Examining Hong Kong students’ achievement goals and their relations with students’ perceived classroom environment and strategy use

References

• Ames , C. 1984 . “ Competitive, cooperative, and individualistic goal structures: A cognitive‐motivational analysis ” . In Research on motivation in education , Edited by: Ames , C. and Ames , R. Vol. 3 , 177 – 207 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ames , C. 1992a . “ Achievement goals and classroom motivational climate ” . In Students’ perceptions in the classroom , Edited by: Meece , J. and Schunk , D. 327 – 348 . Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Ames , C. 1992b . Classroom: Goals, structures, and student motivation . Journal of Educational Psychology , 84 : 261 – 271 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ames , C. and Archer , J. 1988 . Achievement goals in the classrooms: Students’ learning strategies and motivation processes . Journal of Educational Psychology , 80 : 260 – 267 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderman , E.M. and Midgley , C. 1997 . Changes in achievement goal orientations, perceived academic competence, and grades across the transition to middle‐level schools . Contemporary Educational Psychology , 22 : 269 – 298 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderman , L. and Anderman , E.M. 1999 . Social predictors of changes in students’ achievement goal orientations . Contemporary Educational Psychology , 25 : 21 – 37 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barron , K.E. and Harackiewicz , J.M. 2001 . Achievement goals and optimal motivation: Testing multiple goal models . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 80 : 706 – 722 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barron , K.E. and Harackiewicz , J.M. 2003 . Revisiting the benefits of performance‐approach goals in the college classroom: Exploring the role of goals in advanced college courses . International Journal of Educational Research , 39 : 357 – 374 .
   Google Scholar
• Bentler , P.M. 1990 . Comparative fit indexes in structural models . Psychological Bulletin , 107 : 238 – 246 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biggs , J. 1991 . Approaches to learning in secondary and tertiary students in Hong Kong: Some comparative studies . Educational Research Journal , 6 : 27 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Church , M.A. , Elliot , A.J. and Gable , S.L. 2001 . Perceptions of classroom environment, achievement goals, and achievement outcomes . Journal of Educational Psychology , 93 : 43 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deci , E.L. and Ryan , R.M. 1985 . Intrinsic motivation and self‐determination in human behavior , New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dweck , C. 1986 . Motivational processes affecting learning . American Psychologist , 41 : 1040 – 1048 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dweck , C. and Leggett , E. 1988 . A social‐cognitive approach to motivation and personality . Psychological Review , 95 : 256 – 273 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliot , A.J. 1997 . “ Integrating the “classic” and “contemporary” approaches to achievement motivation: A hierarchical model of approach and avoidance achievement motivation ” . In Advances in motivation and achievement , Edited by: Maehr , M.L. and Pintrich , P.R. Vol. 10 , 143 – 179 . Greenwich , CT : JAI Press .
   Google Scholar
• Elliot , A.J. 1999 . Approach and avoidance motivation and achievement goals . Educational Psychologist , 34 : 169 – 189 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliot , A.J. and Church , M.A. 1997 . A hierarchical model of approach and avoidance achievement motivation . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 72 : 218 – 232 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliot , A.J. and Thrash , T.M. 2001 . Achievement goals and the hierarchical model of achievement motivation . Educational Psychology Review , 13 : 139 – 156 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gow , L. , Balla , J. , Dember , D. and Hau , K.T. 1996 . “ The learning approaches of Chinese people: A function of socialization processes and the context of learning? ” . In The handbook of Chinese psychology , Edited by: Bond , M.H. 109 – 123 . Hong Kong : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Greene , B.A. and Miller , R.B. 1996 . Influences on achievement: Goals, perceived ability, and cognitive engagement . Contemporary Educational Psychology , 21 : 181 – 192 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene , B.A. , Miller , R.B. , Crowson , H.M. , Duke , B.L. and Akey , K.L. 2004 . Predicting high school students’ cognitive engagement and achievement: Contributions of classroom perceptions and motivation . Contemporary Educational Psychology , 29 : 462 – 482 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harackiewicz , J.M. , Barron , K.E. and Elliot , A.J. 1998 . Rethinking achievement goals: When are they adaptive for college students and why? . Educational Psychologist , 33 : 1 – 21 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harackiewicz , J.M. , Barron , K.E. , Pintrich , P. R. , Elliot , A.J. and Thrash , T.M. 2002 . Revision of achievement goal theory: Necessary and illuminating . Journal of Educational Psychology , 94 : 638 – 645 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harackiewicz , J.M. and Linnenbrink , E.A. 2005 . Multiple achievement goals and multiple pathways for learning: The agenda and impact of Paul R. Pintrich . Educational Psychologist , 40 : 75 – 84 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho , D.Y. 1994 . “ Cognitive socialization in Confucian heritage cultures ” . In Cross‐cultural roots of minority child development , Edited by: Greenfield , P. and Cocking , R. 285 – 314 . Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Husman , J. and Lens , W. 1999 . The role of the future in student motivation . Educational Psychologist , 34 : 113 – 125 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joreskog , K.G. and Sorbom , D. 1998 . LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language , Chicago , IL : Scientific Software International .
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan , A. and Middleton , M.J. 2002 . Should childhood be a journey or a race? Response to Harackiewicz et al. (2002) . Journal of Educational Psychology , 94 : 646 – 648 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , W.O. 1996 . “ The cultural context for Chinese learners: Conceptions of learning in the Confucian tradition ” . In The Chinese learners: Cultural, psychological and contextual influences , Edited by: Watkins , D.A. and Biggs , J.B. 25 – 41 . Hong Kong : Comparative Education Research Centre and the Australian Council for Educational Research Ltd. .
   Google Scholar
• Lens , W. 2001 . “ How to combine intrinsic task‐motivation with the motivational effects of the instrumentality of present tasks for future goals ” . In Trends and prospects in motivation research , Edited by: Efklides , A. , Kuhl , J. and Sorrentino , R. 23 – 36 . Dordrecht , , Netherlands : Kluwer Academic Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Lyke , J.A. and Young , A.J. 2006 . Cognition in context: Students’ perceptions of classroom goal structures and reported cognitive strategy use in the college classroom . Research in Higher Education , 47 : 477 – 490 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maehr , M.L. and Anderman , E.M. 1993 . Reinventing schools for early adolescents: Emphasizing task goals . The Elementary School Journal , 93 : 593 – 610 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maehr , M. and Midgley , C. 1991 . Enhancing student motivation: A school‐wide approach . Educational Psychologist , 26 : 399 – 427 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meece , J. , Blumenfield , P. and Hoyle , R. 1988 . Students’ goal orientation and cognitive engagement in classroom activities . Journal of Educational Psychology , 80 : 514 – 523 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meece , J. and Miller , S. 2001 . A longitudinal analysis of elementary school students’ achievement goals in literacy activities . Contemporary Educational Psychology , 26 : 454 – 480 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Midgley , C. 1993 . “ Motivation and middle level schools ” . In Advances in motivation and achievement, Vol. 8: Motivation and adolescent development , Edited by: Pintrich , P.R. and Maehr , M.L. Greenwich , CT : JAI Press .
   Google Scholar
• Midgley , C. , Kaplan , A. and Middleton , M. 2001 . Performance‐approach goals: Good for what, for whom, under what circumstances, and at what cost? . Journal of Educational Psychology , 93 : 77 – 86 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , R.B. and Brickman , S.J. 2004 . A model of future‐oriented motivation and self‐regulation . Educational Psychology Review , 16 : 9 – 33 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , R.B. , Greene , B.A. , Montalvo , G.P. , Ravindran , B. and Nichols , J.D. 1996 . Engagement in academic work: The role of learning goals, future consequences, pleasing others and perceived ability . Contemporary Educational Psychology , 21 : 388 – 422 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholls , J.G. 1984 . Achievement motivation: Conception of ability, subjective experience, task choice, and performance . Psychological Review , 91 : 328 – 346 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pintrich , P.R. 2000 . Multiple goals, multiple pathways: The role of goal orientation in learning and achievement . Journal of Educational Psychology , 92 : 544 – 555 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pintrich , P.R. 2003 . A motivational science perspective on the role of student motivation in learning and teaching contexts . Journal of Educational Psychology , 95 : 667 – 686 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pintrich , P.R. , Conley , A.M. and Kempler , T.M. 2003 . Current issues in achievement goal theory and research . International Journal of Educational Research , 39 : 319 – 337 .
   Google Scholar
• Pintrich , P.R. and Garcia , T. 1991 . “ Student goal orientation and self‐regulation in the college classroom ” . In Advances in motivation and achievement , Edited by: Maehr , M. and Pintrich , P. Vol. 7 , 371 – 402 . Greenwich , CT : JAI Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pintrich , P.R. , Roeser , R. and DeGroot , E. 1994 . Classroom and individual differences in early adolescents’ motivation and self‐regulated learning . Journal of Early Adolescence , 14 : 139 – 161 .
   Google Scholar
• Roeser , R.W. , Midgley , C. and Urdan , T.C. 1996 . Perceptions of the school psychological environment and early adolescents’ psychological and behavioral functioning in school: The mediating role of goals and belonging . Journal of Educational Psychology , 88 : 408 – 422 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan , R.M. and Deci , E.L. 2000 . Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions . Contemporary Educational Research , 19 : 430 – 446 .
   Google Scholar
• Steiger , J.H. 1990 . Structural model evaluation and modification: An interval estimation approach . Multivariate Behavioral Research , 63 : 469 – 488 .
   Google Scholar
• Turner , J.C. , Midgley , C. , Meyer , D.K. , Gheen , M. , Anderman , E.M. and Kang , Y. 2002 . The classroom environment and students’ reports of avoidance strategies in mathematics: A multimethod study . Journal of Educational Psychology , 94 : 88 – 106 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urdan , T.C. 1997 . “ Achievement goal theory: Past results, future directions ” . In Advances in motivation and achievement , Edited by: Maehr , M.L. and Pintrich , P.R. Vol. 10 , 99 – 141 . Greenwich , CT : JAI Press .
   Google Scholar
• Urdan , T.C. and Midgley , C. 2003 . Changes in the perceived classroom goal structure and pattern of adaptive learning during early adolescence . Contemporary Educational Psychology , 28 : 524 – 551 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolters , C.A. 2004 . Advancing achievement goal theory: Using goal structures and goal orientations to predict students’ motivation, cognition, and achievement . Journal of Educational Psychology , 96 : 236 – 250 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiang , P. , Lee , A. and Solmon , M.A. 1997 . Achievement goals and their correlates among American and Chinese students in physical education: A cross‐cultural analysis . Journal of Cross‐Cultural Psychology , 28 : 645 – 660 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang , K.S. 1997 . “ Theories and research in Chinese personality: An indigenous approach ” . In Asian perspectives on psychology , Edited by: Kao , H.S. and Sinha , D. 236 – 262 . New Delhi : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar