Publication Cover
Educational Psychology
An International Journal of Experimental Educational Psychology
Volume 32, 2012 - Issue 4
4,286
Views
17
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Examining ‘active’ procrastination from a self-regulated learning perspective

Pages 515-545 | Received 14 Dec 2010, Accepted 01 Feb 2012, Published online: 06 Mar 2012

References

  • Ames , C. 1984 . “ Competitive, cooperative, and individualistic goal structures: A motivational analysis ” . In Research on motivation in education , Edited by: Ames , R. and Ames , C. Vol. 1 , 177 – 207 . New York , NY : Academic Press .
  • Ames , C. and Archer , J. 1988 . Achievement goals in the classroom: Student learning strategies and achievement motivation . Journal of Educational Psychology , 18 : 409 – 414 .
  • Bandura , A. 1986 . Social foundations of thoughts and action: A social cognitive theory , Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice-Hall .
  • Bandura , A. 1997 . Self-efficacy: The exercise of control , New York , NY : Cambridge University Press .
  • Baumerster , R.F. , Heatherton , T.F. and Tice , D.M. 1994 . Losing control: How and why people fail at self-regulation , San Diego , CA : Academic Press .
  • Bernstein , P. 1998 . Against the gods: The remarkable story of risk , New York , NY : Wiley .
  • Blunt , A. and Pychyl , T.A. 1998 . Volitional action and inaction in the lives of undergraduate students: State orientation, procrastination and proneness to boredom . Personality Individual Difference , 24 : 837 – 846 .
  • Briody , R. 1980 . An exploratory study of procrastination (Doctoral dissertation, Brandeis University, 1980) . Dissertation Abstracts International , 41 : 590
  • Brownlow , S. and Reasinger , R.D. 2000 . Putting off until tomorrow what is better done today: Academic procrastination as a function of motivation toward college work . Journal of Social Behavior and Personality , 15 : 15 – 34 .
  • Bui , N.H. 2007 . Effect of evaluation threat on procrastination behavior . The Journal of Social Psychology , 147 : 197 – 209 .
  • Carden , R. , Bryant , C. and Moss , R. 2004 . Locus of control, test anxiety, academic procrastination, and achievement among college students . Psychological Reports , 95 : 581 – 582 .
  • Choi , J.N. and Moran , S.V. 2009 . Why not procrastinate? Development and validation of a new active procrastination scale . The Journal of Social Psychology , 149 ( 2 ) : 195 – 211 .
  • Chu , A.H.C. and Choi , J.N. 2005 . Rethinking procrastination: Positive effects of ‘active’ procrastination behavior on attitude and performance . The Journal of Social Psychology , 145 ( 3 ) : 245 – 264 .
  • Clark , J. and Hill , O. 1994 . Academic procrastination among African American college students . Psychological Reports , 75 : 931 – 936 .
  • Coutinho , S.A. 2007 . The relationship between goals, metacognition, and academic success . The Journal of Doctoral Research in Education , 7 ( 1 ) : 39 – 47 .
  • Day , V. , Mensink , D. and O’Sullivan , M. 2000 . Patterns of academic procrastination . Journal of College Reading and Learning , 30 : 120 – 134 .
  • Deci , E. and Ryan , R. 1985 . Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior , New York , NY : Plenum .
  • Deci , E. and Ryan , R. 1991 . “ A motivational approach to self-Integration in personality ” . In Nebraska symposium on motivation: Perspectives on motivation , Edited by: Dienstbier , R. Vol. 38 , 237 – 288 . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press .
  • Dweck , C.S. 1992 . The study of goals in psychology . Psychological Science , 3 : 165 – 167 .
  • Elliot , A.J. and Dweck , C.S. , eds. 2007 . Handbook of competence and motivation , New York , NY : Gilford Press .
  • Elliot , A.J. and Harachiewicz , J.M. 1996 . Approach and avoidance achievement goals and intrinsic motivation: A meditational analysis . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 70 : 461 – 475 .
  • Elliot , A.J. and McGregor , H.A. 2001 . A 2 × 2 achievement goal framework . Journal of Educational Psychology , 80 ( 3 ) : 501 – 519 .
  • Ellis , A. and Knaus , W.J. 1977 . Overcoming procrastination , New York , NY : Signet .
  • Ferrari , J.R. 1991 . Self-handicapping by procrastinators: Protecting self-esteem, social-esteem, or both? . Journal of Research in Personality , 25 : 245 – 261 .
  • Ferrari , J.R. 1992 . Psychometric validation of two procrastination inventories for adults: Arousal and avoidance measures . Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment , 14 : 97 – 110 .
  • Ferrari , J.R. 1993 . “ Procrastination and impulsiveness: Two sides of a coin? ” . In The impulsive client: Theory, research, and treatment , Edited by: McCown , W.G. , Johnson , J.L. and Shure , M.B. 265 – 276 . Washington , DC : American Psychological Association .
  • Ferrari , J.R. 1994 . Dysfunctional procrastination and its relationship with self-esteem, interpersonal dependency, and self-defeating behaviors . Personality and Individual Differences , 17 : 673 – 679 .
  • Ferrari , J.R. 2001 . Procrastination as self-regulation failure of performance: Effects of cognitive load, self-awareness, and time limits on ‘working best under pressure’ . European Journal of Personality , 15 : 391 – 406 .
  • Ferrari , J.R. , Johnson , J.L. and McCown , W.G. 1995 . Procrastination and task avoidance: Theory, research, and treatment , New York , NY : Plenum .
  • Ferrari , J.R. , O’Callaghan , J. and Newbegin , I. 2005 . Prevalence of procrastination in the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia: Arousal and avoidance delays among adults . North American Journal of Psychology , 7 : 2 – 6 .
  • Ferrari , J.R. , Parker , J.T. and Ware , C.B. 1992 . Academic procrastination: Personality correlates with Myers-Briggs types, self-efficacy, and academic locus of control . Journal of Social Behavior and Personality , 7 : 595 – 602 .
  • Ferrari , J.R. and Tice , D.M. 2000 . Procrastination as a self-handicap for men and women: A task-avoidance strategy in a laboratory setting . Journal of Research in Psychology , 34 : 73 – 83 .
  • Field , A. 2009 . Discovering statistics using SPSS , 3rd ed. , Los Angeles , CA : Sage .
  • Fritzsche , B. , Rapp , B.Y. and Hickson , K.C. 2003 . Individual differences in academic procrastination tendency and writing success . Personality and Individual Differences , 35 : 1549 – 1558 .
  • Harriott , J. and Ferrari , J. 1996 . Prevalence of procrastination among samples of adults . Psychological Reports , 78 : 611 – 616 .
  • Howell , A.J. and Buro , K. 2009 . Implicit beliefs, achievement goals, and procrastination: A mediated analysis . Learning and Individual Differences , 19 : 151 – 154 .
  • Howell , A.J. and Watson , D.C. 2007 . Procrastination: Associations with achievement goal orientation and learning strategies . Personal and Individual Differences , 43 : 167 – 178 .
  • Jiao , Q.G. , DaRos-Voseles , D.A. , Collins , K.M.T. and Onwuegbuzie , A.J. 2011 . Academic procrastination and the performance of graduate-level cooperative groups in research methods courses . Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning , 11 ( 1 ) : 119 – 138 .
  • Kachgal , M.M. , Hansen , L.S. and Nutter , K.J. 2001 . Academic procrastination prevention/intervention: Strategies and recommendations . Journal of Developmental Education , 25 : 14 – 24 .
  • Kitsantas , A. and Zimmerman , B.J. 2002 . Comparing self-regulatory processes among novice, non-expert, and expert volleyball players. A microanalytic study . Journal of Applied Sport Psychology , 14 : 91 – 105 .
  • Klassen , R.M. , Ang , R.P. , Chong , W.H. , Krawchuk , L.L. , Huan , V.S. , Wong , I.Y.F. and Yeo , L.S. 2010 . Academic procrastination in two settings: Motivation correlates, behavioral patterns, and negative impact of procrastination in Canada and Singapore . Applied Psychology: An International Review , 59 ( 3 ) : 361 – 379 .
  • Knaus , W.J. 2000 . Procrastination, blame, and change . Journal of Social Behavior and Personality , 15 : 153 – 166 .
  • Kuncel , N.R. , Credé , M. and Thomas , L.L. 2005 . The validity of self-reported grade point averages, class ranks, and test scores: A meta-analysis and review of the literature . Review of Educational Research , 75 ( 1 ) : 63 – 82 .
  • Lay , C.H. 1990 . Working to schedule on personal projects: An assessment of personal-project characteristics and trait procrastination . Journal of Social Behavior and Personality , 5 : 91 – 103 .
  • Lay , C.H. 1994 . Trait procrastination and affective experiences: Describing past study behavior and its relation to agitation and dejection . Motivation and Emotion , 18 : 269 – 284 .
  • Lay , C.H. , Edwards , J.M. , Parker , J.D. and Endler , N.S. 1989 . An assessment of appraisal, anxiety, coping, and procrastination during an examination period . European Journal of Personality , 3 : 195 – 208 .
  • Lay , C.H. and Schouwenburg , H. 1993 . Trait procrastination, anxiety, and dilatory behavior . Personality and Individual Differences , 21 : 61 – 67 .
  • McCown , W. , Petzel , T. and Rupert , P. 1987 . An experimental study of some hypothesized behaviors and personality variables of college student procrastinators . Personality and Individual Differences , 8 : 781 – 786 .
  • McGregor , H.A. and Elliot , A.J. 2002 . Achievement goals as predictors of achievement-relevant processes prior to task engagement . Journal of Educational Psychology , 94 : 381 – 395 .
  • Meece , J. and Holt , K. 1993 . A pattern analysis of students’ achievement goals . Journal of Educational Psychology , 85 : 582 – 590 .
  • Micek , L. 1982 . N teré problé my autoregulace volních procescü u vysokoškolákü z hlediska upenvěneí jeejcicj duševeního zdravi [Some problems of self-autoregulation of volitional processes in university students from the point of view of their mental health] . Sbornik Praci Filosoficke Fakulty Brnenske University , 31 : 51 – 70 .
  • Middleton , M. and Midgley , C. 1997 . Avoiding the demonstration of lack of ability: An underexplored aspect of goal theory . Journal of Educational Psychology , 89 : 710 – 718 .
  • Midgley , C. , Kaplan , A. and Middleton , M. 2001 . Performance-approach goals: Good for what, for whom, under what circumstances, and at what cost? . Journal of Educational Psychology , 93 : 77 – 86 .
  • Midgley , C. and Urdan , T. 2001 . Academic self-handicapping and achievement goals: A further examination . Contemporary Educational Psychology , 26 : 61 – 75 .
  • Milgram , N. , Dangour , W. and Raviv , A. 1992 . Situational and personal determinants of academic procrastination . Journal of General Psychology , 11 : 123 – 133 .
  • Moller , A.C. and Elliot , A.J. 2006 . “ The 2 × 2 achievement goal framework: An overview of empirical research ” . In Focus on educational psychology , Edited by: Mittel , A.V. 307 – 326 . Hauppauge , NY : Nova Science .
  • Morgan , G.A. , Leech , N.L. , Gloechner , G.W. and Barrett , K.C. 2011 . SPSS for introductory and intermediate statistics , 4th ed. , New York , NY : Routledge .
  • Muszynski , S. and Akamatsu , T. 1991 . Delay in completion of doctoral dissertations in clinical psychology . Professional Psychology: Research and Practice , 22 : 119 – 123 .
  • Nicholls , J.G. , Patashnick , M. and Nolen , S.B. 1985 . Adolescents’ theories of education . Journal of Educational Psychology , 77 : 683 – 692 .
  • Nietfeld , J.L. , Cao , L. and Osborne , J.W. 2006 . The effect of distributed monitoring exercises and feedback on performance and monitoring accuracy . Metacognition and Learning , 2 : 159 – 179 .
  • Ommundsen , Y. 2001 . Self-handicapping strategies in physical education classes: The influence of implicit theories of the nature of ability and achievement goal orientations . Psychology of Sport and Exercise , 2 : 139 – 156 .
  • Onwuegbuzie , A.J. 2004 . Academic procrastination and statistics anxiety . Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education , 29 ( 1 ) : 3 – 18 .
  • Ormrod , J.E. 2010 . Educational psychology: Developing learners , 7th ed. , Upper Saddle River , NJ : Merrill .
  • Osborne , J.W. and Overbay , A. 2004 . The power of outliers (and why researchers should always check for them) . Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation , 9 ( 6 ) Retrieved May 29, 2011, from http://PAREonline.net/getvn.asp?v=9&n=6
  • Pajares , F. 1996 . Self-efficacy beliefs in academic settings . Review of Educational Research , 66 : 543 – 578 .
  • Pintrich , P.R. 2000 . “ The role of goal orientation in self-regulated learning ” . In Handbook of self-regulation , Edited by: Boekaerts , M. , Pintrich , P.R. and Zeidner , M. San Diego , CA : Academic Press .
  • Pintrich , P.R. 2004 . A conceptual framework for assessing motivation and self-regulated learning in college students . Educational Psychology Review , 16 ( 4 ) : 385 – 407 .
  • Pintrich , P.R. and De Groot , E.V. 1990 . Motivational and self-regulated learning components of classroom academic performance . Journal of Educational Psychology , 82 : 33 – 40 .
  • Pintrich , P. , Smith , D. , Garcia , T. and McKeachie , W. 1993 . Reliability and predictive validity of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) . Educational and Psychological Measurement , 53 : 801 – 813 .
  • Pychyl , T.A. , Morin , R.W. and Salmon , B.R. 2000 . Procrastination and the planning fallacy: An examination of the study habits of university students . Journal of Social Behavior and Personality , 15 ( 5 ) : 135 – 150 .
  • Rhodewalt , F. 1994 . Conceptions of ability, achievement goals, and individual differences in self-handicapping behavior: On the application of implicit theories . Journal of Personality , 62 : 67 – 85 .
  • Rothblum , E.D. , Solomon , L.J. and Murakami , J. 1986 . Affective, cognitive, and behavioral differences between high and low procrastinators . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 33 : 387 – 394 .
  • Ryan , R.M. and Deci , E.L. 2000 . Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being . American Psychologist , 55 : 68 – 78 .
  • Schouwenburg , H. 1992 . Procrastinators and fear of failure: An exploration of reasons for procrastination . European Journal of Personality , 6 : 225 – 236 .
  • Schouwenburg , H.C. 2004 . “ Procrastination in academic settings: General introduction ” . In Counseling the procrastinator in academic settings , Edited by: Schouwenburg , H.C. , Lay , C.H. , Pychyl , T.A. and Ferrari , J.R. 3 – 17 . Washington , DC : American Psychological Association .
  • Schraw , G. , Wadkins , T. and Olafson , L. 2007 . Doing the things we do: A grounded theory of academic procrastination . Journal of Educational Psychology , 99 ( 1 ) : 12 – 25 .
  • Schunk , D.H. and Pajares , F. 2005 . “ Competence perceptions and academic functioning ” . In Handbook of competence and motivation , Edited by: Elliot , A.J. and Dweck , C.S. 115 – 138 . New York , NY : Guilford .
  • Schunk , D.H. and Zimmerman , B.J. , eds. 2008 . Motivation and self-regulated learning: Theory, research, and applications , New York , NY : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
  • Semb , G. , Glick , D.M. and Spencer , R.E. 1979 . Student withdrawals and delayed work patterns in self-paced psychology courses . Teaching of Psychology , 6 : 23 – 25 .
  • Senecal , C. , Koestner , R. and Vallerand , R.J. 1995 . Self-regulation and academic procrastination . Journal of Social Psychology , 135 ( 5 ) : 607 – 619 .
  • Solomon , L.J. and Rothblum , E.D. 1994 . “ Procrastination Assessment Scale- Students (PASS) ” . In Measures for clinical practice , Edited by: Fischer , J. and Corcoran , K. 446 – 452 . New York , NY : The Free Press .
  • Sommer , W.G. 1990 . Procrastination and cramming: How adept students ace the system . Journal of American College Health , 39 : 5 – 10 .
  • Steel , P. 2007 . The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure . Psychological Bulletin , 133 : 65 – 94 .
  • Tabachnick , B.G. and Fidell , L.S. 2001 . Using multivariate statistics , 4th ed. , Boston , MA : Pearson .
  • Tice , D. and Baumeister , R.F. 1997 . Longitudinal study of procrastination, performance, stress, and health: The cost and benefits of dawdling . Psychological Science , 8 : 454 – 458 .
  • Tuckman , B. 1991 . The development and concurrent validity of the Procrastination Scale . Educational & Psychological Measurement , 51 : 473 – 480 .
  • Tuckman, B., & Sexton, T. (1989, April). Effects of relative feedback in overcoming procrastination on academic tasks. Paper given at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, New Orleans, LA.
  • VanZile-Tamsen , C. and Livingston , J.A. 1999 . The differential impact of motivation on the self-regulated strategy use of high- and low-achieving college students . Journal of College Student Development , 40 ( 1 ) : 54 – 60 .
  • Wang , Z. and Englander , F. 2010 . A cross-disciplinary perspective on explaining student performance in introductory statistics: What is the relative impact of procrastination? . College Student Journal , 44 ( 2 ) : 458 – 471 .
  • Weinstein , C.E. 1988 . “ Assessment and training of student learning strategies ” . In Learning strategies and styles , Edited by: Schmeck , R.R. 291 – 316 . New York , NY : Plenum .
  • Weinstein , C.E. and Mayer , R.E. 1986 . “ The teaching of learning strategies ” . In Handbook of research on teaching , 3rd ed. , Edited by: Wittrock , M.C. 315 – 327 . New York , NY : MacMillan .
  • Winne , P.H. 1995 . Self-regulation is ubiquitous but its forms vary with knowledge . Educational Psychologist , 30 ( 4 ) : 223 – 228 .
  • Winne , P.H. 2001 . “ Self-regulated learning viewed from models of information processing ” . In Self-regulated learning and academic achievement: Theoretical perspectives , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Zimmerman , B.J. and Schunk , D.H. 153 – 189 . Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
  • Winne , P.H. and Hadwin , A.E. 1998 . “ Studying as self-regulated learning ” . In Metacognition in educational theory and practice , Edited by: Hacker , D.J. , Dunlosky , J. and Graesser , A.C. 277 – 304 . Mahwah , NJ : Lawrance Erlbaum .
  • Wolters , C.A. 2003 . Understanding procrastination from a self-regulated learning perspective . Journal of Educational Psychology , 95 ( 1 ) : 179 – 187 .
  • Wolters , C.A. 2004 . Advancing achievement goal theory: Using goal structures and goal orientations to predict students’ motivation, cognition, and achievement . Journal of Educational Psychology , 96 ( 2 ) : 236 – 250 .
  • Wolters , C.A. and Pintrich , P. 2001 . “ Contextual differences in student motivation and self-regulated learning in mathematics, English, and social studies classrooms ” . In Metacognition in learning and instruction , Edited by: Hartman , H. 103 – 124 . Boston , MA : Kluwer Academic .
  • Zimmerman , B.J. 1998 . “ Developing self-fulfilling cycles of academic self-regulation: An analysis of exemplary instructional models ” . In Self-regulated learning: From teaching to self-reflective practice , Edited by: Schunk , D.H. and Zimmerman , B.J. 1 – 19 . New York , NY : Guilford Press .
  • Zimmerman , B.J. 2000 . “ Attaining self-regulation: A social-cognitive perspective ” . In Handbook of self-regulation , Edited by: Boekaerts , M. , Pintrich , P.R. and Zeidner , M. 245 – 262 . San Diego , CA : Academic Press .
  • Zimmerman , B.J. 2008 . Investigating self-regulation and motivation: Historical background, methodological developments, and future prospects . American Educational Research Journal , 45 ( 1 ) : 166 – 183 .
  • Zimmerman , B.J. and Schunk , D.H. 2001 . Self-regulated learning and academic achievement: Theoretical perspectives , 2nd ed. , Mahwah , NJ : Erlbaum .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.