3,161
Views
50
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Is smartphone addiction different from Internet addiction? comparison of addiction-risk factors among adolescents

, &
Pages 578-593 | Received 13 Nov 2018, Accepted 01 Apr 2019, Published online: 16 Apr 2019

References

  • Akın, A., S. Arslan, N. Arslan, R. Uysal, and Ü Sahranç. 2015. “Self-control Management and Internet Addiction.” International Online Journal of Educational Sciences 7 (3): 95–100. doi:10.15345/iojes.2015.03.016.
  • American Psychiatric Association. 2013. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Arlington: American Psychiatric Association.
  • Anderson, E. L., E. Steen, and V. Stavropoulos. 2017. “Internet Use and Problematic Internet Use: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Research Trends in Adolescence and Emergent Adulthood.” International Journal of Adolescence and Youth 22 (4): 430–454. doi:10.1080/02673843.2016.1227716.
  • Ary, D. V., T. E. Duncan, A. Biglan, C. W. Metzler, J. W. Noell, and K. Smolkowski. 1999. “Development of Adolescent Problem Behavior.” Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 27 (2): 141–150.
  • Ary, D. V., T. E. Duncan, S. C. Duncan, and H. Hops. 1999. “Adolescent Problem Behavior: The Influence of Parents and Peers.” Behavior Research and Therapy 37 (3): 217–230. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00133-8.
  • Baumeister, R. F., A. M. Stillwell, and T. F. Heatherton. 1994. “Guilt: an Interpersonal Approach.” Psychological Bulletin 115 (2): 243–267.
  • Ben-Yehuda, L., L. Greenberg, and A. Weinstein. 2016. “Internet Addiction by Using the Smartphone-Relationships Between Internet Addiction, Frequency of Smartphone use and the State of Mind of Male and Female Students.” Journal of Reward Deficiency Syndrome & Addiction Science 2 (1): 22–27. doi:10.17756/jrdsas.2016-024.
  • Berger, S., A. M. Wyss, and D. Knoch. 2018. “Low Self-Control Capacity is Associated with Immediate Responses to Smartphone Signals.” Computers in Human Behavior 86: 45–51. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.04.031.
  • Birch, S. H., and G. W. Ladd. 1997. “The Teacher-Child Relationship and Children's Early School Adjustment.” Journal of School Psychology 35 (1): 61–79. doi:10.1016/S0022-4405(96)00029-5.
  • Block, J. J. 2008. “Issues for DSM-V: Internet Addiction [Editorial].” The Journal of American Psychiatry 165 (3): 306–307. https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07101556.
  • Bozoglan, B. 2018. “The Role of Family Factors in Internet Addiction Among Children and Adolescents: An Overview.” In Psychological, Social, and Cultural Aspects of Internet Addiction, 146–168. Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
  • Bozoglan, B., V. Demirer, and I. Sahin. 2013. “Loneliness, Self-Esteem, and Life Satisfaction as Predictors of Internet Addiction: A Cross-Sectional Study among Turkish University Students.” Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 54 (4): 313–319. doi:10.1111/sjop.12049.
  • Buss, A. H., and M. Perry. 1992. “The Aggression Questionnaire.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 63 (3): 452–459.
  • Cao, H., Y. Sun, Y. Wan, J. Hao, and F. Tao. 2011. “Problematic Internet Use in Chinese Adolescents and its Relation to Psychosomatic Symptoms and Life Satisfaction.” BMC public health 11 (1): 802. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-802.
  • Caplan, S. E. 2002. “Problematic Internet use and Psychosocial Well-Being: Development of a Theory-Based Cognitive–Behavioral Measurement Instrument.” Computers in Human Behavior 18 (5): 553–575. doi:10.1016/S0747-5632(02)00004-3.
  • Çevik, G. B., and M. A. Yildiz. 2017. “The Roles of Perceived Social Support, Coping, and Loneliness in Predicting Internet Addiction in Adolescents.” Journal of Education and Practice 8 (12): 64–73.
  • Cha, S. S., and B. K. Seo. 2018. “Smartphone use and Smartphone Addiction in Middle School Students in Korea: Prevalence, Social Networking Service, and Game use.” Health Psychology Open 5 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1177/2055102918755046.
  • Chak, K., and L. Leung. 2004. “Shyness and Locus of Control as Predictors of Internet Addiction and Internet use.” CyberPsychology and Behavior 7: 559–570. doi:10.1089/cpb.2004.7.559.
  • Chambers, R. A., J. R. Taylor, and M. N. Potenza. 2003. “Developmental Neurocircuitry of Motivation in Adolescence: A Critical Period of Addiction Vulnerability.” American Journal of Psychiatry 160 (6): 1041–1052. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.6.1041.
  • Chiu, S. I. 2014. “The Relationship Between Life Stress and Smartphone Addiction on Taiwanese University Student: A Mediation Model of Learning Self-Efficacy and Social Self-Efficacy.” Computers in Human Behavior 34: 49–57. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.01.024.
  • Cho, H. Y., D. J. Kim, and J. W. Park. 2017. “Stress and Adult Smartphone Addiction: Mediation by Self-Control, Neuroticism, and Extraversion.” Stress and Health 33 (5): 624–630. doi:10.1002/smi.2749.
  • Choi, H. C., Y. I. Kang, and B. S. Kim. 2012. “Validation of Korean Attachment to Mother Scale for Children.” Korean Journal of Counseling 19 (4): 1697–1713. doi:10.15703/kjc.13.4.201208.1697.
  • Choi, S. W., D. J. Kim, J. S. Choi, H. Ahn, E. J. Choi, W. Y. Song, S. Kim, and H. Youn. 2015. “Comparison of Risk and Protective Factors Associated with Smartphone Addiction and Internet Addiction.” Journal of Behavioral Addictions 4 (4): 308–314. doi:10.1556/2006.4.2015.043.
  • Choi, Y. H., M. S. Kim, and Y. S. Suh. 2012. “Validation of a Korean Version of the Adolescent Friendship Attachment Scale with High School Students.” Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy 24 (2): 273–296.
  • Chun, J. 2018. “Conceptualizing Effective Interventions for Smartphone Addiction among Korean Female Adolescents.” Children and Youth Services Review 84: 35–39. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.11.013.
  • Davis, R. A. 2001. “A Cognitive-Behavioral Model of Pathological Internet use.” Computers in Human Behavior 17 (2): 187–195. doi:10.1016/S0747-5632(00)00041-8.
  • Dell’Osso, B., A. C. Altamura, A. Allen, D. Marazziti, and E. Hollander. 2006. “Epidemiologic and Clinical Updates on Impulse Control Disorders: a Critical Review.” European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 256 (8): 464–475. doi:10.1007/s00406-006-0668-0.
  • Demirci, K., M. Akgönül, and A. Akpinar. 2015. “Relationship of Smartphone use Severity with Sleep Quality, Depression, and Anxiety in University Students.” Journal of Behavioral Addictions 4 (2): 85–92. doi:10.1556/2006.4.2015.010.
  • De Ridder, D. T., and G. Lensvelt-Mulders. 2018. “Taking Stock of Self-Control: A Meta-Analysis of how Trait Self-Control Relates to a Wide Range of Behaviors.” In Self-Regulation and Self-Control, 221–274. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Devitt, K., and D. Roker. 2009. “The Role of Mobile Phones in Family Communication.” Children & Society 23 (3): 189–202. doi:10.1111/j.1099-0860.2008.00166.x.
  • Díaz-Aguado, M. J., J. Martín-Babarro, and L. Falcón. 2018. “Problematic Internet use, Maladaptive Future Time Perspective and School Context.” Psicothema 30 (2): 195–200. doi:10.7334/psicothema2017.282.
  • Diener, E. D., R. A. Emmons, R. J. Larsen, and S. Griffin. 1985. “The Satisfaction with Life Scale.” Journal of Personality Assessment 49 (1): 71–75. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13.
  • Dong, B., F. Zhao, X. S. Wu, W. J. Wang, Y. F. Li, Z. H. Zhang, and Y. H. Sun. 2018. “Social Anxiety May Modify the Relationship Between Internet Addiction and Its Determining Factors in Chinese Adolescents.” International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1–13. https://doi.org/10/1007/s11469-018-9912-x.
  • Dubow, E. F., and D. G. Ullman. 1989. “Assessing Social Support in Elementary School Children: The Survey of Children's Social Support.” Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 18 (1): 52–64. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp1801_7.
  • Enez Darcin, A., S. Kose, C. O. Noyan, S. Nurmedov, O. Yւlmaz, and N. Dilbaz. 2016. “Smartphone Addiction and its Relationship with Social Anxiety and Loneliness.” Behavior & Information Technology 35 (7): 520–525. doi:10.1080/0144929X.2016.1158319.
  • Erikson, E. H. 1994. Identity: Youth and Crisis (No. 7). New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
  • Esen, B. K., and M. Gündoğdu. 2010. “The Relationship Between Internet Addiction, Peer Pressure and Perceived Social Support among Adolescents.” International Journal of Educational Researchers 1 (2): 29–36.
  • Gökçearslan, Ş, Ç Uluyol, and S. Şahin. 2018. “Smartphone Addiction, Cyberloafing, Stress and Social Support among University Students: A Path Analysis.” Children and Youth Services Review 91: 47–54. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.05.036.
  • Greenfield, D. N. 1999. “Psychological Characteristics of Compulsive Internet use: A Preliminary Analysis.” Cyberpsychology & Behavior 2 (5): 403–412. doi:10.1089/cpb.1999.2.403.
  • Gullone, E., and K. Robinson. 2005. “The Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment—Revised (IPPA-R) for Children: a Psychometric Investigation.” Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy 12 (1): 67–79. doi:10.1002/cpp.433.
  • Gunay, O., A. Ozturk, E. E. Arslantas, and N. Sevinc. 2018. “Internet Addiction and Depression Levels in Erciyes University Students.” Dusunen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences 31: 79–88. doi:10.5350/DAJPN201831010.
  • Hair, J., W. C. Black, B. J. Babin, and R. E. Anderson. 2010. Multivariate Data Analysis. 7th ed. Upper saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education International.
  • Haug, S., R. P. Castro, M. Kwon, A. Filler, T. Kowatsch, and M. P. Schaub. 2015. “Smartphone use and Smartphone Addiction among Young People in Switzerland.” Journal of Behavioral Addictions 4 (4): 299–307. doi:10.1556/2006.4.2015.037.
  • Hollander, E., and D. J. Stein, eds. 2007. Clinical Manual of Impulse-Control Disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Pub.
  • Ihm, J. 2018. “Social Implications of Children’s Smartphone Addiction: The Role of Support Networks and Social Engagement.” Journal of Behavioral Addictions 7 (2): 1–9. doi:10.1556/2006.7.2018.48.
  • Jessor, R. 1987. “Problem-Behavior Theory, Psychosocial Development, and Adolescent Problem Drinking.” British Journal of Addiction 82 (4): 331–342. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1987.tb01490.x.
  • Jessor, R. 1991. “Risk Behavior in Adolescence: A Psychosocial Framework for Understanding and Action.” Journal of Adolescent Health 12 (8): 597–605. doi:10.1016/1054-139X(91)90007-K.
  • Jia, J., D. Li, X. Li, Y. Zhou, Y. Wang, W. Sun, and L. Zhao. 2018. “Peer Victimization and Adolescent Internet Addiction: The Mediating Role of Psychological Security and the Moderating Role of Teacher-Student Relationships.” Computers in Human Behavior 85: 116–124. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.03.042.
  • Karacic, S., and S. Oreskovic. 2017. “Internet Addiction Through the Phase of Adolescence: a Questionnaire Study.” JMIR Mental Health 4 (2): e11. doi:10.2196/mental.5537.
  • Kim, Y. K., and M. J. Chung. 2009. “The Role of Social Support and Locus of Control as Stress Coping Behaviors in Victims of School Violence.” Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association 47 (8): 1–11.
  • Kim, Y. J., H. M. Jang, Y. Lee, D. Lee, and D. J. Kim. 2018. “Effects of Internet and Smartphone Addictions on Depression and Anxiety Based on Propensity Score Matching Analysis.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15 (5): 859. doi:10.3390/ijerph15050859.
  • Kim, M. H., and S. H. Kim. 2010. “Development of an Ego-Resilience Scale for Middle School Students.” Research of Counseling 11: 189–206.
  • Kim, G. I., J. H. Kim, and M. H. Hyun. 1984. Korean Manual of Symptom Checklist-90-Revision. Seoul: Chungang Aptitude Publishing Co.
  • Kim, M. O., H. Kim, K. Kim, S. Ju, J. Choi, and M. Yu. 2015. “Smartphone Addiction: (Focused Depression, Aggression and Impulsion) among College Students.” Indian Journal of Science and Technology 8 (25). doi:10.17485/ijst/2015/v8i25/80215.
  • Kim, H. J., J. Y. Min, K. B. Min, T. J. Lee, and S. Yoo. 2018. “Relationship among Family Environment, Self-Control, Friendship Quality, and Adolescents’ Smartphone Addiction in South Korea: Findings From Nationwide Data.” PloS ONE 13 (2): e0190896. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0190896.
  • Kim, K., E. Ryu, M. Y. Chon, E. J. Yeun, S. Y. Choi, J. S. Seo, and B. W. Nam. 2006. “Internet Addiction in Korean Adolescents and its Relation to Depression and Suicidal Ideation: a Questionnaire Survey.” International Journal of Nursing Studies 43 (2): 185–192. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2005.02.005Get.
  • Kim, Y. R., J. W. Son, S. I. Lee, C. J. Shin, S. K. Kim, G. Ju, W. H. Choi, et al. 2012. “Abnormal Brain Activation of Adolescent Internet Addict in a Ball-Throwing Animation Task: Possible Neural Correlates of Disembodiment Revealed by fMRI.” Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 39 (1): 88–95. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.05.013.
  • Ko, C. H., J. Y. Yen, S. C. Liu, C. F. Huang, and C. F. Yen. 2009. “The Associations Between Aggressive Behaviors and Internet Addiction and Online Activities in Adolescents.” Journal of Adolescent Health 44 (6): 598–605. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.11.011.
  • Korea Information Society Development Institute. 2016. Korea Media Panel Survey in 2016. Chungcheonbuk-do: KISDI STAT Report.
  • Kuss, D. J., A. J. Van Rooij, G. W. Shorter, M. D. Griffiths, and D. van de Mheen. 2013. “Internet Addiction in Adolescents: Prevalence and Risk Factors.” Computers in Human Behavior 29 (5): 1987–1996. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.04.002.
  • Kwan, H. C., and M. T. Leung. 2015. “The Path Model of Parenting Style, Attachment Style, Self-Regulation and Smartphone Addiction.” In Applied Psychology - Proceedings Of The 2015 Asian Congress (Acap 2015), 196−214. Singapore: World Scientific.
  • Kwon, M., J. Y. Lee, W. Y. Won, J. W. Park, J. A. Min, C. Hahn, X. Gu, J. H. Choi, and D. J. Kim. 2013. “Development and Validation of a Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS).” PloS ONE 8 (2): e56936. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056936.
  • Kwon, S. M., and S. K. Suh. 2002. “Validation Study of the Korean Version of the Aggression Questionnaire.” Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology 21 (2): 487–501.
  • Lachmann, B., C. Sindermann, R. Y. Sariyska, R. Luo, M. C. Melchers, B. Becker, A. J. Cooper, and C. Montag. 2018. “The Role of Empathy and Life Satisfaction in Internet and Smartphone Use Disorder.” Frontiers in Psychology 9: 398. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00398.
  • Lee, Y. K., C. T. Chang, Y. Lin, and Z. H. Cheng. 2014. “The Dark Side of Smartphone Usage: Psychological Traits, Compulsive Behavior and Technostress.” Computers in Human Behavior 31: 373–383. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.047.
  • Lee, M. H., and T. Y. Jung. 2007. “Development and Validation of the Learning Motivation Scale.” Studies of Korean Youth 18 (3): 295–321.
  • Lee, K., H. K. Lee, H. Gyeong, B. Yu, Y. M. Song, and D. Kim. 2013. “Reliability and Validity of the Korean Version of the Internet Addiction Test among College Students.” Journal of Korean Medical Science 28 (5): 763–768. doi:10.3346/jkms.2013.28.5.763.
  • Lee, H. K., H. W. Lee, J. H. Han, S. Park, S. J. Ju, K. Choi, H. Lee, and H. J. Jeon. 2018. “Development and Validation Study of the Internet Overuse Screening Questionnaire.” Psychiatry Investigation 15 (4): 361–369. doi:10.30773/pi.2017.09.27.2.
  • Lee, E. J., and Y. Ogbolu. 2018. “Does Parental Control Work With Smartphone Addiction?: A Cross-Sectional Study of Children in South Korea.” Journal of Addictions Nursing 29 (2): 128–138. doi:10.1097/JAN.0000000000000222.
  • Lee, J., M. J. Sung, S. H. Song, Y. M. Lee, J. J. Lee, S. M. Cho, M. K. Park, and Y. M. Shin. 2018. “Psychological Factors Associated with Smartphone Addiction in South Korean Adolescents.” The Journal of Early Adolescence 38 (3): 288–302. doi:10.1177/0272431616670751.
  • Leung, L. 2004. “Net-generation Attributes and Seductive Properties of the Internet as Predictors of Online Activities and Internet Addiction.” Cyber Psychology & Behavior 7 (3): 333–348.
  • Lim, Y. J. 2012. “Psychometric Properties of the Satisfaction with Life Scale among Korean Police Officers, University Students, and Adolescents.” Korea Journal of Clinical Psychology 31 (3): 877–869.
  • Lim, J. A., A. R. Gwak, S. M. Park, J. G. Kwon, J. Y. Lee, H. Y. Jung, B. K. Sohn, J. W. Kim, D. J. Kim, and J. S. Choi. 2015. ““Are Adolescents with Internet Addiction Prone to Aggressive Behavior? The Mediating Effect of Clinical Comorbidities on the Predictability of Aggression in Adolescents with Internet Addiction.” Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 18 (5): 260–267. doi:10.1089/cyber.2014.0568.
  • Lin, Y. H., L. R. Chang, Y. H. Lee, H. W. Tseng, T. B. Kuo, and S. H. Chen. 2014. “Development and Validation of the Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI).” PloS ONE 9 (6): e98312. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0098312.
  • Lin, M. P., J. Y. W. Wu, J. You, W. H. Hu, and C. F. Yen. 2018. “Prevalence of Internet Addiction and its Risk and Protective Factors in a Representative Sample of Senior High School Students in Taiwan.” Journal of Adolescence 62: 38–46. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.11.004.
  • Lin, F., Y. Zhou, Y. Du, L. Qin, Z. Zhao, J. Xu, and H. Lei. 2012. “Abnormal White Matter Integrity in Adolescents with Internet Addiction Disorder: A Tract-Based Spatial Statistics Study.” PLoS ONE 7 (1), doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030253.
  • Liu, Q. X., X. Y. Fang, L. Y. Deng, and J. T. Zhang. 2012. “Parent–Adolescent Communication, Parental Internet use and Internet-Specific Norms and Pathological Internet use among Chinese Adolescents.” Computers in Human Behavior 28 (4): 1269–1275. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.02.010.
  • Mesch, G. S. 2006a. “Family Relations and the Internet: Exploring a Family Boundaries Approach.” The Journal of Family Communication 6 (2): 119–138. doi:10.1207/s15327698jfc0602_2.
  • Mesch, G. S. 2006b. “Family Characteristics and Intergenerational Conflicts Over the Internet.” Information, Communication & Society 9 (4): 473–495. doi:10.1080/13691180600858705.
  • Milani, L., D. Osualdella, and P. Di Blasio. 2009. “Quality of Interpersonal Relationships and Problematic Internet use in Adolescence.” CyberPsychology & Behavior 12 (6): 681–684. doi:10.1089/cpb.2009.0071.
  • Minear, M., F. Brasher, M. McCurdy, J. Lewis, and A. Younggren. 2013. “Working Memory, Fluid Intelligence, and Impulsiveness in Heavy Media Multitaskers.” Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 20 (6): 1274–1281.
  • Mok, J. Y., S. W. Choi, D. J. Kim, J. S. Choi, J. Lee, H. Ahn, E. J. Choi, and W. Y. Song. 2014. “Latent Class Analysis on Internet and Smartphone Addiction in College Students.” Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 10: 817–828. doi:10.2147/NDT.S59293.
  • Myruski, S., O. Gulyayeva, S. Birk, K. Pérez-Edgar, K. A. Buss, and T. A. Dennis-Tiwary. 2017. “Digital Disruption? Maternal Mobile Device use is Related to Infant Social-Emotional Functioning.” Developmental Science 21 (4): e12610. doi:10.1111/desc.12610.
  • National Information Society Agency. 2011a. Third Standardization of Korean Internet Addiction Proneness Scale. Seoul: NIA Research Report.
  • National Information Society Agency. 2011b. Development of Korean Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale For Youth and Adults. Seoul: NIA Research Report.
  • Odacı, H., and ÇB Çelik. 2013. “Who are Problematic Internet Users? An Investigation of the Correlations Between Problematic Internet use and Shyness, Loneliness, Narcissism, Aggression and Self-Perception.” Computers in Human Behavior 29 (6): 2382–2387. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.05.026.
  • Øverli, Ø, W. J. Korzan, E. Höglund, S. Winberg, H. Bollig, M. Watt, G. Forster, et al. 2004. “Stress Coping Style Predicts Aggression and Social Dominance in Rainbow Trout.” Hormones and Behavior 45 (4): 235–241. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2003.12.002.
  • Özdemir, Y., Y. Kuzucu, and Ş. Ak. 2014. “Depression, Loneliness and Internet Addiction: How Important is low Self-Control?” Computers in Human Behavior 34: 284–290. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.02.009.
  • Panahi, S. 2016. “Role of Parents, Teachers, and Community in Adolescents’ Issues.” Unique Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences 03 (02): 4–11.
  • Park, S. K., J. Y. Kim, and C. B. Cho. 2008. “Prevalence of Internet Addiction and Correlations with Family Factors among South Korean Adolescents.” Adolescence 43 (172): 895–909.
  • Park, M.-H., E. J. Park, J. Choi, S. Chai, J.-H. Lee, C. Lee, and D. J. Kim. 2011. “Preliminary Study of Internet Addiction and Cognitive Function in Adolescents Based on IQ Tests.” Psychiatry Research 190 (2–3): 275–281. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.08.006.
  • Roeser, R. W., J. S. Eccles, and A. J. Sameroff. 2000. “School as a Context of Early Adolescents’ Academic and Social-Emotional Development: A Summary of Research Findings.” The Elementary School Journal 100 (5): 443–471.
  • Roeser, R. W., C. Midgley, and T. C. Urdan. 1996. “Perceptions of the School Psychological Environment and Early Adolescents’ Psychological and Behavioral Functioning in School: The Mediating Role of Goals and Belonging.” Journal of Educational Psychology 88 (3): 408–422. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.88.3.408.
  • Romer, D. 2010. “Adolescent Risk Taking, Impulsivity, and Brain Development: Implications for Prevention.” Developmental Psychobiology 52 (3): 263–276. doi:10.1002/dev.20442.
  • Rudi, J., J. Dworkin, S. Walker, and J. Doty. 2015. “Parents’ use of Information and Communications Technologies for Family Communication: Differences by age of Children.” Information, Communication & Society 18 (1): 78–93. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2014.934390.
  • Samaha, M., and N. S. Hawi. 2016. “Relationships among Smartphone Addiction, Stress, Academic Performance, and Satisfaction with Life.” Computers in Human Behavior 57: 321–325. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.12.045.
  • Soh, P. C. H., J. P. Charlton, and K. W. Chew. 2014. “The Influence of Parental and Peer Attachment on Internet Usage Motives and Addiction.” First Monday 19 (7), doi:10.5210/fm.v19i7.5099.
  • Tsitsika, A., E. Critselis, A. Louizou, M. Janikian, A. Freskou, E. Marangou, E. Marangou, G. Kormas, and D. A. Kafetzis. 2011. “Determinants of Internet Addiction among Adolescents: A Case-Control Study.” The Scientific World Journal 11: 866–874. doi:10.1100/tsw.2011.85.
  • Van Ameringen, M., W. Simpson, B. Patterson, J. Turna, and Z. Khalesi. 2016. “Internet Addiction or Psychopathology in Disguise? Results From a Survey of College-Aged Internet Users.” European Neuropsychopharmacology 26 (2): S700–S701. doi:10.1016/S0924-977X(16)31834-X.
  • Van Deursen, A. J., C. L. Bolle, S. M. Hegner, and P. A. Kommers. 2015. “Modeling Habitual and Addictive Smartphone Behavior: The Role of Smartphone Usage Types, Emotional Intelligence, Social Stress, Self-Regulation, age, and Gender.” Computers in Human Behavior 45: 411–420. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.12.039.
  • Veenema, A. H. 2009. “Early Life Stress, the Development of Aggression and Neuroendocrine and Neurobiological Correlates: What can we Learn From Animal Models?” Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 30 (4): 497–518. doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2009.03.003.
  • Wang, P., M. Zhao, X. Wang, X. Xie, Y. Wang, and L. Lei. 2017. “Peer Relationship and Adolescent Smartphone Addiction: The Mediating Role of Self-Esteem and the Moderating Role of the Need to Belong.” Journal of Behavioral Addictions 6 (4): 708–717. doi:10.1556/2006.6.2017.079.
  • Won, S. D., S. I. Oh, S. H. Park, and M. K. Rhee. 2015. “Development and Validation of the Goal-Focused Self-Regulation Scale (GF-SRS).” Korean Journal of Health Psychology 20: 785–802.
  • Yen, J. Y., C. H. Ko, C. F. Yen, S. H. Chen, W. L. Chung, and C. C. Chen. 2008. “Psychiatric Symptoms in Adolescents with Internet Addiction: Comparison with Substance use.” Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 62 (1): 9–16. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2007.01770.x.
  • Yen, J. Y., C. F. Yen, C. C. Chen, S. H. Chen, and C. H. Ko. 2007. “Family Factors of Internet Addiction and Substance use Experience in Taiwanese Adolescents.” CyberPsychology & Behavior 10 (3): 323–329. doi:10.1089/cpb.2006.9948.
  • Young, K. S. 1996. “Psychology of Computer use: XL. Addictive use of the Internet: a Case That Breaks the Stereotype.” Psychological Reports 79 (3): 899–902. doi:10.2466/pr0.1996.79.3.899.
  • Young, K. S. 1999. “Internet Addiction: Symptoms, Evaluation and Treatment.” Innovations in Clinical Practice: A Source Book 17: 19–31.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.