The effect of personal pronouns on users and the social role of conversational agents

References

• Aeschlimann, S., M. Bleiker, M. Wechner, and A. Gampe. 2020. “Communicative and Social Consequences of Interactions with Voice Assistants.” Computers in Human Behavior 112: 106466. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106466.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Araujo, T. 2018. “Living up to the Chatbot Hype: The Influence of Anthropomorphic Design Cues and Communicative Agency Framing on Conversational Agent and Company Perceptions.” Computers in Human Behavior 85: 183–189.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beckwith, L., M. Burnett, V. Grigoreanu, and S. Wiedenbeck. 2006. “Gender HCI: What About the Software?” Computer 39 (11): 97–101. doi:10.1109/MC.2006.382.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beneteau, E., O. K. Richards, M. Zhang, J. A. Kientz, J. Yip, and A. Hiniker. 2019. “Communication Breakdowns Between Families and Alexa.” CHI ‘19: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing systems, 1–13. doi:10.1145/3290605.3300473.
   Google Scholar
• Branigan, H. P., M. J. Pickering, J. Pearson, and J. F. McLean. 2010. “Linguistic Alignment Between People and Computers.” Journal of Pragmatics 42 (9): 2355–2368. doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2009.12.012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnkrant, R. E., and H. R. Unnava. 1995. “Effects of Self-Referencing on Persuasion.” Journal of Consumer Research 22 (1): 17–26. doi:10.1086/209432.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassell, J., T. Bickmore, L. Campbell, and H. Vilhjálmsson. 2000. Embodied Conversational Agents. Cambridge, MA: MIT press.
   Google Scholar
• Chaves, A. P., and M. A. Gerosa. 2018. “Single or Multiple Conversational Agents? An Interactional Coherence Comparison?” Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ‘18), 1–13. doi:10.1145/3173574.3173765.
   Google Scholar
• Chung, C., and J. Pennebaker. 2007. “The Psychological Functions of Function Words.” In Social Communication, edited by K. Fiedler, 343–359. New York: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Debevec, K., and J. B. Romeo. 1992. “Self-Referent Processing in Perceptions of Verbal and Visual Commercial Information.” Journal of Consumer Psychology 1 (1): 83–102. doi:10.1016/S1057-7408(08)80046-0.
   Google Scholar
• de Visser, E. J., S. S. Monfort, R. McKendrick, M. A. B. Smith, P. E. McKnight, F. Krueger, and R. Parasuraman. 2016. “Almost Human: Anthropomorphism Increases Trust Resilience in Cognitive Agents.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 22 (3): 331–349. doi:10.1037/xap0000092.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhir, A., S. Pallesen, T. Torsheim, and C. S. Andreassen. 2016. “Do age and Gender Differences Exist in Selfie-Related Behaviours?” Computers in Human Behavior 63: 549–555. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.053.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhir, A., and T. Torsheim. 2016. “Age and Gender Differences in Photo Tagging Gratifications.” Computers in Human Behavior 63: 630–638. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.044.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhir, A., T. Torsheim, S. Pallesen, and C. S. Andreassen. 2017. “Do Online Privacy Concerns Predict Selfie Behavior among Adolescents, Young Adults and Adults?” Frontiers in Psychology 8: 815. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00815.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dragojevic, M., J. Gasiorek, and H. Giles. 2015. “Communication Accommodation Theory.” The International Encyclopedia of Interpersonal Communication 1–21. doi:10.1002/9781118540190.wbeic006.
   Google Scholar
• Dunbar, R. I. M. 2018. “The Anatomy of Friendship.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 22 (1): 32–51. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2017.10.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escalas, J. E. 2006. “Self-Referencing and Persuasion: Narrative Transportation Versus Analytical Elaboration.” Journal of Consumer Research 33 (4): 421–429. doi:10.1086/510216.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feine, J., U. Gnewuch, S. Morana, and A. Maedche. 2019. “A Taxonomy of Social Cues for Conversational Agents.” International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 132: 138–161. doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2019.07.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field, M. 1997. “The Role of Factive Predicates in the Indexicalization of Stance: A Discourse Perspective.” Journal of Pragmatics 27 (6): 799–814. doi:10.1016/S0378-2166(96)00047-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fogg, B. J. 2002. “Persuasive Technology: Using Computers to Change What We Think and Do.” Ubiquity 2002 (December), doi:10.1145/764008.763957.
   Google Scholar
• Fong, T., I. Nourbakhsh, and K. Dautenhahn. 2003. “A Survey of Socially Interactive Robots.” Robotics and Autonomous Systems 42 (3–4): 143–166. doi:10.1016/S0921-8890(02)00372-X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gefen, D., D. Straub, and M. C. Boudreau. 2000. “Structural Equation Modeling and Regression: Guidelines for Research Practice.” Communications of the Association for Information Systems 4 (1): 7. doi:10.17705/1CAIS.00407.
   Google Scholar
• Grice, H. P. 1991. Studies in the Way of Words. 1st ed. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Guzman, A. L. 2019. “Voices in and of the Machine: Source Orientation Toward Mobile Virtual Assistants.” Computers in Human Behavior 90: 343–350. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.08.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hannon, C. 2016. “Gender and Status in Voice User Interfaces.” Interactions 23 (3): 34–37. doi:10.1145/2897939.
   Google Scholar
• Hseue, T. C., Y. C. Shen, P. C. Chen, W. H. Hsu, and Y. T. Liu. 1998. “Cross-media Performance Evaluation of Color Models for Unequal Luminance Levels and Dim Surround.” Color Research and Application 23 (3): 169–177. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6378(199806)23:3<169::AID-COL9>3.0.CO;2-O.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ickes, W., S. Reidhead, and M. Patterson. 1986. “Machiavellianism and Self-Monitoring: As Different as “Me” and “You”.” Social Cognition 4 (1): 58–74. doi:10.1521/soco.1986.4.1.58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilves, M., and V. Surakka. 2013. “Subjective Responses to Synthesised Speech with Lexical Emotional Content: the Effect of the Naturalness of the Synthetic Voice.” Behaviour and Information Technology 32 (2): 117–131. doi:10.1080/0144929X.2012.702285.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kacewicz, E., J. W. Pennebaker, M. Davis, M. Jeon, and A. C. Graesser. 2014. “Pronoun Use Reflects Standings in Social Hierarchies.” Journal of Language and Social Psychology 33 (2): 125–143. doi:10.1177/0261927X13502654.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiesow, H., R. I. M. Dunbar, J. W. Kable, T. Kalenscher, K. Vogeley, L. Schilbach, A. F. Marquand, T. V. Wiecki, and D. Bzdok. 2020. “10,000 Social Brains: Sex Differentiation in Human Brain Anatomy.” Science Advances 6 (12): eaaz1170. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaz1170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koh, Y., and J. Kwahk. 2017. “B3-1 Analysis of User’s Speech Behavior Pattern After Correction: Focusing on Smartphone Voice User Interface.” The Japanese Journal of Ergonomics 53 (Supplement 2): S408–S411. doi:10.5100/jje.53.S408.
   Google Scholar
• Labrecque, L. I., K. Swani, and A. T. Stephen. 2020. “The Impact of Pronoun Choices on Consumer Engagement Actions: Exploring Top Global Brands’ Social Media Communications.” Psychology Marketing 37 (6): 796–814. doi:10.1002/mar.21341.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Large, D. R., L. Clark, A. Quandt, G. Burnett, and L. Skrypchuk. 2017. “Steering the Conversation: A Linguistic Exploration of Natural Language Interactions with a Digital Assistant During Simulated Driving.” Applied Ergonomics 63: 53–61. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2017.04.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levinson, S. C. 1983. Pragmatics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Li, J. 2015. “The Benefit of being Physically Present: A Survey of Experimental Works Comparing Copresent Robots, Telepresent Robots and Virtual Agents.” International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 77: 23–37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, G., X. Ding, C. Yu, L. Gao, X. Chi, and Y. Shi. 2019. ““I Bought This for Me to Look More Ordinary”: A Study of Blind People Doing Online Shopping.” CHI ‘19: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing systems, 1–11. doi:10.1145/3290605.3300602.
   Google Scholar
• Lohani, M., B. R. Payne, and D. L. Strayer. 2019. “A Review of Psychophysiological Measures to Assess Cognitive States in Real-World Driving.” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 13: 57. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2019.00057.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorigo, L., B. Pan, H. Hembrooke, T. Joachims, L. Granka, and G. Gay. 2006. “The Influence of Task and Gender on Search and Evaluation Behavior Using Google.” Information Processing and Management 42 (4): 1123–1131. doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2005.10.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDorman, K. F. 2006. “Subjective Ratings of Robot Video Clips for Human Likeness, Familiarity, and Eeriness: An Exploration of the Uncanny Valley.” ICCS/CogSci-2006 long symposium: toward social mechanisms of android science: 26-29.
   Google Scholar
• Malik, A., A. Dhir, and M. Nieminen. 2016. “Uses and Gratifications of Digital Photo Sharing on Facebook.” Telematics and Informatics 33 (1): 129–138. doi:10.1016/j.tele.2015.06.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLean, G., and K. Osei-Frimpong. 2019. “Hey Alexa … Examine the Variables Influencing the Use of Artificial Intelligent In-Home Voice Assistants.” Computers in Human Behavior 99: 28–37. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.05.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moon, Y. 2000. “Intimate Exchanges: Using Computers to Elicit Self-Disclosure from Consumers.” Journal of Consumer Research 26 (4): 323–339. doi:10.1086/209566.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moussawi, S., and R. Benbunan-Fich. 2020. “The Effect of Voice and Humour on Users’ Perceptions of Personal Intelligent Agents.” Behaviour and Information Technology, 1–24. doi:10.1080/0144929X.2020.1772368.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray, I. R., and J. L. Arnott. 1993. “Toward the Simulation of Emotion in Synthetic Speech: A Review of the Literature on Human Vocal Emotion.” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 93 (2): 1097–1108. doi:10.1121/1.405558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nass, C, and S. Brave. 2005. Wired for Speech: How Voice Activates and Advances the Human-Computer Relationship. Cambridge, MA: MIT press.
   Google Scholar
• Nass, C., and Y. Moon. 2000. “Machines and Mindlessness: Social Responses to Computers.” Journal of Social Issues 56 (1): 81–103. doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00153.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nass, C., Y. Moon, and P. Carney. 1999. “Are People Polite to Computers? Responses to Computer-Based Interviewing Systems.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 29 (5): 1093–1109. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1999.tb00142.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nass, C., Y. Moon, and N. Green. 1997. “Are Machines Gender Neutral? Gender-Stereotypic Responses to Computers With Voices.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 27 (10): 864–876. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1997.tb00275.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niederhoffer, K. G., and J. W. Pennebaker. 2002. “Linguistic Style Matching in Social Interaction.” Journal of Language and Social Psychology 21 (4): 337–360. doi:10.1177/026192702237953.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliver, R. L., R. T. Rust, and S. Varki. 1997. “Customer Delight: Foundations, Findings, and Managerial Insight.” Journal of Retailing 73 (3): 311–336. doi:10.1016/S0022-4359(97)90021-X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paay, J., J. Kjeldskov, K. M. Hansen, T. Jørgensen, and K. L. Overgaard. 2020. “Digital Ethnography of Home Use of Digital Personal Assistants.” Behaviour and Information Technology, 1–19. doi:10.1080/0144929X.2020.1834620.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Packard, G., S. G. Moore, and B. Mcferran. 2017. “(I’m) Happy to Help (You): The Impact of Personal Pronoun Use in Customer-Firm Interactions.” Journal of Marketing Research 55 (4): 541–555. doi:10.1509/jmr.16.0118.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson, J., J. Hu, H. P. Branigan, M. J. Pickering, and C. I. Nass. 2006. “Adaptive Language Behavior in HCI: How Expectations and Beliefs About A System Affect Users’ Word Choice.” Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in computing Systems (CHI ‘06), 1177–1180. doi:10.1145/1124772.1124948.
   Google Scholar
• Pelikan, H. R. M., and M. Broth. 2016. “Why That Nao?: How Humans Adapt to a Conventional Humanoid Robot in Taking Turns-at-Talk.” Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ‘06), 4921–4932. doi:10.1145/2858036.2858478.
   Google Scholar
• Pennebaker, J. W. 2011. “The Secret Life of Pronouns.” New Scientist 211(2828): 42–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Picard, R. W. 1999. “Affective Computing for HCI.” HCI, 829–833.
   Google Scholar
• Politis, I., S. Brewster, and F. Pollick. 2015. “Language-based Multimodal Displays for the Handover of Control in Autonomous Cars.” Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Automotive user Interfaces and interactive vehicular applications (AutomotiveUI ‘15), 3–10. doi:10.1145/2799250.2799262.
   Google Scholar
• Porcheron, M., J. E. Fischer, and S. Sharples. 2017. ““Do Animals Have Accents?”: Talking with Agents in Multi-Party Conversation.” Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on computer supported cooperative work and social Computing (CSCW ‘17), 207–219. doi:10.1145/2998181.2998298.
   Google Scholar
• Qu, J., R. Zhou, L. Zou, Y. Sun, and M. Zhao. 2020. “The Effect of Personal Pronouns on Users’ Emotional Experience in Voice Interaction.” Proceedings of international conference on human-computer interaction (HCII 2020), 234–243. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-49062-1_16.
   Google Scholar
• Rhee, C. E., and J. Choi. 2020. “Effects of Personalization and Social Role in Voice Shopping: An Experimental Study on Product Recommendation by A Conversational Voice Agent.” Computers in Human Behavior 109: 106359. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106359.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, S. B. G., and R. I. M. Dunbar. 2015. “Managing Relationship Decay.” Human Nature 26 (4): 426–450. doi:10.1007/s12110-015-9242-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacks, H., E. A. Schegloff, and G. Jefferson. 1978. “A Simplest Systematics for the Organization of Turn-Taking for Conversation.” Studies in the Organization of Conversational Interaction, 7–55. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-623550-0.50008-2.
   Google Scholar
• Shin, D. 2020. “Expanding the Role of Trust in the Experience of Algorithmic Journalism: User Sensemaking of Algorithmic Heuristics in Korean Users.” Journalism Practice, 1–24. doi:10.1080/17512786.2020.1841018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin, D. 2021a. “The Effects of Explainability and Causability on Perception, Trust, and Acceptance: Implications for Explainable AI.” International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 146: 102551. doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2020.102551.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin, D. 2021b. “The Perception of Humanness in Conversational Journalism: An Algorithmic Information-Processing Perspective.” New Media and Society, 146144482199380. doi:10.1177/1461444821993801.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shinohara, K., and J. O. Wobbrock. 2011. “In the Shadow of Misperception: Assistive Technology Use and Social Interactions.” Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ‘11), 705–714. doi:10.1145/1978942.1979044.
   Google Scholar
• Sillars, A., W. Shellen, A. McIntosh, and M. Pomegranate. 1997. “Relational Characteristics of Language: Elaboration and Differentiation in Marital Conversations.” Western Journal of Communication 61 (4): 403–422. doi:10.1080/10570319709374587.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simmons, R. A., P. C. Gordon, and D. L. Chambless. 2005. “Pronouns in Marital Interaction: What Do “You” and “I” Say About Marital Health?” Psychological Science 16 (12): 932–936. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01639.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slyke, C. V., C. L. Comunale, and F. Belanger. 2002. “Gender Differences in Perceptions of Web-Based Shopping.” Communications of the ACM 45 (8): 82–86. doi:10.1145/545151.545155.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soffer, O. 2019. “Algorithmic Personalization and the Two-Step Flow of Communication.” Communication Theory, doi:10.1093/ct/qtz008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spreckelmeyer, K. N., S. Krach, G. Kohls, L. Rademacher, A. Irmak, K. Konrad, T. Kircher, and G. Grunder. 2009. “Anticipation of Monetary and Social Reward Differently Activates Mesolimbic Brain Structures in Men and Women.” Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 4 (2): 158–165. doi:10.1093/scan/nsn051.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Street, R. L. 1982. “Evaluation of Noncontent Speech Accommodation.” Language and Communication 2 (1): 13–31. doi:10.1016/0271-5309(82)90032-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talwar, S., A. Dhir, V. Scuotto, and P. Kaur. 2021. “Barriers and Paradoxical Recommendation Behaviour in Online to Offline (O2O) Services. A Convergent Mixed-Method Study.” Journal of Business Research 131: 25–39. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.03.049.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talwar, S., A. Dhir, D. Singh, G. S. Virk, and J. Salo. 2020. “Sharing of Fake News on Social Media: Application of the Honeycomb Framework and the Third-Person Effect Hypothesis.” Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 57: 102197. doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102197.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talwar, S., P. Kaur, R. Yadav, R. Sharma, and A. Dhir. 2021. “Food Waste and out-of-Home-Dining: Antecedents and Consequents of the Decision to Take Away Leftovers After Dining at Restaurants.” Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1–26. doi:10.1080/09669582.2021.1953512.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, F., and S. Karimi. 2019. “This Product Works Well (for Me): The Impact of First-Person Singular Pronouns on Online Review Helpfulness.” Journal of Business Research 104: 283–294. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.028.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waytz, A., J. Heafner, and N. Epley. 2014. “The Mind in the Machine: Anthropomorphism Increases Trust in an Autonomous Vehicle.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 52: 113–117. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2014.01.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, D., Z. Yao, J. Seering, and R. Kraut. 2019. “The Channel Matters: Self-Disclosure, Reciprocity and Social Support in Online Cancer Support Groups.” Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ‘19), 1–15. doi:10.1145/3290605.3300261.
   Google Scholar
• Zwaan, R. A., and G. A. Radvansky. 1998. “Situation Models in Language Comprehension and Memory.” Psychological Bulletin 123 (2): 162–185. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.123.2.162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar