Comparative analysis of oestrogen and raloxifene effects on the phospholipid composition of high density lipoproteins in healthy postmenopausal women

References

• Agnusdei D., Liu-Leage S. and Augendre-Ferrante B. (1999) Results of international clinical trials with raloxifene. Annals of Endocrinology, 60, 242— 246.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson P.W., Cox D.A., Sashegyi A., Paul S., Silfen S.L. and Walsh B.W. (2001) Effects of raloxifene and hormone replacement therapy on markers of serum atherogenicity in healthy postmenopausal women. Maturitas, 39, 71–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anzano M. A., Peer C.W., Smith J. M., Mullen T., Shrader M. W., Logsdon D.L., Driver C.L., Brown C.C., Robers A.B. and Sporn M. B. (1996) Chemoprevention of mammary carcino-genesis in the rat: combined use of raloxifene and 9-cis-retinoic acid. Journal of National Cancer Institute, 88, 123–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atmeh R.F., Shepherd J. and Packard C.J. (1983) Subpopula-tions of apolipoprotein A-I in human high-density lipopro-teins. Their metabolic properties and response to drug therapy. Biochimica and Biophysica Acta, 751, 175 — 188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjarnason N.H., Haarbo J., Byrjalsen I., Alesandersen P., Kauffman R.F. and Christiansen C. (2001) Raloxifene and estrogen reduces progression of advanced atherosclerosis—a study in ovariestomized, cholesterol-fed rabbits. Athero-sclerosis, 154, 97–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjarnason N.H., Haarbo J., Byrjalsen I., Alesandersen P., Kauffman R.F. and Christiansen C. (1997) Raloxifene inhibits aortic accumulation of cholesterol in ovariectomized, cholesterol-fed rabbits. Circulation, 96, 1964–1969.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black L.J., Sato M. and Rowley E.R. (1994) Raloxifene (LY139481) prevents bone loss and reduces serum cholesterol without causing uterine hypertrophy in ovariectomized rats. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 93, 63–69.
   Google Scholar
• Blumenfeld Z., Aviram M., Brook G. J. and Brandes J.M. (1983) Changes in lipoproteins and subfractions following oophorectomy and oestrogen replacement in peri-menopau-sal women. Marutitas, 5, 77–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyack M., Lookinland S. and Chasson S. (2002) Efficacy of raloxifene for treatment of menopause: a systematic review. Journal of American Academic Nurse Practice, 14, 150–165.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bryant H.U. and Brasher P. (1995) Breast implants and breast cancer—reanalysis of a linkage study. New England Journal of Medicine, 332, 1535–1539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant H.U. and Dere W.H. (1998) Selective estrogen receptor modulators: an alternative to hormone replacement therapy. Proceedings of Society of the Experimental Biology and Medicine, 217, 45–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant H.U., Black L.J. and Rowley E.R. (1993) Raloxifene (LY139481): bone, lipid and uterine effects in the ovariecto-mized rat model. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 8, S123.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung MC., Brown B.G., Wolf A.C. and Albers F.F. (1991) Altered particle size distribution of apolipoprotein A-I containing lipoproteins in subjects with coronary artery disease. Journal of Lipid Research, 32, 383— 394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung M.C. and Albers J.J. (1982) Distribution of high-density lipoprotein particles with different apoprotein com-position: particles with A-I and A-II and particles with A-I but no A-II. Journal of Lipid Research, 23, 747–753.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Col N.F., Eckman M.H., Karas R.H., Pauker S.G., Goldberg R.J., Ross EM., Orr R.K. and Wang J.B. (1997) Patient-specific decisions about hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. Journal of the American Medical Association, 277, 1140 — 1147.
   Google Scholar
• Colditz GA., Willett W.C., Stampfer M.J., Rosner B.S., Speizer F.E. and Hennekens C.H. (1987) Menopause and the risk of coronary heart disease in women. New England Journal of Medicine, 316, 1105–1110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crook D., Godsland IF., Hull J. and Stevenson J.C. (1997) Hormone replacement therapy with dydrogestorone and 17/3-oestradiol; effects on serum lipoproteins and glucose toler-ance during 24 month follow up. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 104, 298–304.
   Google Scholar
• Cummings SR., Eckert S., Krueger K.A., Grady D., Powles T.J., Cauley J.A., Norton L., Nickelsen T., Bjarnason N.H., Morrow M., Lippman ME., Black D., Glusman J.E., Costa A. and Jordan V.C. (1999) The effect of raloxifene on risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Journal of the American Medical Association, 281, 2189–2197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delmas P.D., Bjarnason N.H., Mitlak B.H., Ravoux AC., Shah AS., Huster W.J., Draper M. and Christiansen C. (1997) The effects of raloxifene on bone mineral density, serum cholesterol concentrations, and uterine endometrium in postmenopausal women. New England Journal of Medi-cine, 337, 1641–1647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Draper MM., Flowers D.E., Huster W.J. and Neild J.A. (1993) Effects of raloxifene (LY139481) HC1 on biochemical markers of bone and lipid metabolism in healthy postmeno-pausal women. In: Proceedings 1993: Fourth International Symposium on Osteoporosis and Consensus Development Conference, edited by C. Christiansen and B. Riis B, pp. 119–121. Aalborg, Denmark, Handelstrykkeriet Aal-borg ApS.
   Google Scholar
• Draper MW., Flowers D.E., Huster W.J., Neild J.A., Harper K.D. and Arnaud C. (1996) A controlled trial of raloxifene (LY139481) HC1: impact on bone turnover and serum lipid profile in healthy postmenopausal women. Journal of Bone and Minerals Research, 11, 835–842.
   Google Scholar
• Eriksson N., Berglund L., Rudling M., Henriksson P. and Angelin B. (1989) Effects of estrogen on low density lipoprotein metabolism in males. Journal of Clinical Investi-gation, 84, 802–810.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fielding C.J. and Fielding P.E. (1995) Molecular physiology of reverse cholesterol transport. Journal of Lipid Research, 36, 211— 228.
   Google Scholar
• Folch J., Lees M. and Sloane S.G.H. (1957) A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 226, 497 — 509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frolich J., McLeod R., Pritchard PH., Fesmire J. and McConathy W. (1988) Plasma lipoprotein abnormalities in heterozygotes for familial lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency. Metabolism, 37, 3–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gevers Leuven J.A. (1994) Sex steroids and lipoprotein metabolism. Pharmacolology and Therapeutics, 64, 99–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gidez L.I., Miller G.J., Burstein M., Slagle S. and Elder HA. (1982) Separation and quantitation of subclasses of human plasma high density lipoproteins by a simple precipitation procedure. Journal of Lipid Research, 23, 1206 — 1223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grady D., Rubin S.M., Petitti D.B., Fox CS., Black D., Ettinger B., Ernster V.L. and Cummings S.R. (1992) Hormone therapy to prevent disease and prolong life in postmenopausal women. Annals of Internal Medicine, 117, 1016–1037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grese TA., Cho S., Finley DR., Godfrey A.G., Jones C.D., Lugar C. W. and Martin M. J. (1997) Structure—activity relationships of selective-estrogen receptor modulators: modifications to the 2-arylbenzophiene core of raloxifene. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 40, 146 — 167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grodstein F., Stampfer M.J., Manson J.E., Colditz G.A., Willett W.C., Rosner B., Speizer F.E. and Hennekens CH. (1996) Postmenopausal oestrogen and progestin use and the risk of cardiovascular disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 335, 453–461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammond C.B. (1994) Womens' concerns with hormone replacement therapy—compliance issues. Fertility and Steri-lity, 62, 1575–1605.
   Google Scholar
• Jauhiainen M., Metso J., Pahlman R., Blomquist S., van Tol A. and Ehnholm C. (1993) Human plasma phospholipid transfer protein causes high density lipoprotein conversion. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 268, 4032–4036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kannel W.B., Hjortland MC., McNamara P.M. and Gordon T. (1976) Menopause and risk of cardiovascular disease. The Framingham Study. Annals of Internal Medicine, 85, 447 — 452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kauffman R.F. and Bryant H.U. (1995) Selective estrogen receptor modulators. Drugs New Perspectives, 8, 531 —539.
   Google Scholar
• Kauffman R.F., Bensch W.R., Roudebush R.E., Cole H.W., Bean J.S., Phillips D.L., Monroe A., Cullinan G.J., Glasebrook A.L. and Bryant H.U. (1997) Hypocholester-olemic activity of raloxifene (LY 139481): pharmacological characterization as a selective estrogen receptor modulator. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 280, 146— 153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Love R.R., Mazess R.B. and Barden H.S. (1992) Effects of tamoxifen on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. New England Journal of Medicine, 326, 852–856.
   Google Scholar
• Lufkin E.G., Whitaker M.D., Nickelsen T., Argueta R., Caplan R.H., Knickerbocker R.K. and Riggs B.L. (1998) Treatment of established postmenopausal osteoporosis with raloxifene: a randomized trial. Journal of Bone and Minerals Research, 13, 1747–1754.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundeen S.G., Carver J.M., McKean M.L. and Winneker R.C. (1997) Characterization of the ovariectomized rat model for the evaluation of estrogen effects on plasma cholesterol levels. Endocrinology, 138, 1552 — 1558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma P.T.S., Yamamoto T., Goldstein J.L. and Brown M.S. (1986) Increased mRNA for low density lipoprotein receptor in livers of rabbits treated with 17 alpha etinyl estradiol. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 83, 792–796.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald C.C. and Stewart H.J. (1991) Fatal myocardial infarction in the Scottish adjuvant tamoxifen trial. The Scottish Breast Cancer Committee. British Medical Journal, 303, 435–437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nickelsen T., Creatsas G., Rechberger T., Depypere H., Erenus M., Quail D., Arndt T. and Bonnar J. (2001) Differential effects of raloxifene and continuous combined hormone replacement therapy on biochemical markers of cardiovas-cular risk: results from the Euralox 1 study. Climacteric, 4, 320— 331.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Niggli V., Adunyah ES., Penniston J.T. and Carafoli E. (1981) Purified (Ca2 + -Mg2 + )-ATPase of the erythrocyte mem-brane. Reconstitution and effect of calmodulin and phos-pholipids. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 256, 395–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikkila E.A., Kuusi T. and Taskinen M.R. (1982) Role of lipoprotein lipase in the metabolism of high-density lipopro-teins: a novel concept of cholesterol transport in HDL cycle. In: Metabolic Risk Factors in Ischaemic Cardiovascular Disease, edited by Carlson L. A. and Pernow B. V., p. 205. New York, Raven Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nikolaidou-Politis V., Papapanagiotou A. and Kalofoutis A. (1999) Effects of hormone replacement therapy on serum lipids and phospholipids in postmenopausal women. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 19, 184 — 189.
   Google Scholar
• Pagarini-Hill A., Dworsky R. and Kraus R.M. (1996) Hormone replacement therapy, hormone levels and lipopro-tein cholesterol concentration in elderly women. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 174, 897–902.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papapanagiotou A., Koufali MM., Zachari A., Charalabidou C. and Kalofoutis A. (2001) Effects of hormone replacement therapy on the phospholipids composition of high density lipoproteins in postmenopausal women. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 21, 56–61.
   Google Scholar
• Park L. and Evans M.F. (1999) Raloxifene: designer estrogen for preventing postmenopausal osteoporosis. Canadian Fa-mily Physician, 45, 1191–1193.
   Google Scholar
• Persson I. (2000) Estrogens in the causation of breast, endometrial and ovarian cancers-evidence and hypotheses from epidemiological findings. Journal of Steroid Biochem-istry and Molecular Biology, 74, 357— 364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pussinen P.J., Jauhiainen M. and Ehnholm C. (1997) ApoA-II/ apoA-I molar ratio in the HDL particle influences phospho-lipid transfer protein-mediated HDL interconversion. Journal of Lipid Research, 38, 12–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutqvist L.E. and Mattsson A., for the Stockholm Breast Cancer Study Group (1993) Cardiac and thrombolytic morbidity among postmenopausal women with early stage breast cancer in randomized trial of adjuvant tamoxifen. Journal of National Cancer Institute, 85, 1398— 1406.
   Google Scholar
• Sanada M., Higashi Y., Nakagawa K., Sasaki S., Kodama I., Sakashita T., Tsuda M. and Ohama K. (2001) Estrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women augments reactive hyperemia in the forearm by reducing angiotensin converting enzyme activity. Atherosclerosis, 158, 391–397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaefer E.F. and Ordovas J.M. (1986) Metabolism of apolipoproteins A-I, A-II and A-IV. In: Methods in Enzymology, Plasma Lipoproteins, edited by Sergrest J.P. and Albers J.J., vol. 129, p. 420. London, Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tall A.R. (1993) Plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein. Journal of Lipid Research, 34, 1255–1274.
   Google Scholar
• Tikkanen M.J. (1990) Role of plasma lipoproteins in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic disease, with special reference to sex hormone effects. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 163, 296–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tutor J.C., Paz J.M., Areses J. and Garcia F. (1981) High-density-lipoprotein phospholipids determined by electro-phoresis on cellulose acetate. Clinical Chemistry, 27, 1481.
   Google Scholar
• Umland EM., Rinaldi C., Parks S.M. and Boyce E.G. (1999) The impact of estrogen replacement therapy and raloxifene on osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, and gynecologic cancers. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 33, 1315— 1328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Leeuwen F. E., Benraadt J. and Coebergh J.W.W. (1994) Risk of endometrial cancer after tamoxifen treatment of breast cancer. Lancet, 343, 448–452.
   Google Scholar
• Voigt L.F., Weiss N.S., Chu J., Daling JR., McKnight B. and van Belle G. (1991) Progestagen supplementation of exogen-ous oestrogens and risk of endometrial cancer. Lancet, 338, 274— 277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh B.W., Kuller L.H., Wild R.A., Paul S., Farmer M., Lawrence J.B., Shah A.S. and Anderson P.W. (1998) Effects of Raloxifene on serum lipids and coagulation factors in healthy postmenopausal women. Journal of the American Medical Association, 279, 1445–1451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh B.W., Schiff I., Rosner B., Greenberg L., Ravnikar V. and Sacks F.M. (1991) Effects of postmenopausal estrogen replacement on the concentrations and metabolism of plasma lipoproteins. New England Journal of Medicine, 325, 1196–1204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang N.N., Venugopalan M., Hardikar S. and Glasebrook A. (1996) Identification of an oestrogen response element activated by metabolites of 17/3-estradiol and raloxifene. Science, 273, 1222–1225.
   Google Scholar
• Zuckerman S.H. and Bryan N. (1996) Inhibition of LDL oxidation and myeloperoxidase dependent tyrosyl radical formation by the selective estrogen receptor modulator raloxifene (LY139481 HCL). Atherosclerosis, 126, 65–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar