Publication Cover
Educational Psychology
An International Journal of Experimental Educational Psychology
Volume 21, 2001 - Issue 1
12,111
Views
225
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

The Prevalence and Effects of Test Anxiety in School Children

Pages 89-101 | Published online: 01 Jul 2010

  • ALPERT , R. and HABER , R.N. 1960 . Anxiety in academic achievement situations . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , 61 : 207 – 215 .
  • AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION . 1995 . “ Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV ” . In International version with ICD-10 codes, , 4th edn , Washington DC : American Psychiatric Association .
  • ARAKI , N. 1992 . Test anxiety in elementary school and junior high school students in Japan . Anxiety, Stress and Coping , 5 : 205 – 215 .
  • BALL , S. 1995 . “ Anxiety and test performance ” . In Test anxiety: theory, assessment, and treatment , Edited by: SPIELBERGER , C.D. and VAGG , P.R. 107 – 113 . Bristol : Taylor & Francis . The Series in Clinical and Community Psychology
  • BEDELL , J.R. and MARLOWE , H.A . 1995 . “ An evaluation of test anxiety scales: convergent, divergent, and predictive validity ” . In Test anxiety: theory, assessment, and treatment , Edited by: SPIELBERGER , C.D. and VAGG , P.R. 35 – 45 . The Series in Clinical and Community Psychology, Bristol Taylor & Francis .
  • BEIDEL , D.C. and TURNER , S.M. 1988 . Comorbidity of test anxiety and other anxiety disorders in children . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 16 : 275 – 287 .
  • BOLGER , N. 1990 . Coping as a personality process: a prospective study . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 59 : 525 – 537 .
  • CALL , G. , BEER , L. and BEER , J. 1994 . General and test anxiety, shyness, and grade point average of elementary school children of divorced and nondivorced parents . Psychological Reports , 74 : 512 – 514 .
  • COMUNIAN , A.L . 1995 . Anxiety, cognitive interference, and school performance of Italian children . Psychological Reports , 73 : 747 – 754 .
  • Cox , F.N. 1962 . Educational streaming and general and test anxiety . Child Development , 33 : 381 – 390 .
  • COX , F.N. 1964 . Test anxiety and achievement behavior systems related to examination performance in children . Child Development , 35 : 909 – 915 .
  • CROCKER , L. , SCHMITT , A. and TANG , L. 1988 . Test anxiety and standardized achievement test performance in the middle school years . Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development , 20 (4) : 149 – 157 .
  • DAVEY , G.C.L. 1994 . Trait factors and ratings of controllability as predictors of worrying about significant life stressors . Personality and Individual Differences , 16 : 379 – 384 .
  • DI MARIA , F. and DI NUOVO , S. 1990 . Gender differences in social and test anxiety . Personality and Individual Differences , 11 : 525 – 530 .
  • FINCHAM , F.D. , HOKODA , A. and SANDERS , R. 1989 . Learned helplessness, test anxiety, and academic achievement: a longitudinal analysis . Child Development , 60 : 138 – 145 .
  • FRENCH , J.W. 1962 . Effect of anxiety on verbal and mathematical examination scores . Educational and Psychological Measurement , 22 : 553 – 563 .
  • GALLAGHER , M. and MILLAR , R. 1996 . A survey of adolescent worry in Northern Ireland . Pastoral Care in Education , 14 (2) : 26 – 32 .
  • GJESME , T. 1972 . Sex differences in the relationship between test anxiety and school performance . Psychological Reports , 30 : 907 – 914 .
  • HEMBREE , R. 1988 . Correlates, causes, effects, and treatment of test anxiety . Review of Educational Research , 58 : 47 – 77 .
  • HILL , K.T. 1972 . “ Anxiety in the evaluative context ” . In The Young Child , Edited by: HARTRUP , W. volume 2 , 225 – 263 . Washington DC : National Association for the Education of Young Children .
  • HILL , K.T. and EATON , W.O. 1977 . The interaction of test anxiety and success-failure experiences in determining children's arithmetic performance . Developmental Psychology , 13 (3) : 205 – 211 .
  • HILL , K.T. and SARASON , S.B. 1966 . The relation of test anxiety and defensiveness to test and school performance over the elementary school years: a further longitudinal study . Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development , 31 (2) : 1 – 76 .
  • HILL , K.T. and WIGFIELD , A. 1984 . Test anxiety: a major educational problem and what can be done about it . The Elementary School Journal , 85 : 105 – 126 .
  • HODAPP , V. 1989 . Anxiety, fear of failure, and achievement: two path-analytical models . Anxiety Research , 1 (4) : 301 – 312 .
  • HODGE , G.M. , MCCORMICK , J. and ELLIOTT , R. 1997 . Examination-induced distress in a public examination at the completion of secondary schooling . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 67 : 185 – 197 .
  • HORN , J.L. and DOLLINGER , S.J. 1989 . Effects of test anxiety, tests, and sleep on children's performance . Journal of School Psychology , 27 : 373 – 382 .
  • JOHNSON , S.B. 1979 . Children's fears in the classroom setting . School Psychology Digest , 8 : 382 – 396 .
  • KING , N.I. , OLLIER , K. , IACUONE , R. , SCHUSTER , S. , BAYS , K. , GULLONE , E. and OLLENDICK , T.H. 1989 . Fears of children and adolescents: a cross-sectional Australian study using the Revised-Fear Survey Schedule for Children . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 30 : 775 – 784 .
  • KONDAS , A. 1967 . Reduction of examination anxiety and `stage-fright' by group desensitization and relaxation . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 5 : 275 – 281 .
  • KYRIACOU , C. and BUTCHER , B. 1993 . Stress in Year 11 school children . Pastoral Care in Education , 11 (3) : 19 – 21 .
  • LIEBERT , R.M. and MORRIS , L.W. 1967 . Cognitive and emotional components of test anxiety: a distinction and some initial data . Psychological Reports , 20 : 975 – 978 .
  • LIGHTHALL , F. , RUEBUSH , B. and SARASON , S. 1959 . Change in mental ability as a function of test anxiety and type of mental test . Journal of Consulting Psychology , 23 : 34 – 38 .
  • MANLEY , M.J. and ROSEMIER , R.A. 1972 . Developmental trends in general and test anxiety among junior and senior high school students . Journal of Genetic Psychology , 120 : 219 – 226 .
  • MCKEACHIE , W.J. 1984 . Does anxiety disrupt information processing or does poor information processing lead to anxiety? . International Review of Applied Psychology , 33 : 187 – 203 .
  • MUELLER , C.M. and DWECK , C.S. 1998 . Praise for intelligence can undermine children's motivation and performance . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 75 : 33 – 52 .
  • NEWBEGIN , I. and OWENS , A. 1996 . Self-esteem and anxiety in secondary school achievement . Journal of Social Behavior and Personality , 11 : 521 – 530 .
  • NICHOLLS , J.G. 1976 . When a scale measures more than its name denotes: the case of the Text Anxiety Scale for Children . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 44 : 976 – 985 .
  • NOTTELMANN , E.D. and HILL , D.T. 1977 . Test anxiety and off-task behavior in evaluative situations . Child Development , 48 : 225 – 231 .
  • OLLENDICK , T.H. 1983 . Reliability and validity of the Revised Fear Survey Schedule for Children (FSSC-R) . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 21 : 685 – 692 .
  • OLLENDICK , T.H. , KING , N.J. and FRARY , R.B. 1989 . Fears in children and adolescents: reliability and generalizability across gender, age and nationality . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 27 : 19 – 26 .
  • O'TUEL , F.S. and TERRY , D. Achievement, anxiety and self-concept in formal and informal settings . paper presented at the American Psychological Association Annual Meeting . September 1-5 , New York.
  • PAYNE , B.D. , SMITH , J.E. and PAYNE , D.A. 1983 . Sex and ethnic differences in relationships of test anxiety to performance in science examinations by fourth and eighth grade students: implications for valid interpretations of achievement test scores . Educational and Psychological Measurement , 43 : 267 – 270 .
  • PEKRUN , R. 1992 . The impact of emotions on learning and achievement: towards a theory of cognitive/motivational mediators . Applied Psychology: An International Review , 41 : 359 – 376 .
  • PINTRICH , P.R. and DE GROOT , E.V. 1990 . Motivational and self-regulated learning components of classroom academic performance . Journal of Educational Psychology , 82 : 33 – 40 .
  • PLASS , J.A. and HILL , K.T. 1986 . Children's achievement strategies and test performance: the role of time pressure, evaluation anxiety, and sex . Developmental Psychology , 22 : 31 – 36 .
  • PRINS , P.J.M. , GROOT , M.J.M. and HANEWALD , G.J.F.P. 1994 . Cognition in test-anxious children: the role of on-task and coping cognition reconsidered . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 62 : 404 – 409 .
  • PRINS , P.J.M. and HANEWALD , G.J.F.P. 1997 . Self-statements of test-anxious children: thought-listing and questionnaire approaches . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 65 (3) : 440 – 447 .
  • REIGER , D.A. , BOYD , J.H. , BURKE , J.D. , RAE , D.S. , MYERS , J.K. , KRAMER , M. , ROBINS , L.N. , GEORGE , L.K. , KARNO , M. and LOCKE , B.Z. 1988 . One-month prevalence of mental disorders in the United States . Archives of General Psychiatry , 45 : 977 – 986 .
  • ROSENTHAL , R. and RUBIN , D.B. 1982 . A simple, general purpose display of magnitude of experimental effect . Journal of Educational Psychology , 74 : 166 – 169 .
  • SARASON , I.G. 1959 . Intellectual and personality correlates of test anxiety . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , 59 : 272 – 275 .
  • SARASON , I.G. 1963 . Critique and notes: test anxiety and intellectual performance . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , 66 : 73 – 75 .
  • SARASON , I.G. and SARASON , B.R. 1990 . “ Test anxiety ” . In Handbook of Social and Evaluation Anxiety , Edited by: Leitenberg , H. 475 – 495 . New York : Plenum Press .
  • SARASON , S.B. , DAVIDSON , K. , LIGHTHALL , E. and WAITE , R. 1958 . A test anxiety scale for children . Child Development , 29 : 105 – 113 .
  • SARASON , S.B. , DAVIDSON , K.S. , LIGHTHALL , F.F. , WAITE , R.R. and RUEBUSH , B.K. 1960 . Anxiety in elementary school children , New York : Wiley .
  • SARASON , S.B. , HILL , K.T. and ZIMBARDO , P. 1964 . A longitudinal study of the relation of test anxiety to performance on intelligence and achievement tests . Monographs of die Society for Research in Child Development , 29 (7) : 1 – 51 .
  • SARNOFF , I. , SARASON , S.B. , LIGHTHALL , F.F. and DAVIDSON , K.S. 1959 . Test anxiety and the `eleven-plus' examination . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 29 : 9 – 16 .
  • SEIPP , B. 1991 . Anxiety and academic performance: a meta-analysis of findings . Anxiety Research , 4 : 27 – 41 .
  • SHARMA , S. and RAO , U. 1983 . The effects of self-esteem, test anxiety and intelligence on academic achievement of high school girls . Personality Study and Group Behaviour , 3 : 48 – 55 .
  • SPIELBERGER , C.D. and VAGG , P.R. , eds. 1995 . Test anxiety: theory, assessment, and treatment, Series in Clinical and Community Psychology , Bristol : Taylor & Francis .
  • STEVENSON , H.W. and ODOM , R.D. 1965 . The relation of anxiety to children's performance on learning and problem-solving tasks . Child Development , 36 : 1003 – 1012 .
  • SUD , A. and KATOCH , S. 1994 . Cognitions of test anxious students during an actual test situation . Journal of die Indian Academy of Applied Psychology , 20 : 23 – 30 .
  • SZETELA , W. 1973 . The effects of test anxiety and success/failure on mathematics performance in grade eight . Journal for Research in Mathematics Education , 4 (3) : 152 – 160 .
  • TOBIAS , S. 1979 . Anxiety research in educational psychology . Journal of Educational Psychology , 71 : 573 – 582 .
  • TOBIAS , S. 1992 . “ The impact of test anxiety on cognition in school learning ” . In Advances in Test Anxiety Research , Edited by: Hagtvet , K.A. and Johnsen , T.B. vol. 7 , 18 – 31 . Lisse, , The Netherlands : Swets & Zeitlinger .
  • TRYON , G.S. 1980 . The measurement and treatment of test anxiety . Review of Educational Research , 50 : 343 – 372 .
  • TURNER , B.G. , BEIDEL , D.C. , HUGHES , S. and TURNER , M.W. 1993 . Test anxiety in African American school children . School Psychology Quarterly , 8 (2) : 140 – 152 .
  • VAN DER PLOEG , H.M. and HULSHOF , R.E. 1984 . Cross-cultural study of the relationship among academic performance, test anxiety, intelligence, and sex . Psychological Reports , 55 : 343 – 346 .
  • WALTER , D. , DENZLER , L.S. and SARASON , I.G. 1964 . Anxiety and the intellectual performance of high school students . Child Development , 35 : 917 – 926 .
  • WILLIG , A.C. , HARNISCH , D.L. , HILL , K.T. and MAEHR , M.L. 1983 . Sociocultural and educational correlates of success-failure attributions and evaluation anxiety in the school setting for black. Hispanic and Anglo children . American Educational Research Journal , 20 : 385 – 410 .
  • YAMAMOTO , K. , WHITTAKER , J. and DAVlS , O.L. 1998 . Stressful events in the lives of UK children: a glimpse . Educational Studies , 24 : 305 – 314 .
  • YERKES , R.M. and DODSON , J.D. 1908 . The relationship of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit formation . Journal of Comparative and Neurological Psychology , 18 : 459 – 482 .
  • YOUNG , F.A. and BROWN , M. 1973 . Effects of test anxiety and testing conditions on intelligence test scores of elementary school boys and girls . Psychological Reports , 32 : 643 – 649 .
  • ZATZ , S. and CHASSIN , L. 1985 . Cognitions of test-anxious children under naturalistic test-taking conditions . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 53 : 393 – 401 .
  • ZEIDNER , M. and SAFIR , M.P. 1989 . Sex, ethnic, and social differences in test anxiety among Israeli adolescents . Journal of Genetic Psychology , 150 : 175 – 185 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.