Diagnostic work-up in paediatric and adolescent patients with adnexal masses: an evidence-based approach

References

• Aggarwal P, Kehoe S. 2010. Serum tumour markers in gynaecological cancers. Maturitas 67:46–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amato R, Kim EE, Prow D, Andreopoulos D, Kasi LP. 2000. Radioimmunodetection of residual, recurrent or metastatic germ cell tumors using technetium-99 anti-(alpha-fetoprotein) Fab’ fragment. Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology 126:161–167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anthony EY, Caserta MP, Singh J, Chen MYM. 2012. Adnexal masses in female pediatric patients. American Journal of Roentgenology 198:W426–W431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baggio S, Pomini P, Zecchin A, Garzon S, Bonin C, Santi L, et al. 2015. Delivery and pregnancy outcome in women with bowel resection for deep endometriosis: a retrospective cohort study. Gynecological Surgery 12:279–285.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bazot M, Daraï E. 2017. Diagnosis of deep endometriosis: clinical examination, ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging, and other techniques. Fertility and Sterility 108:886–894.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellia A, Vitale SG, Laganà AS, Cannone F, Houvenaeghel G, Rua S, et al. 2016. Feasibility and surgical outcomes of conventional and robot-assisted laparoscopy for early-stage ovarian cancer: a retrospective, multicenter analysis. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 294:615–622.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger-Chen S, Herzog TJ, Lewin SN, Burke WM, Neugut AI, Hershman DL, Wright JD. 2012. Access to conservative surgical therapy for adolescents with benign ovarian masses. Obstetrics and Gynecology 119:270–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergeron LM, Bishop KC, Hoefgen HR, Abraham MS, Tutlam NT, Merritt DF, Peipert JF. 2017. Surgical management of benign adnexal masses in the pediatric/adolescent population: an 11-year review. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology 30:123–127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boggess JF, Soules MR, Goff BA, Greer BE, Cain JM, Tamimi HK. 1997. Serum inhibin and disease status in women with ovarian granulosa cell tumors. Gynecologic Oncology 64:64–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bristow RE, Nugent AC, Zahurak ML, Khouzhami V, Fox HE. 2006. Impact of surgeon specialty on ovarian-conserving surgery in young females with an adnexal mass. Journal of Adolescent Health 39:411–416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brookfield KF, Cheung MC, Koniaris LG, Sola JE, Fischer AC. 2009. A population-based analysis of 1037 malignant ovarian tumors in the pediatric population. Journal of Surgical Research 156:45–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casarin J, Laganà AS, Uccella S, Cromi A, Pinelli C, Gisone B, et al. 2019. Surgical treatment of large adnexal masses: a retrospective analysis of 330 consecutive cases. Minimally Invasive Therapy & Allied Technologies 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645706.2019.1649700
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cevik M, Guldur ME. 2013. An extra-large ovarian mucinous cystadenoma in a premenarchal girl and a review of the literature. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology 26:22–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan SH, Lara-Torre E. 2018. Surgical considerations and challenges in the pediatric and adolescent gynecologic patient. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 48:128–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiofalo B, Laganà AS, Palmara V, Granese R, Corrado G, Mancini E, et al. 2017. Fasting as possible complementary approach for polycystic ovary syndrome: hope or hype? Medical Hypotheses 105:1–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiofalo B, Palmara V, Laganà AS, Triolo O, Vitale SG, Conway F, Santoro G. 2017. Fertility sparing strategies in patients affected by placental site trophoblastic tumor. Current Treatment Options in Oncology 18:58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Depoers C, Martin F-A, Nyangoh Timoh K, Morcet J, Proisy M, Henno S, et al. 2019. A preoperative scoring system for adnexal mass in children and adolescents to preserve their future fertility. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology 32:57–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donach M, Yu Y, Artioli G, Banna G, Feng W, Bast RC, et al. 2010. Combined use of biomarkers for detection of ovarian cancer in high-risk women. Tumor Biology 31:209–215.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dridi M, Chraiet N, Batti R, Ayadi M, Mokrani A, Meddeb K, et al. 2018. Granulosa cell tumor of the ovary: a retrospective study of 31 cases and a review of the literature. International Journal of Surgical Oncology 2018:1–4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eskander RN, Bristow RE, Saenz NC, Saenz CC. 2011. A retrospective review of the effect of surgeon specialty on the management of 190 benign and malignant pediatric and adolescent adnexal masses. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology 24:282–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fader AN, Rojas-Espaillat L, Ibeanu O, Grumbine FC, Escobar PF. 2010. Laparoendoscopic single-site surgery (LESS) in gynecology: a multi-institutional evaluation. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 203:501.e1–501.e6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fagotti A, Ferrandina G, Longo R, Mancuso S, Scambia G. 2002. Minilaparotomy in early stage endometrial cancer: an alternative to standard and laparoscopic treatment. Gynecologic Oncology 86:177–183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fanfani F, Fagotti A, Ercoli A, Bifulco G, Longo R, Mancuso S, Scambia G. 2004. A prospective randomized study of laparoscopy and minilaparotomy in the management of benign adnexal masses. Human Reproduction 19:2367–2371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Färkkilä A, Unkila-Kallio L. 2016. Diagnosis and follow-up observation of granulosa cell tumor of the ovary are becoming more precise. Duodecim; laaketieteellinen aikakauskirja 132:1033–1039.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Flynn MK, Niloff JM. 1999. Outpatient minilaparotomy for ovarian cysts. The Journal of Reproductive Medicine 44:399–404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garg S, Kaur A, Mohi JK, Sibia PK, Kaur N. 2017. Evaluation of IOTA simple ultrasound rules to distinguish benign and malignant ovarian tumours. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 11:TC06–TC09.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garzon S, Raffaelli R, Montin U, Ghezzi F. 2018. Primary hepatic pregnancy: report of a case treated with laparoscopic approach and review of the literature. Fertility and Sterility 110:925–931.e1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh A, Ghartimagar D, Thapa S, Sathian B, Narasimhan R, Talwar OP. 2016. Ovarian tumors: pattern of histomorphological types- a 10 years study in a Tertiary Referral Center and Review of Literature. Kathmandu University Medical Journal (KUMJ) 14:153–158.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gordts S, Puttemans P, Gordts S, Brosens I. 2015. Ovarian endometrioma in the adolescent: a plea for early-stage diagnosis and full surgical treatment. Gynecological Surgery 12:21–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goudie C, Witkowski L, Vairy S, McCluggage WG, Foulkes WD. 2018. Paediatric ovarian tumours and their associated cancer susceptibility syndromes. Journal of Medical Genetics 55:1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granato T, Midulla C, Longo F, Colaprisca B, Frati L, Anastasi E. 2012. Role of HE4, CA72.4, and CA125 in monitoring ovarian cancer. Tumor Biology 33:1335–1339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groome NP, Illingworth PJ, O'Brien M, Pai R, Rodger FE, Mather JP, McNeilly AS. 1996. Measurement of dimeric inhibin B throughout the human menstrual cycle. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 81:1401–1405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo J, Yu J, Song X, Mi H. 2017. Serum CA125, CA199 and CEA combined detection for epithelial ovarian cancer diagnosis: a meta-analysis. Open Medicine 12:131–137.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heo SH, Kim JW, Shin SS, Jeong SI, Lim HS, Choi YD, et al. 2014. Review of ovarian tumors in children and adolescents: radiologic-pathologic correlation. RadioGraphics 34:2039–2055.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermans AJ, Kluivers KB, Massuger LF, Coppus SF. 2016. External validation of the paediatric risk of malignancy index. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 123:448–452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermans AJ, Kluivers KB, Wijnen MH, Bulten J, Massuger LF, Coppus SF. 2015. Diagnosis and treatment of adnexal masses in children and adolescents. Obstetrics and Gynecology 125:611–615.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernon M, McKenna J, Busby G, Sanders C, Garden A. 2010. The histology and management of ovarian cysts found in children and adolescents presenting to a children’s hospital from 1991 to 2007: a call for more paediatric gynaecologists. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 117:181–184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iraha Y, Okada M, Iraha R, Azama K, Yamashiro T, Tsubakimoto M, et al. 2017. CT and MR imaging of gynecologic emergencies. RadioGraphics 37:1569–1586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaijser J, Sayasneh A, Van Hoorde K, Ghaem-Maghami S, Bourne T, Timmerman D, Van Calster B. 2014. Presurgical diagnosis of adnexal tumours using mathematical models and scoring systems: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Human Reproduction Update 20:449–462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karaman E, Beger B, Çetin O, Melek M, Karaman Y. 2017. Ovarian torsion in the normal ovary: a diagnostic challenge in postmenarchal adolescent girls in the emergency department. Medical Science Monitor 23:1312–1316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim J-H, Park J-Y, Kim J-H, Kim Y-M, Kim Y-T, Nam J-H. 2018. The role of preoperative serum cancer antigen 125 in malignant ovarian germ cell tumors. Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 57:236–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozlowski KJ. 1999. Ovarian masses. Adolescent Medicine (Philadelphia, Pa.) 10:337–350.vii.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lacher M, Kuebler JF, Yannam GR, Aprahamian CJ, Perger L, Beierle EA, et al. 2013. Single-incision pediatric endosurgery for ovarian pathology. Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical Techniques 23:291–296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laganà AS, La Rosa VL, Rapisarda AMC, Platania A, Vitale SG. 2017. Psychological impact of fertility preservation techniques in women with gynaecological cancer. Ecancermedicalscience 11:ed62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laganà AS, La Rosa VL, Rapisarda AMC, Valenti G, Sapia F, Chiofalo B, et al. 2017. Anxiety and depression in patients with endometriosis: impact and management challenges. International Journal of Women’s Health 9:323–330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laganà AS, Rossetti P, Sapia F, Chiofalo B, Buscema M, Valenti G, et al. 2017. Evidence-based and patient-oriented inositol treatment in polycystic ovary syndrome: changing the perspective of the disease. International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism 15:e43695.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laganà AS, Vitale SG, Dominici R, De, Padula F, Chiara Rapisarda AM, Biondi A, Cianci  , et al. 2016. Fertility outcome after laparoscopic salpingostomy or salpingectomy for tubal ectopic pregnancy A 12-years retrospective cohort study. Annali italiani di chirurgia 87:461–465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laganà AS, Vitale SG, Salmeri FM, Triolo O, Ban Frangež H, Vrtačnik-Bokal E, et al. 2017. Unus pro omnibus, omnes pro uno: a novel, evidence-based, unifying theory for the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Medical Hypotheses 103:10–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lahdenne P, Pitkanen S, Rajantie J, Kuusela P, Shmes MA, Lanning M, Heikinheimo M. 1995. Tumor markers CA 125 and CA 19-9 in cord blood and during infancy: developmental changes and use in pediatric germ cell tumors. Pediatric Research 38:797–801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert-Messerlian G, Steinhoff M, Kumar A, Eklund EE, Moore R. 2017. Comparison of inhibin alpha subunit and antimüllerian hormone immunoreactivity in granulosa cell and mucinous ovarian tumors. Applied Immunohistochemistry & Molecular Morphology : AIMM 25:71–77.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Loh AHP, Ong CL, Lam SL, Chua JHY, Chui CH. 2012. Pediatric risk of malignancy index for preoperative evaluation of childhood ovarian tumors. Pediatric Surgery International 28:259–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mama ST. 2018. Advances in the management of endometriosis in the adolescent. Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology 30:326–330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuoka S, Kobayashi T, Kusunoki S, Ogishima D. 2017. Polycystic ovary syndrome with asynchronous bilateral adnexal torsion in a natural cycle. BMJ Case Reports 2017:bcr2016218880.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Menon U, Gentry-Maharaj A, Hallett R, Ryan A, Burnell M, Sharma A, et al. 2009. Sensitivity and specificity of multimodal and ultrasound screening for ovarian cancer, and stage distribution of detected cancers: results of the prevalence screen of the UK Collaborative Trial of Ovarian Cancer Screening (UKCTOCS). The Lancet Oncology 10:327–340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mom CH, Engelen MJA, Willemse PHB, Gietema JA, ten Hoor KA, de Vries EGE, van der Zee AGJ. 2007. Granulosa cell tumors of the ovary: the clinical value of serum inhibin A and B levels in a large single center cohort. Gynecologic Oncology 105:365–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moro F, Zannoni GF, Arciuolo D, Pasciuto T, Amoroso S, Mascilini F, et al. 2017. Imaging in gynecological disease (11): clinical and ultrasound features of mucinous ovarian tumors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology 50:261–270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morowitz M, Huff D, von Allmen D. 2003. Epithelial ovarian tumors in children: a retrospective analysis. Journal of Pediatric Surgery 38:331–335; discussion 331–315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motta T, Laganà AS, Valenti G, LA Rosa VL, Noventa M, Vitagliano A, et al. 2017. [Differential diagnosis and management of abnormal uterine bleeding in adolescence]]. Minerva Ginecologica 69:618–630.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Multani J, Kives S. 2015. Dermoid cysts in adolescents. Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology 27:315–319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murakami M, Takiguchi E, Hayashi S, Nakagawa Y, Iwasa T. 2013. Ovarian torsion associated with cessation of hormonal treatment for polycystic ovarian syndrome: a case report. Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics & Gynecology 40:609–611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norris HJ, Jensen RD. 1972. Relative frequency of ovarian neoplasms in children and adolescents. Cancer 30:713–719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okafor OO, Crotty JE. 2013. Abdominal swelling in a teenaged girl. JAMA 309:1828–1829.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen A, Teglund S, Nelson D, Gordon L, Copeland A, Georgescu A, et al. 1994. Gene organization of the pregnancy-specific glycoprotein region on human chromosome 19: assembly and analysis of a 700-kb cosmid contig spanning the region. Genomics 23:659–668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oltmann SC, Garcia N, Barber R, Huang R, Hicks B, Fischer A. 2010. Can we preoperatively risk stratify ovarian masses for malignancy? Journal of Pediatric Surgery 45:130–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Özcan R, Kuruoğlu S, Dervişoğlu S, Eliçevik M, Emir H, Büyükünal C. 2013. Ovary-sparing surgery for teratomas in children. Pediatric Surgery International 29:233–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandis GK, Michala L, Creighton SM, Cutner AS. 2009. Minimal access surgery in adolescent gynaecology. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 116:214–219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papic JC, Finnell SME, Slaven JE, Billmire DF, Rescorla FJ, Leys CM. 2014. Predictors of ovarian malignancy in children: overcoming clinical barriers of ovarian preservation. Journal of Pediatric Surgery 49:144–147; discussion 147–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parelkar SV, Mundada D, Sanghvi BV, Joshi PB, Oak SN, Kapadnis SP, et al. 2014. Should the ovary always be conserved in torsion? A tertiary care institute experience. Journal of Pediatric Surgery 49:465–468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez-Bertólez S, González M, de Los Reyes N, Fernández-Pineda I. 2014. Laparoendoscopic single-site ovarian cystectomy and concomitant appendectomy in an adolescent. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology 27:e13–e16.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Péroux E, Franchi-Abella S, Sainte-Croix D, Canale S, Gauthier F, Martelli H, et al. 2015. Ovarian tumors in children and adolescents: a series of 41 cases. Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging 96:273–282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfeifer SM, Gosman GG. 1999. Evaluation of adnexal masses in adolescents. Pediatric Clinics of North America 46:573–592.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pienkowski C, Baunin C, Gayrard M, Moulin P, Escourrou G, Galinier P, Vaysse P. 2004. Ovarian masses in adolescent girls. In: Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. Basel: KARGER. p. 163–182.
   Google Scholar
• Pontarelli EM, Emami C, Nguyen NX, Torres M, Anselmo DM. 2013. Single-incision laparoscopic resection of ovarian masses in children: a preliminary report. Pediatric Surgery International 29:715–718.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prat and FIGO Committee on Gynaecologic Oncology 2015. FIGO’s staging classification for cancer of the ovary, fallopian tube, and peritoneum: abridged republication. Journal of Gynecologic Oncology 26:87–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raffaelli R, Garzon S, Baggio S, Genna M, Pomini P, Laganà AS, et al. 2018. Mesenteric vascular and nerve sparing surgery in laparoscopic segmental intestinal resection for deep infiltrating endometriosis. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 231:214–219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renaud EJ, Sømme S, Islam S, Cameron DB, Gates RL, Williams RF, et al. 2019. Ovarian masses in the child and adolescent: an American pediatric surgical association outcomes and evidence-based practice committee systematic review. Journal of Pediatric Surgery 54:369–377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reyes-Muñoz E, Sathyapalan T, Rossetti P, Shah M, Long M, Buscema M, et al. 2018. Polycystic ovary syndrome: implication for drug metabolism on assisted reproductive techniques—a literature review. Advances in Therapy 35:1805–1815.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson DM, Burger HG, Fuller PJ. 2004. Inhibin/activin and ovarian cancer. Endocrine-Related Cancer 11:35–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers EM, Casadiego Cubides G, Lacy J, Gerstle JT, Kives S, Allen L. 2014. Preoperative risk stratification of adnexal masses: can we predict the optimal surgical management? Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology 27:125–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romanelli JR, Earle DB. 2009. Single-port laparoscopic surgery: an overview. Surgical Endoscopy 23:1419–1427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sagi-Dain L, Lavie O, Auslander R, Sagi S. 2015. CEA in evaluation of adnexal mass: retrospective cohort analysis and review of the literature. The International Journal of Biological Markers 30:e394–e400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos XM, Cass DL, Dietrich JE. 2015. Outcome following detorsion of torsed adnexa in children. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology 28:136–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savasi I, Lacy JA, Gerstle JT, Stephens D, Kives S, Allen L. 2009. Management of ovarian dermoid cysts in the pediatric and adolescent population. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology 22:360–364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seckin B, Ozdener T, Tapisiz OL, Batioğlu S. 2011. Laparoscopic treatment of ovarian cysts in adolescents and young adults. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology 24:300–303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah RU, Lawrence C, Fickenscher KA, Shao L, Lowe LH. 2011. Imaging of pediatric pelvic neoplasms. Radiologic Clinics of North America 49:729–748, vi.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanbhogue AKP, Shanbhogue DKP, Prasad SR, Surabhi VR, Fasih N, Menias CO. 2010. Clinical syndromes associated with ovarian neoplasms: a comprehensive review. RadioGraphics 30:903–919.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shitrit D, Zingerman B, Shitrit AB-G, Shlomi D, Kramer MR. 2005. Diagnostic value of CYFRA 21-1, CEA, CA 19-9, CA 15-3, and CA 125 assays in pleural effusions: analysis of 116 cases and review of the literature. The Oncologist 10:501–507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva PD, Ripple J. 1996. Outpatient minilaparotomy ovarian cystectomy for benign teratomas in teenagers. Journal of Pediatric Surgery 31:1383–1386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sölétormos G, Duffy MJ, Othman Abu Hassan S, Verheijen RHM, Tholander B, Bast RC, et al. 2016. Clinical use of cancer biomarkers in epithelial ovarian cancer: updated guidelines from the European Group on tumor markers. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer 26:43–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spinelli C, Pucci V, Buti I, Liserre J, Messineo A, Bianco F, Ugolini C. 2012. The role of tumor markers in the surgical approach of ovarian masses in pediatric age: a 10-year study and a literature review. Annals of Surgical Oncology 19:1766–1773.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stankovic Z, Djuricic S, Djukic M, Jovanovic D, Vasiljevic M. 2006. Epithelial ovarian tumors and CA125 in premenarchal girls. European Journal of Gynaecological Oncology 27:597–599.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stankovic ZB, Bjelica A, Djukic MK, Savic D. 2010. Value of ultrasonographic detection of normal ovarian tissue in the differential diagnosis of adnexal masses in pediatric patients. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 36:88–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stankovic ZB, Djukic MK, Savic D, Lukac BJ, Djuricic S, Sedlecki K, Zdravkovic D. 2006. Pre-operative differentiation of pediatric ovarian tumors: morphological scoring system and tumor markers. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism: JPEM 19:1231–1238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su Z, Graybill WS, Zhu Y. 2013. Detection and monitoring of ovarian cancer. Clinica Chimica Acta 415:341–345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeda A, Imoto S, Nakamura H. 2014. Management of pediatric and adolescent adnexal masses by gasless laparoendoscopic single-site surgery. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 181:66–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeda A, Imoto S, Mori M, Nakano T, Nakamura H. 2010. Isobaric laparoendoscopic single-site assisted extracorporeal cystectomy in treatment of selected adnexal tumors: initial experience and technique. Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology 17:766–770.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeda A, Manabe S, Hosono S, Nakamura H. 2005. Laparoscopic surgery in 12 cases of adnexal disease occurring in girls aged 15 years or younger. Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology 12:234–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeda A, Sakai K, Mitsui T, Nakamura H. 2007. Management of large cystic adnexal tumor by gasless laparoscopic-assisted surgery with wound retractor. Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology 14:644–650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talerman A, van der Pompe WB, Haije WG, Baggerman L, Boekestein-Tjahjadi HM. 1977. Alpha-foetoprotein and carcinoembryonic antigen in germ cell neoplasms. British Journal of Cancer 35:288–291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terzić M, Dotlić J. 2016. Differentiation between Benign and Malignant Ovarian Cysts: Contemporary Diagnostic Procedures. In:Berhardt LV, editor. Advances in medicine and biology. New York: Nova Science Publishers. p. 27–64.
   Google Scholar
• Terzic M, Dotlic J, Bila J, Pilic I, Nikolic B, Kocijancic D, et al. 2015. Utilization of ultrasound as a diagnostic tool in the preoperative assessment of patients with adnexal masses. Journal of B.U.ON.: Official Journal of the Balkan Union of Oncology 20:862–869.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terzic M, Dotlic J, Likic I, Brndusic N, Pilic I, Ladjevic N, et al. 2013. Risk of malignancy index validity assessment in premenopausal and postmenopausal women with adnexal tumors. Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 52:253–257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terzic M, Dotlic J, Likic I, Nikolic B, Brndusic N, Pilic I, et al. 2014. Diagnostic value of serum tumor markers evaluation for adnexal masses. Open Medicine 9:417–423.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomassin-Naggara I, Balvay D, Rockall A, Carette MF, Ballester M, Darai E, Bazot M. 2015. Added value of assessing adnexal masses with advanced MRI techniques. BioMed Research International 2015:1–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timmerman D, Testa AC, Bourne T, Ameye L, Jurkovic D, Van Holsbeke C, et al. 2008. Simple ultrasound-based rules for the diagnosis of ovarian cancer. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 31:681–690.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trotman G, Foley C, Taylor J, DeSale S, Gomez-Lobo V. 2017. Postoperative outcomes among pediatric and adolescent patients undergoing minilaparotomy vs laparoscopy in the management of adnexal lesions. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology 30:632–635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ueland FR, DePriest PD, Pavlik EJ, Kryscio RJ, van Nagell JR. 2003. Preoperative differentiation of malignant from benign ovarian tumors: the efficacy of morphology indexing and Doppler flow sonography. Gynecologic Oncology 91:46–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valenti G, Vitale SG, Tropea A, Biondi A, Laganà AS. 2017. Tumor markers of uterine cervical cancer: a new scenario to guide surgical practice? Updates in Surgery 69:441–449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valteau-Couanet D, Dubrel M, Dufour C, Couanet D, Hartmann O, Patte C. 2008. [Malignant ovarian tumors in childhood]. Archives de Pédiatrie 15:781–782.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Calster B, Timmerman D, Bourne T, Testa AC, Van Holsbeke C, Domali E, et al. 2007. Discrimination between benign and malignant adnexal masses by specialist ultrasound examination versus serum CA-125. Jnci Journal of the National Cancer Institute 99:1706–1714.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vitale SG, Capriglione S, Peterlunger I, La Rosa VL, Vitagliano A, Noventa M, et al. 2018. The role of oxidative stress and membrane transport systems during endometriosis: a fresh look at a busy corner. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2018:7924021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitale SG, Capriglione S, Zito G, Lopez S, Gulino FA, Di Guardo F, et al. 2019. Management of endometrial, ovarian and cervical cancer in the elderly: current approach to a challenging condition. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 299:299–315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitale SG, La Rosa VL, Rapisarda AMC, Laganà AS. 2017. The importance of fertility preservation counseling in patients with gynecologic cancer. Journal of Reproduction & Infertility 18:261–263.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vitale SG, La Rosa VL, Rapisarda AMC, Laganà AS. 2018. Fertility preservation in women with gynaecologic cancer: the impact on quality of life and psychological well-being. Human Fertility 21:35–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitale SG, Valenti G, Rapisarda AMC, Calì I, Marilli I, Zigarelli M, et al. 2016. P16INK4a as a progression/regression tumour marker in LSIL cervix lesions: our clinical experience. European Journal of Gynaecological Oncology 37:685–688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Allmen D. 2005. Malignant lesions of the ovary in childhood. Seminars in Pediatric Surgery 14:100–105.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• You W, Dainty LA, Rose GS, Krivak T, McHale MT, Olsen CH, Elkas JC. 2005. Gynecologic malignancies in women aged less than 25 years. Obstetrics and Gynecology 105:1405–1409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young RH. 2018. Ovarian sex cord-stromal tumours and their mimics. Pathology 50:5–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuen PM, Yu KM, Yip SK, Lau WC, Rogers MS, Chang A. 1997. A randomized prospective study of laparoscopy and laparotomy in the management of benign ovarian masses. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 177:109–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang F, Zhang Z-L. 2015. The diagnostic value of Transvaginal Sonograph (TVS), color Doppler, and serum tumor marker CA125, CEA, and AFP in ovarian cancer. Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics 72:353–357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar