Dutch Knowledge Migrant Scheme .” Kroes Advocaten . Accessed August 20, 2012. http://www.abilblog.com/2/post/2011/6/netherlands-the-eu-blue-card-and-the-dutch-knowledge-migrant-scheme.html
   Google Scholar
• Kvist , J. 2004 . Does EU Enlargement Start a Race to the Bottom? Strategic Interaction among EU Member States in Social Policy . Journal of European Social Policy , 14 ( 3 ) : 301 – 318 . doi: 10.1177/0958928704044625
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lampinen , R. and Uusikylä , P. 1998 . Implementation Deficit – Why Member States Do Not Comply with EU Directives? . Scandinavian Political Studies , 21 ( 3 ) : 231 – 251 . doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9477.1998.tb00014.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavenex , S. 2001 . The Europeanization of Refugee Policies: Normative Challenges and Institutional Legacies . JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies , 39 ( 5 ) : 851 – 874 . doi: 10.1111/1468-5965.00334
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavenex , S. 2006 . Shifting Up and Out: The Foreign Policy of European Immigration Control . West European Politics , 29 ( 2 ) : 329 – 350 . doi: 10.1080/01402380500512684
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavenex , S. 2009 . “ Country Profile: European Union .” Focus Migration , March 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Local Knowledge , 2011 . “ EU Blue Card - Entry into Force in Belgium .” Local Knowledge . Accessed August 20, 2012. http://localknowledge.be/belgian-law/eu-blue-card-now-in-belgium/
   Google Scholar
• Mau , S. , Brabandt , H. , Laube , L. and Roos , C. 2012 . Liberal States and the Freedom of Movement: Selective Borders, Unequal Mobility , Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• McLaughlan , G. and Salt , J. 2002 . Migration Policies towards Highly Skilled Foreign Workers , London : Home Office .
   Google Scholar
• Ministerio de Empleo y Seguridad Social , 2012 . Work permits for highly qualified foreign professionals (EU Blue Card) . Madrid: Ministry of Labour and Immigration. Accessed August 20, 2012. http://extranjeros.meyss.es/es/InformacionInteres/FolletosInformativos/archivos/triptico_tarjeta_azul_eng.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of the Interior of the Czech Republic , 2012 . EU Blue Card . Czech Republic Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs. Accessed January 30, 2013. http://www.mvcr.cz/mvcren/article/eu-blue-card.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Novinite , 2011 . “ Bulgaria Launches Blue Card Scheme, Welcomes Non-EU workers .” Novinite . Accessed August 20, 2012. http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=129462
   Google Scholar
• Oberreuter , M. 2011 . A Rights-based Approach to Migration and Development: SOLIDAR Reaction to EC Migration Policy Package . Solidar Briefing 40. http://www.solidar.org/IMG/pdf/40_migrationpolicypack.pdf .
   Google Scholar
• Paul , R. 2013 . “ Strategic Contextualization: Free Movement, Labor Migration Policies and the Governance of Foreign Workers in Europe .” Policy Studies 34 ( 2 ): 122 – 141 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peers , S. 2009 . Legislative Update: EC Immigration and Asylum Law Attracting and Deterring Labour Migration: The Blue Card and Employer Sanctions Directives . European Journal of Migration & Law , 11 : 387 – 426 . doi: 10.163/138836409X12501577630786
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piore , M. J. 1979 . Birds of Passage: Migrant Labour in Industrial Societies , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tagesschau , 2012 . “ Blaue Karte soll Fachkräfte nach Deutschland locken .” Tagesschau online . Accessed August 20, 2012. http://www.tagesschau.de/inland/bundestag630.html
   Google Scholar
• Thomson , R. 2009 . Same Effects in Different Worlds: The Transposition of EU Directives . Journal of European Public Policy , 16 ( 1 ) : 1 – 18 . doi: 10.1080/13501760802453098
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thränhardt , D. and Miles , R. 1995 . “ Introduction: European Integration, Migration and Processes of Inclusion and Exclusion ” . In Migration and European Integration: The Dynamics of Inclusion and Exclusion , Edited by: Miles , R. and Thränhardt , D. 1 – 13 . London : Pinter .
   Google Scholar
• Toshkov , D. 2007 . In Search of the Worlds of Compliance: Culture and Transposition Performance in the European Union . Journal of European Public Policy , 14 ( 6 ) : 933 – 959 . doi: 10.1080/13501760701497956
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Riemsdijk , M. 2012 . (Re)scaling Governance of Skilled Migration in Europe: Divergence, Harmonisation, and Contestation . Population, Space and Place , 18 ( 3 ) : 344 – 358 . doi: 10.1002/psp.677
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiesbrock , A. , and M. Herzog . 2010 . “ The Legal Framework for Highly-skilled Migration to the EU: EU and US Labour migration policies compared .” Maastricht Graduate School of Governance Working Paper MGSoG/2010/001 . Maastricht : Maastricht University .
   Google Scholar
• Zaletel , P. 2006 . Competing for the Highly Skilled Migrants: Implications for the EU Common Approach on Temporary Migration . European Law Journal , 12 ( 5 ) : 613 – 635 . doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0386.2006.00337.x
   Google Scholar
• Zimmermann , K. 2009 . Labour Mobility and the Integration of European Labour Markets . Berlin : German Institute for Economic Research , Discussion Paper 862. http://hdl.handle.net/10419/27385 .
   Google Scholar