REFERENCES
- Agarwal, R., Animesh, A., and Prasad, K., 2009. Research note – social interactions and the ‘digital divide’: explaining variations in Internet use. Information Systems Research, 20 (2), 277–294. doi: 10.1287/isre.1080.0194
- Ameripour, A., Nicholson, B., and Newman, M., 2010. Conviviality of Internet social networks: an exploratory study of Internet campaigns in Iran. Journal of Information Technology, 25 (2), 244–257. doi: 10.1057/jit.2010.14
- Armstrong, D.J., et al., 2007. Advancement, voluntary turnover and women in it: a cognitive study of work–family conflict. Information & Management, 44 (2), 142–153. doi: 10.1016/j.im.2006.11.005
- Barth, M. and Veit, D., 2011. How digital divide affects public e-services: the role of migration backgrounded. Wirtschaftinformatik proceedings, Zurich, Switzerland. Paper 118. Association for Information Systems, 1–14.
- Barzilai-Nahon, K., 2006. Gaps and bits: conceptualizing measurements for digital divide/s. The Information Society, 22 (5), 269–278. doi: 10.1080/01972240600903953
- Bonfadelli, H., 2002. The Internet and knowledge gaps a theoretical and empirical investigation. European Journal of Communication, 17 (1), 65–84. doi: 10.1177/0267323102017001607
- Cammaerts, B., et al., 2003. Beyond the digital divide. Brussels: VUB Brussels University Press.
- Chen, W. and Wellman, B., 2004. The global digital divide – within and between countries. IT & Society, 1 (7), 39–45.
- Cho, J., De Zuniga, H.G., Rojas, H., and Shah, D.V., 2003. Beyond access: the digital divide and Internet uses and gratifications. IT & Society, 1 (4), 46–72.
- Cooper, J., 2006. The digital divide: the special case of gender. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 22 (5), 320–334. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2729.2006.00185.x
- Cooper, J. and Weaver, K.D., 2003. Gender and computers: understanding the digital divide. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
- Cross, K., 2010. Why Iran's green movement faltered: the limits of information technology in a rentier state. SAIS Review, 30 (2), 169–187.
- Dewan, S. and Riggins, F.J., 2005. The digital divide: current and future research directions. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 6 (12), 298–337.
- DiMaggio, P. and Hargittai, E., 2001. From the ‘digital divide’ to ‘digital inequality’: studying Internet use as penetration increases. Princeton: Center for Arts and Cultural Policy Studies, Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University.
- Eastin, M.S. and Larose, R., 2000. Internet self-efficacy and the psychology of the digital divide. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 6 (1). Doi: 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2000.tb00110.x
- Giroux, H., 2009. The Iranian uprisings and the challenge of the new media: rethinking the politics of representation [online]. Available from: http://www.uta.edu/huma/agger/fastcapitalism/5_2/Giroux5_2.html [Accessed 12 July 2011].
- Guba, E.G. and Lincoln, Y.S., 1985. Naturalistic inquiry. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
- Gui, M. and Argentin, G., 2011. Digital skills of Internet natives: different forms of digital literacy in a random sample of northern italian high school students. New Media & Society, 13 (6), 963–980. doi: 10.1177/1461444810389751
- Gunkel, D.J., 2003. Second thoughts: toward a critique of the digital divide. New Media & Society, 5 (4), 499–522. doi: 10.1177/146144480354003
- Gurstein, M., 2003. Effective use: a community informatics strategy beyond the digital divide. First Monday [online], 8 (12), 1. Available from: http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/viewArticle/1107/1027"%3B>%3B [Accessed 29 October 2012].
- Hargittai, E., 2002. Second-level digital divide: differences in people's online skills. First Monday, 7 (4). Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5210%2Ffm.v7i4.942. doi: 10.5210/fm.v7i4.942
- Hargittai, E., 2010. Digital na (t) ives? Variation in internet skills and uses among members of the ‘net generation’. Sociological Inquiry, 80 (1), 92–113. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-682X.2009.00317.x
- Hargittai, E. and Hinnant, A., 2008. Digital inequality differences in young adults’ use of the internet. Communication Research, 35 (5), 602–621. doi: 10.1177/0093650208321782
- Hoffman, D.L., Novak, T.P., and Schlosser, A., 2000. The evolution of the digital divide: how gaps in Internet access may impact electronic commerce. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 5 (3). Doi: 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2000.tb00341.x.
- Hohlfeld, T.N., Ritzhaupt, A.D., Barron, A.E., and Kemker, K., 2008. Examining the digital divide in K-12 public schools: four-year trends for supporting ICT literacy in Florida. Computers & Education, 51 (4), 1648–1663. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2008.04.002
- Holsti, O.R., 1969. Content analysis for the social sciences and humanities. Don Mills, ON: Addison-Wesley.
- Kalichman, S., Weinhardt, L., Benotsch, E., and Cherry, C., 2002. Closing the digital divide in HIV/AIDS care: development of a theory-based intervention to increase Internet access. AIDS Care, 14 (4), 523–537. doi: 10.1080/09540120208629670
- Katz, J.E. and Rice, R.E., 2002. Social consequences of Internet use: access, involvement, and interaction. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
- Katz, J.E., Rice, R.E., and Aspden, P., 2001. The Internet, 1995–2000 access, civic involvement, and social interaction. American Behavioral Scientist, 45 (3), 405–419.
- Knoke, D. and Kuklinski, J.H., 1982. Network analysis. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
- Kvasny, L. and Keil, M., 2005. The challenges of redressing the digital divide: a tale of two us cities. Information Systems Journal, 16 (1), 23–53. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2575.2006.00207.x
- Lee, A.S. and Baskerville, R.L., 2003. Generalizing generalizability in information systems research. Information Systems Research, 14 (3), 221–243. doi: 10.1287/isre.14.3.221.16560
- Mason, S.M. and Hacker, K.L., 2003. Applying communication theory to digital divide research. IT & Society, 1 (5), 40–55.
- Mescha, G.S. and Talmudb, I., 2011. Ethnic differences in internet acces. Information, Communication & Society, 14 (4), 445–471. doi: 10.1080/1369118X.2011.562218
- Nadkarni, S. and Narayanan, V., 2005. Validity of the structural properties of text-based causal maps: an empirical assessment. Organizational Research Methods, 8 (1), 9–40. doi: 10.1177/1094428104271999
- Narayanan, V.K. and Fahey, L., 1990. Evolution of revealed causal maps during decline: a case study of admiral. In: A.S. Huff, ed. Mapping strategic thought. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, 109–134.
- Nelson, K.M., Nadkarni, S., Narayanan, V., and Ghods, M., 2000a. Understanding software operations support expertise: a revealed causal mapping approach. MIS Quarterly, 24 (3), 475–507. doi: 10.2307/3250971
- Nelson, K.M., Nelson, H.J., and Armstrong, D., 2000b. Revealed causal mapping as an evocative method for information systems researched. Hawaii international conference on system sciences. Hawaii: IEEE.
- Norris, P., 2003. Digital divide: civic engagement, information poverty, and the Internet worldwide. New York: Taylor & Francis.
- OECD, 2001. Bridging the digital divide: issues and policies in OECD countries. Paris: OECD.
- Rains, S.A., 2008. Health at high speed broadband Internet access, health communication, and the digital divide. Communication Research, 35 (3), 283–297. doi: 10.1177/0093650208315958
- Rice, R.E. and Katz, J.E., 2003. Comparing internet and mobile phone usage: digital divides of usage, adoption, and dropouts. Telecommunications Policy, 27 (8), 597–623. doi: 10.1016/S0308-5961(03)00068-5
- Scott, W.A., 1955. Reliability of content analysis: the case of nominal scale coding. Public Opinion Quarterly, 19 (1), 321–325. doi: 10.1086/266577
- Selwyn, N., 2004. Reconsidering political and popular understandings of the digital divide. New Media & Society, 6 (3), 341–362. doi: 10.1177/1461444804042519
- Valadez, J.R. and Durán, R.P., 2007. Redefining the digital divide: beyond access to computers and the internet. The High School Journal, 90 (3), 31–44. doi: 10.1353/hsj.2007.0013
- Van Deursen, A.J.A.M. and Van Dijk, J.A.G.M., 2009. Improving digital skills for the use of online public information and services. Government Information Quarterly, 26 (2), 333–340. doi: 10.1016/j.giq.2008.11.002
- Van Deursen, A.J.A.M. and Van Dijk, J.A.G.M., 2011. Internet skills and the digital divide. New Media & Society, 13 (6), 893–911. doi: 10.1177/1461444810386774
- Van Dijk, J.A.G.M., 1999. The network society, social aspects of new media. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Van Dijk, J.A.G.M., 2005. The deepening divide: inequality in the information society. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Van Dijk, J.A.G.M., 2006. Digital divide research, achievements and shortcomings. Poetics, 34 (4), 221–235. doi: 10.1016/j.poetic.2006.05.004
- Van Dijk, J.A.G.M., 2012. The evolution of the digital divide. In: J. Bus et al. eds. Digital enlightenment yearbook. Amsterdam, Netherlands: IOS Press, 57–75.
- Van Dijk, J. and Hacker, K., 2003. The digital divide as a complex and dynamic phenomenon. The Information Society, 19 (4), 315–326. doi: 10.1080/01972240309487
- Vandenbroeck, M., Verschelden, G., and Boonaert, T., 2008. E-learning in a low-status female profession: the role of motivation, anxiety and social support in the learning divide. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 24 (3), 181–190. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2729.2007.00252.x
- Vehovar, V., Sicherl, P., Hüsing, T., and Dolnicar, V., 2006. Methodological challenges of digital divide measurements. The Information Society, 22 (5), 279–290. doi: 10.1080/01972240600904076
- Vicente, M.R. and Lopez, A.J., 2010. A multidimensional analysis of the disability digital divide: some evidence for Internet use. The Information Society, 26 (1), 48–64. doi: 10.1080/01615440903423245
- Warschauer, M., 2002. Reconceptualizing the digital divide. First Monday [online], 7 (7). Available from: http://www.firstmonday.dk/issues/issue7_warschauer/
- Wei, K.K., Teo, H.H., Chan, H.C., and Tan, B.C.Y., 2011. Conceptualizing and testing a social cognitive model of the digital divide. Information Systems Research, 22 (1), 170–187. doi: 10.1287/isre.1090.0273
- Yin, R.K., 2009. Case study research: design and methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.