Parental Academic Socialization: Effects of home‐based parental involvement on locus of control across U.S. ethnic groups

References

• Affifi , A. and Clark , V. 1990 . Computer‐aided multivariate analysis , (2nd ed.) , New York : Reinhold .
   Google Scholar
• Bartlett , M. S. 1950 . Tests of significance in factor analysis . British Journal of Psychology , 3 : 77 – 85 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumrind , D. 1991 . “ Effective parenting during the early adolescent transition ” . In Family transitions , Edited by: Cowen , P. A. and Hetherington , E. M. 111 – 164 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Bornstein , M. H. 1995 . Form and function: Implications for studies of culture and human development . Culture and Psychology , 1 : 123 – 137 .
   Google Scholar
• Bowman , P. J. and Howard , C. 1985 . Race‐related socialization, motivation and academic achievement . Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry , 24 : 134 – 141 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bronfenbrenner , U. 1979 . The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Carton , J. and Nowicki , S. 1994 . Antecedents of individual differences in locus of control of reinforcement: A critical review . Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs , 120 : 31 – 81 .
   Google Scholar
• Catell , R. B. 1966 . The scree test for the number of factors . Multivariate Behavioral Research , 1 : 141 – 161 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catsambis , S. 2001 . Expanding knowledge of parental involvement in children’s secondary education: Connections with high school seniors’ academic success . Social Psychology of Education , 5 : 149 – 177 .
   Google Scholar
• Chao , R. K. 1994 . Beyond parental control and authoritarian parenting style: Understanding Chinese parenting through the cultural notion of training . Child Development , 65 : 1111 – 1119 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chao , R. K. 1995 . Chinese and European American cultural models of the self reflected in mothers’ childrearing beliefs . Ethos , 23 : 328 – 354 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chao , R. K. 2000 . “ Cultural explanation for the role of parenting in the school success of Asian‐American children ” . In Resilience across contexts: Family, work, culture, and community , Edited by: Taylor , R. D. and Wang , J. C. 333 – 363 . Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Chen , C. and Stevenson , H. W. 1995 . Motivation and mathematics achievement: A comparative study of Asian American, Caucasian American, and East Asian high school students . Child Development , 66 : 1215 – 1234 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. 1988 . Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences , (2nd ed.) , Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• D’Andrade , R. 1987 . “ A folk model of the mind ” . In Cultural models in language and thought , Edited by: Holland , D. and Quinn , N. 113 – 148 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dornbusch , S. M. , Ritter , P. L. , Leiderman , P. H. , Roberts , D. F. and Fraleigh , M. J. 1987 . The relation of parenting style to adolescent school performance . Child Development , 58 : 1244 – 1257 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Englund , M. M. , Luckner , A. E. , Whaley , G. J. L. and Egeland , B. 2004 . Children’s academic achievement in early elementary school: Longitudinal effects of parental involvement, expectations, and quality of assistance . Journal of Educational Psychology , 96 : 723 – 730 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein , J. L. 1992 . “ School and family partnerships ” . In Encyclopedia of educational research , (6th ed.) , Edited by: Aiken , M. 1139 – 1151 . Greenwich, CT : JAI Press .
   Google Scholar
• Epstein , J. L. and Sanders , M. G. 2002 . “ Family, school, and community partnerships ” . In Handbook of parenting: Vol. 5. Practical issues in parenting , Edited by: Bornstein , M. H. 407 – 437 . Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Fan , X. 2001 . Parental involvement and students’ academic achievement: A growth modeling analysis . The Journal of Experimental Education , 70 : 27 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan , X. and Chen , M. 2001 . Parental involvement and students’ academic achievement: A meta‐analysis . Educational Psychology Review , 13 : 1 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fantuzzo , J. , McWayne , C. , Perry , M. A. and Childs , S. 2004 . Multiple dimensions of family involvement and their relations to behavioral and learning competencies for urban, low‐income children . School Psychology Review , 33 : 467 – 480 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fantuzzo , J. , Tighe , E. and Childs , S. 2000 . Family Involvement Questionnaire: A multivariate assessment of family participation in early childhood education . Journal of Educational Psychology , 92 : 367 – 376 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fehrmann , P. G. , Keith , T. Z. and Reimers , T. M. 1987 . Home influence on school learning: Direct and indirect effects of parental involvement on high school grades . Journal of Educational Research , 80 : 330 – 337 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallimore , R. and Goldenberg , C. 2001 . Analyzing cultural models and settings to connect minority achievement and school improvement research . Educational Psychologist , 36 : 45 – 56 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García Coll , C. , Lamberty , G. , Jenkins , R. , McAdoo , H. P. , Crnic , K. , Wasik , B. H. and Garcia , H. V. 1996 . An integrative model for the study of developmental competencies in minority children . Child Development , 67 : 1891 – 1914 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glasgow , K. L. , Dornbusch , S. M. , Troyer , L. , Steinberg , L. and Ritter , P. L. 1997 . Parenting styles, adolescents’ attributions and educational outcomes in nine heterogeneous high schools . Child Development , 68 : 507 – 529 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzales , N. A. , Cauce , A. M. , Friedman , R. J. and Mason , C. A. 1996 . Family, peer, and neighborhood influences on academic achievement among African American adolescents: 1‐year prospective effects . American Journal of Community Psychology , 24 : 365 – 387 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez‐DeHass , A. R. , Willems , P. P. and Doan Holbein , M. F. 2005 . Examining the relationship between parental involvement and student motivation . Educational Psychology Review , 17 : 99 – 124 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodnow , J. J. , Miller , P. J. and Kessel , F. 1995 . Cultural practices as contexts for development? New directions for child development , Vol. 67 , San Francisco : Jossey‐Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Grolnick , W. S. and Ryan , R. M. 1989 . Parent styles associated with children’s self‐regulation and competence in school . Journal of Educational Psychology , 81 : 143 – 154 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grolnick , W. S. , Ryan , R. M. and Deci , E. L. 1991 . The inner resources for school achievement: Motivational mediators of children’s perceptions of their parents . Journal of Educational Psychology , 83 : 508 – 517 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grolnick , W. S. and Slowiaczek , M. L. 1994 . Parents’ involvement in children’s schooling: A multidimensional conceptualization and motivation model . Child Development , 65 : 237 – 252 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffith , J. D. , Joe , G. W. and Chatham , L. R. 1998 . The development and validation of a simpatía scale for Hispanics entering drug treatment . Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences , 20 : 468 – 482 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grusec , J. E. 1997 . “ A history of research on parenting strategies and children’s internalization of values ” . In Parenting and children’s internalization of values: A handbook of contemporary theory , Edited by: Grusec , J. E. and Kuczynski , L. 3 – 22 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Grusec , J. E. , Goodnow , J. J. and Kuczynski , L. 2000 . New directions in analyses of parenting contributions to children’s acquisition of values . Child Development , 71 : 205 – 211 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harkness , S. , Super , C. M. and Keefer , C. H. 1992 . “ Learning to be an American parent: How cultural models gain directive force ” . In Human motives and cultural models , Edited by: D’Andrade , R. and Strauss , C. 163 – 178 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Harris , Y. R. , Terrel , D. and Allen , G. H. 1999 . The influence of education context and beliefs on the teaching behavior of African American mothers . Journal of Black Psychology , 25 : 490 – 503 .
   Google Scholar
• Harrison , A. O. , Wilson , M. N. , Pine , C. J. , Chan , S. Q. and Buriel , R. 1990 . Family ecologies of ethnic minority children . Child Development , 61 : 347 – 362 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderlong , J. and Lepper , M. R. 2002 . The effects of praise on children’s intrinsic motivation: A review and synthesis . Psychological Bulletin , 128 : 774 – 795 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hess , R. D. , Chang , C.‐M. and McDevitt , T. M. 1987 . Cultural variations in family beliefs about children’s performance in mathematics: Comparisons among People’s Republic of China, Chinese‐American, and Caucasian‐American families . Journal of Educational Psychology , 79 : 179 – 188 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hess , R. D. , Holloway , S. D. , Dickson , W. P. and Price , G. G. 1984 . Maternal variables as predictors of children’s school readiness and later achievement in vocabulary and mathematics in sixth grade . Child Development , 55 : 1902 – 1912 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hess , R. D. and Shipman , V. C. 1965 . Early experiences and the socialization of cognitive modes in children . Child Development , 36 : 869 – 886 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill , N. E. 2001 . Parenting and academic socialization as they relate to school readiness: The roles of ethnicity and family income . Journal of Educational Psychology , 93 : 686 – 697 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill , N. E. , Castellino , D. R. , Lansford , J. E. , Nowlin , P. , Dodge , K. A. , Bates , J. E. and Petit , G. S. 2004 . Parental academic involvement as related to school behavior, achievement, and aspirations: Demographic variations across adolescence . Child Development , 75 : 1491 – 1509 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill , N. E. and Taylor , L. C. 2004 . Parental school involvement and children’s academic achievement . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 13 : 161 – 164 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho , E. S. and Willms , D. J. 1996 . Effects of parental involvement on eighth grade achievement . Sociology of Education , 69 : 126 – 141 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoff , E. , Laursen , B. and Tardif , T. 2002 . “ Socioeconomic status and parenting ” . In Handbook of parenting: Vol. 2. Biology and ecology of parenting , (2nd ed.) , Edited by: Bornstein , M. H. 231 – 252 . Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Hoff‐Ginsberg , E. 1991 . Mother–child conversation in different social classes and communicative settings . Child Development , 62 : 782 – 796 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holland , D. and Quinn , N. 1987 . Cultural models in language and thought , New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Holloway , S. D. 1988 . Concepts of ability and effort in Japan and the United States . Review of Educational Research , 58 : 327 – 345 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong , S. and Ho , H.‐Z. 2005 . Direct and indirect longitudinal effects of parental involvement on student achievement: Second‐order latent growth modeling across ethnic groups . Journal of Educational Psychology , 97 : 32 – 42 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoover‐Dempsey , K. V. and Sandler , H. M. 1995 . Parental involvement in children’s education: Why does it make a difference? . Teachers College Record , 97 : 310 – 331 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeynes , W. H. 2003 . A meta‐analysis: The effects of parental involvement on minority children’s academic achievement . Education and Urban Society , 35 : 202 – 218 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaiser , H. F. 1960 . The application of electronic computers to factor analysis . Educational and Psychological Measurement , 20 : 141 – 151 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keith , T. Z. , Keith , P. B. , Quirk , P. B. , Sperduto , J. , Santillo , S. and Killings , S. 1998 . Longitudinal effects of parent involvement on high school grades: Similarities and differences across gender and ethnic groups . Journal of School Psychology , 36 : 335 – 363 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keith , T. Z. , Keith , P. B. , Troutman , G. C. , Bickley , P. , Trivette , P. and Singh , K. 1993 . Does parental involvement affect eighth‐grade student achievement? Structural analysis of national data . School Psychology Review , 22 : 474 – 496 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landine , J. and Stewart , J. 1998 . Relationship between metacognition, motivation, locus of control, self‐efficacy, and academic achievement . Canadian Journal of Counseling , 32 : 200 – 212 .
   Google Scholar
• LeVine , R. A. , Dixon , S. , LeVine , S. , Richman , A. , Leiderman , P. H. , Keefer , C. and Brazelton , B. 1994 . Childcare and culture: Lessons from Africa , New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• LeVine , R. A. , LeVine , S. E. and Schnell , B. 2001 . Improve the women: Mass schooling, female literacy, and worldwide social change . Harvard Educational Review , 71 : 1 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , J. 2003 . US and Chinese cultural beliefs about learning . Journal of Educational Psychology , 95 : 258 – 267 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin , C. C. and Fu , V. R. 1990 . A comparison of childrearing practices among Chinese, immigrant Chinese, and Caucasian‐American parents . Child Development , 61 : 429 – 433 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maccoby , E. E. and Martin , J. A. 1983 . “ Socialization in the context of the family: Parent–child interaction ” . In Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 4. Socialization, personality, and social development , (4th ed.) , Edited by: Mussen , P. H. and Hetherington , E. M. 1 – 101 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Marchant , G. J. , Paulson , S. E. and Rothlisberg , B. A. 2001 . Relations of middle school students’ perceptions of family and school contexts with academic achievement . Psychology in the Schools , 38 : 505 – 519 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marjoribanks , K. 1994 . Perceptions of parents’ involvement in learning and adolescents’ aspirations . Psychological Reports , 75 : 192 – 194 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markus , H. R. and Lin , L. R. 1999 . “ Conflictways: Cultural diversity in the meanings and practices of conflict ” . In Cultural divides: Understanding and overcoming group conflict , Edited by: Prentice , D. A. and Miller , D. T. 302 – 333 . New York : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• McClun , L. A. and Merrell , K. W. 1998 . Relationship of perceived parenting styles, locus of control orientation, and self‐concept among junior high age students . Psychology in the Schools , 35 : 381 – 390 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McWayne , C. , Hampton , V. , Fantuzzo , J. , Cohen , H. and Sekino , Y. 2004 . A multivariate examination of parent involvement and the social and academic competencies of urban kindergarten children . Psychology in the Schools , 41 : 363 – 377 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morton , T. L. and Mann , B. J. 1998 . The relationship between parental controlling behavior and perceptions of control of preadolescent children and adolescents . The Journal of Genetic Psychology , 159 : 477 – 491 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nowicki , S., Jr. and Duke , M. P. 1974 . A locus of control scale for noncollege as well as college adults . Journal of Personality Assessment , 38 : 136 – 137 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nowicki , S. Jr. and Duke , M. P. 1983 . “ The Nowicki‐Strickland life‐span locus of control scales: Construct validation ” . In Research with the locus of control construct: Vol. 2 , Edited by: Lefcourt , H. M. 9 – 51 . Waterloo, , Canada : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nowicki , S., Jr. and Strickland , B. R. 1973 . A locus of control scale for children . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 40 : 148 – 154 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunn , G. D. 1989 . Concurrent validity between the Personal Attribute Inventory for children and the Nowicki‐Strickland locus of control scale . Journal of Human Behavior and Learning , 6 : 46 – 48 .
   Google Scholar
• Okagaki , L. 2001 . Triarchic model of minority children’s school achievement . Educational Psychologist , 36 : 9 – 20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okagaki , L. and Frensch , P. A. 1998 . Parenting and children’s school achievement: A multi‐ethnic perspective . American Educational Research Journal , 35 : 123 – 144 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oyserman , D. , Coon , H. M. and Kemmelmeier , M. 2002 . Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta‐analysis . Psychological Bulletin , 128 : 3 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulson , S. E. , Marchant , G. J. and Rothlisberg , B. A. 1998 . Early adolescents’ perceptions of patterns of parenting, teaching, and school atmosphere: Implications for achievement . Journal of Early Adolescence , 18 : 5 – 26 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perris , C. , Jacobsson , L. , Lindstrom , H. , von Knorring , L. and Perris , H. 1980 . Development of a new inventory for assessing memories of parental rearing behavior . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 61 : 265 – 274 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pintrich , P. R. and Schunk , D. H. 2002 . Motivation in education: Theory, research and applications , (2nd ed.) , Upper Saddle River, NJ : Merrill/Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Pomerantz , E. M. and Eaton , M. M. 2001 . Maternal intrusive support in the academic context: Transactional socialization processes . Developmental Psychology , 37 : 174 – 186 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pomerantz , E. M. , Wang , Q. and Ng , F. F. 2005 . Mothers’ affect in the homework context: The importance of staying positive . Developmental Psychology , 41 : 414 – 427 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richman , A. , Miller , P. and Solomon , R. A. 1988 . “ The socialization of infants in suburban Boston ” . In Parental behavior in diverse societies , Edited by: LeVine , R. A. , Miller , P. and West , M. 65 – 74 . San Francisco : Jossey Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Rogoff , B. 2003 . The cultural nature of human development , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ross , C. E. and Broh , B. A. 2000 . The roles of self‐esteem and sense of personal control in the academic achievement process . Sociology of Education , 73 : 270 – 284 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross , M. W. , Campbell , R. L. and Clayer , J. R. 1982 . New inventory for measurement of parental rearing patterns: An English form of the EMBU . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 66 : 499 – 507 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rotter , J. B. 1966 . Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement . Psychological Monographs: General and Applied , 80 : 1 – 28 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rovine , M. J. and Delaney , M. 1990 . “ Missing data estimation in developmental research ” . In Statistical methods in longitudinal research: Principles and structuring change , Edited by: von Eye , A. 35 – 79 . San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Salili , F. 1996 . Learning and motivation: An Asian perspective . Psychology and Developing Societies , 8 : 55 – 81 .
   Google Scholar
• Scheck , D. C. 1978 . An exploratory investigation of the interaction effects of three child‐rearing dimensions upon the development of internal‐external control orientation in adolescent females . Psychology: A Journal of Human Behavior , 15 : 8 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Singh , K. , Bickley , P. G. , Keith , T. Z. , Keith , P. B. , Trivette , P. and Anderson , E. 1995 . The effects of four components of parental involvement on 8th grade student achievement: Structural analysis of NELS‐88 data . School Psychology Review , 24 : 299 – 317 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberg , L. , Darling , N. E. and Fletcher , A. C. 1995 . “ Authoritative parenting and adolescent adjustment: An ecological journal ” . In Examining lives in context: Perspectives on the ecology of human development , Edited by: Moen , P. , Elder , G. H. and Luscher , K. 423 – 466 . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Steinberg , L. , Mounts , N. S. , Lamborn , S. D. and Dornbusch , S. M. 1991 . Authoritative parenting and adolescent adjustment across varied ecological niches . Journal of Research on Adolescence , 1 : 19 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Stevens , J. P. 2002 . Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences , (4th ed.) , Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Stevenson , H. W. , Lee , S. , Chen , C. , Stigler , J. W. , Hsu , C. C. and Kitamura , S. 1990 . Contexts of achievement: A study of American, Chinese, and Japanese children . Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development , 55 ( 1–2 ) Serial No. 221
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Super , C. M. and Harkness , S. 1986 . The developmental niche: A conceptualization at the interface of child and culture . International Journal of Behavioral Development , 9 : 545 – 569 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , L. C. , Clayton , J. D. and Rowley , S. 2004 . Academic socialization: Understanding parental influences on children’s school‐related development in the early years . Review of General Psychology , 8 : 163 – 178 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , R. 1997 . “ The effects of economic and social stressors on parenting and adolescent adjustment in African American families ” . In Social and emotional adjustment and family relations in ethnic minority families , Edited by: Taylor , R. and Wang , M. C. 35 – 52 . Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Thornton , M. C. , Chatters , L. M. , Taylor , R. J. and Allen , W. R. 1990 . Sociodemographic and environmental correlates of racial socialization by Black parents . Child Development , 61 : 401 – 409 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tinsley , H. E. A. and Tinsley , D. J. 1987 . Uses of factor analysis in counseling psychology research . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 34 : 414 – 424 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trusty , J. and Lampe , R. E. 1997 . Relationship of high‐school seniors’ perceptions of parental involvement and control to seniors’ locus of control . Journal of Counseling and Development , 75 : 375 – 384 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vargas , M. and Busch‐Rossnagel , N. A. 2003 . Teaching behaviors and styles of low‐income Puerto Rican mothers . Applied Developmental Science , 7 : 229 – 238 .
   Google Scholar
• Weisner , T. S. 2002 . Ecological pathways, family values, and parenting . Parenting: Science and Practice , 2 : 325 – 334 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wentzel , K. R. 1999 . Social‐motivational processes and interpersonal relationships: Implications for understanding motivation at school . Journal of Educational Psychology , 91 : 76 – 97 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiting , B. B. and Edwards , C. P. 1988 . Children of different worlds: The formation of social behavior , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Zea , M. C. , Lisbeth , J. S. and Bianchi , F. T. 1995 . Social support and psychosocial competence: Explaining the adaptation to college of ethnically diverse students . American Journal of Community Psychology , 23 : 509 – 531 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar