Coping with vulnerability: the effect of trust in AI and privacy-protective behaviour on the use of AI-based services

References

• Acosta, L. H., and D. Reinhardt. 2022. “A Survey on Privacy Issues and Solutions for Voice-Controlled Digital Assistants.” Pervasive and Mobile Computing 80: 101523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmcj.2021.101523.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adger, W. N. 2006. “Vulnerability.” Global Environmental Change 16 (3): 268–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.02.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adhikari, K., and R. K. Panda. 2018. “Users’ Information Privacy Concerns and Privacy Protection Behaviors in Social Networks.” Journal of Global Marketing 31 (2): 96–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/08911762.2017.1412552.
   Google Scholar
• Ajzen, I. 1991. “The Theory of Planned Behavior.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 50 (2): 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen, M., S. Titsworth, and S. K. Hunt. 2009. “Factor Analysis.” In Quantitative Research in Communication, 175–196. SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452274881.n11.
   Google Scholar
• Androutsopoulou, A., N. Karacapilidis, E. Loukis, and Y. Charalabidis. 2019. “Transforming the Communication between Citizens and Government through AI-Guided Chatbots.” Government Information Quarterly 36 (2): 358–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2018.10.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aoki, N. 2020. “An Experimental Study of Public Trust in AI Chatbots in the Public Sector.” Government Information Quarterly 37 (4): 101490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2020.101490.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashfaq, M., J. Yun, S. Yu, and S. M. Correia Loureiro. 2020. “I, Chatbot: Modeling the Determinants of Users’ Satisfaction and Continuance Intention of AI-Powered Service Agents.” Telematics and Informatics 54: 101473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2020.101473.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayoub, K., and K. Payne. 2016. “Strategy in the Age of Artificial Intelligence.” Journal of Strategic Studies 39 (5–6): 793–819. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2015.1088838.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ba, S., and P. A. Pavlou. 2002. “Evidence of the Effect of Trust Building Technology in Electronic Markets: Price Premiums and Buyer Behavior.” MIS Quarterly 26 (3): 243–268. https://doi.org/10.2307/4132332
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barth, T. J., and E. Arnold. 1999. “Artificial Intelligence and Administrative Discretion: Implications for Public Administration.” American Review of Public Administration 29 (4): 332–351. https://doi.org/10.1177/02750749922064463.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barth, S., M. D. T. de Jong, M. Junger, P. H. Hartel, and J. C. Roppelt. 2019. “Putting the Privacy Paradox to the Test: Online Privacy and Security Behaviors among Users with Technical Knowledge, Privacy Awareness, and Financial Resources.” Telematics and Informatics 41: 55–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2019.03.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baruh, L., E. Secinti, and Z. Cemalcilar. 2017. “Online Privacy Concerns and Privacy Management: A Meta-Analytical Review.” Journal of Communication 67 (1): 26–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12276.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batko, R. 2021. “Management and Organisation in the age of AI.” In The Routledge Social Science Handbook of AI, edited by A. Elliott, 157–171. London and New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bauer, J. M. 2018. “The Internet and Income Inequality: Socio-Economic Challenges in a Hyperconnected Society.” Telecommunications Policy 42 (4): 333–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2017.05.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bawack, R. E., S. F. Wamba, and K. D. A. Carillo. 2021. “A Framework for Understanding Artificial Intelligence Research: Insights from Practice.” Journal of Enterprise Information Management 34 (2): 645–678. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEIM-07-2020-0284.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bawden, D. 2001. “Information and Digital Literacies: A Review of Concepts.” Journal of Documentation 57 (2): 218–259. https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000007083.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bedué, P., and A. Fritzsche. 2022. “Can we Trust AI? An Empirical Investigation of Trust Requirements and Guide to Successful AI Adoption.” Journal of Enterprise Information Management 35 (2): 530–549. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEIM-06-2020-0233.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bélanger, F., J. S. Hiller, and W. J. Smith. 2002. “Trustworthiness in Electronic Commerce: The Role of Privacy, Security, and Site Attributes.” Journal of Strategic Information Systems 11 (3–4): 245–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0963-8687(02)00018-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bitkina, O. V., H. Jeong, B. C. Lee, J. Park, J. Park, and H. K. Kim. 2020. “Perceived Trust in Artificial Intelligence Technologies: A Preliminary Study.” Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries 30 (4): 282–290. https://doi.org/10.1002/HFM.20839.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boerman, S. C., S. Kruikemeier, and F. J. Zuiderveen Borgesius. 2018. “Exploring Motivations for Online Privacy Protection Behavior: Insights from Panel Data.” Communication Research 48 (7): 953–977. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650218800915.
   Google Scholar
• Bolton, T., T. Dargahi, S. Belguith, M. S. Al-Rakhami, and A. H. Sodhro. 2021. “On the Security and Privacy Challenges of Virtual Assistants.” Sensors 21: 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21072312.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brill, T. M., L. Munoz, and R. J. Miller. 2019. “Siri, Alexa, and Other Digital Assistants: A Study of Customer Satisfaction with Artificial Intelligence Applications.” Journal of Marketing Management 35 (15–16): 1401–1436. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2019.1687571.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Büchi, M., N. Just, and M. Latzer. 2017. “Caring Is Not Enough: The Importance of Internet Skills for Online Privacy Protection.” Information, Communication & Society 20 (8): 1261–1278. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1229001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buteau, E., and J. Lee. 2021. “Hey Alexa, Why do We Use Voice Assistants? The Driving Factors of Voice Assistant Technology use.” Communication Research Reports 38 (5): 336–345. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2021.1980380.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, A. J. 1997. “Relationship Marketing in Consumer Markets: A Comparison of Managerial and Consumer Attitudes About Information Privacy.” Journal of Direct Marketing 11 (3): 44–57. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1522-7138(199722)11:3<44::AID-DIR7>3.0.CO;2-X.
   Google Scholar
• Canziani, B., and S. Macsween. 2021. “Consumer Acceptance of Voice-Activated Smart Home Devices for Product Information Seeking and Online Ordering.” Computers in Human Behavior 119: 106714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106714.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, T., W. Guo, X. Gao, and Z. Liang. 2021. “AI-based Self-Service Technology in Public Service Delivery: User Experience and Influencing Factors.” Government Information Quarterly 38 (4): 101520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2020.101520.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, Q. Q., and H. J. Park. 2021. “How Anthropomorphism Affects Trust in Intelligent Personal Assistants.” Industrial Management and Data Systems 121 (12): 2722–2737. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-12-2020-0761.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cinnamon, J. 2020. “Data Inequalities and Why They Matter for Development.” Information Technology for Development 26 (2): 214–233. https://doi.org/10.1080/02681102.2019.1650244.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cronbach, L. J. 1951. “Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests.” PSYCHOMETRIKA 16 (3): 297–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02310555
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crossan, M. M., and M. Apaydin. 2010. “A Multi-Dimensional Framework of Organizational Innovation: A Systematic Review of the Literature.” Journal of Management Studies 47 (6): 1154–1191. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2009.00880.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Barcelos Silva, A., M. M. Gomes, C. A. da Costa, R. da Rosa Righi, J. L. V. Barbosa, G. Pessin, G. De Doncker, and G. Federizzi. 2020. “Intelligent Personal Assistants: A Systematic Literature Review.” Expert Systems with Applications 147: 113193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2020.113193.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Sousa, W. G., E. R. P. de Melo, P. H. D. S. Bermejo, R. A. S. Farias, and A. O. Gomes. 2019. “How and Where is Artificial Intelligence in the Public Sector Going? A Literature Review and Research Agenda.” Government Information Quarterly 36 (4): 101392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2019.07.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dikmen, M., and C. Burns. 2022. “The Effects of Domain Knowledge on Trust in Explainable AI and Task Performance: A Case of Peer-to-Peer Lending.” International Journal of Human - Computer Studies 162: 102792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2022.102792.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dziuban, C. D., and E. C. Shirkey. 1974. “When is a Correlation Matrix Appropriate for Factor Analysis? Some Decision Rules.” Psychological Bulletin 81 (6): 358–361. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0036316.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Easwara Moorthy, A., and K.-P. L. Vu. 2015. “Privacy Concerns for Use of Voice Activated Personal Assistant in the Public Space.” International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction 31 (4): 307–335. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2014.986642.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eitel-Porter, R. 2021. “Beyond the Promise: Implementing Ethical AI.” AI and Ethics 1 (1): 73–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-020-00011-6.
   Google Scholar
• Floridi, L., J. Cowls, M. Beltrametti, R. Chatila, P. Chazerand, V. Dignum, C. Luetge, et al. 2018. “AI4People—An Ethical Framework for a Good AI Society: Opportunities, Risks, Principles, and Recommendations.” Minds and Machines 28 (4): 689–707. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-018-9482-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gil, D., S. Hobson, A. Mojsilović, R. Puri, and J. R. Smith. 2020. “AI for Management: An Overview.” In The Future of Management in an AI World: Redefining Purpose and Strategy in the Fourth Industrial Revolution, edited by J. Canals, and F. Heukamp, 3–19. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20680-2.
   Google Scholar
• Gillath, O., T. Ai, M. S. Branicky, S. Keshmiri, R. B. Davison, and R. Spaulding. 2021. “Attachment and Trust in Artificial Intelligence.” Computers in Human Behavior 115: 106607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106607.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilster, P. 1997. Digital Literacy. New York: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Goldenthal, E., J. Park, S. X. Liu, H. Mieczkowski, and J. T. Hancock. 2021. “Not All AI are Equal: Exploring the Accessibility of AI-Mediated Communication Technology.” Computers in Human Behavior 125: 106975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106975.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gursoy, D., O. H. Chi, L. Lu, and R. Nunkoo. 2019. “Consumers Acceptance of Artificially Intelligent (AI) Device use in Service Delivery.” International Journal of Information Management 49: 157–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.03.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hargittai, E. 2004. “Internet Access and Use in Context.” New Media & Society 6 (1): 137–143. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444804042310.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hargittai, E., and K. Dobransky. 2017. “Old Dogs, New Clicks: Digital Inequality in Skills and Uses among Older Adults.” Canadian Journal of Communication 42 (2): 195–212. https://doi.org/10.22230/cjc.2017v42n2a3176.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hargittai, E., A. M. Piper, and M. R. Morris. 2019. “From Internet Access to Internet Skills: Digital Inequality among Older Adults.” Universal Access in the Information Society 18 (4): 881–890. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-018-0617-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hargittai, E., and G. Walejko. 2008. “The Participation Divide: Content Creation and Sharing in the Digital Age.” Information Communication and Society 11 (2): 239–256. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691180801946150.
   Google Scholar
• Heckman, J. J. 1976. “The Common Structure of Statistical Models of Truncation, Sample Selection and Limited Dependent Variables and a Simple Estimator for Such Models.” Annals of Economic and Social Measurement 5 (4): 475–492.
   Google Scholar
• Heckman, J. J. 1979. “Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error.” Econometrica 47 (1): 153–161. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912352.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Innes, J. M., and B. W. Morrison. 2021. “Artificial Intelligence and Psychology.” In The Routledge Social Science Handbook of AI, edited by A. Elliott, 30–57. London and New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Jozani, M., E. Ayaburi, M. Ko, and K. K. R. Choo. 2020. “Privacy Concerns and Benefits of Engagement with Social Media-Enabled Apps: A Privacy Calculus Perspective.” Computers in Human Behavior 107: 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106260.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang, H., and J. Oh. 2021. “Communication Privacy Management for Smart Speaker Use: Integrating the Role of Privacy Self-Efficacy and the Multidimensional View.” New Media and Society, https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211026611.
   Google Scholar
• Kankanhalli, A., Y. Charalabidis, and S. Mellouli. 2019. “IoT and AI for Smart Government: A Research Agenda.” Government Information Quarterly 36 (2): 304–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2019.02.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kautish, P., and A. Khare. 2022. “Investigating the Moderating Role of AI-Enabled Services on Flow and Awe Experience.” International Journal of Information Management 66: 102519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2022.102519.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kong, S. C., W. M.-Y. Cheung, and G. Zhang. 2021. “Evaluation of an Artificial Intelligence Literacy Course for University Students with Diverse Study Backgrounds.” Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence 2: 100026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2021.100026.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, O.-K. D., R. Ayyagari, F. Nasirian, and M. Ahmadian. 2021a. “Role of Interaction Quality and Trust in use of AI-Based Voice-Assistant Systems.” Journal of Systems and Information Technology 23 (2): 154–170. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSIT-07-2020-0132.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, K. Y., L. Sheehan, K. Lee, and Y. Chang. 2021b. “The Continuation and Recommendation Intention of Artificial Intelligence-Based Voice Assistant Systems (AIVAS): The Influence of Personal Traits.” Internet Research 31 (5): 1899–1939. https://doi.org/10.1108/INTR-06-2020-0327.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, M., D. Yin, H. Qiu, and B. Bai. 2021. “A Systematic Review of AI Technology-Based Service Encounters: Implications for Hospitality and Tourism Operations.” International Journal of Hospitality Management 95: 102930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2021.102930.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao, Z., and M. T. Cheung. 2002. “Internet-based E-Banking and Consumer Attitudes: An Empirical Study.” Information & Management 39 (4): 283–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7206(01)00097-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lutz, C. 2019. “Digital Inequalities in the Age of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data.” Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies 1 (2): 141–148. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.140.
   Google Scholar
• Mayer, R. C., J. H. Davis, and F. D. Schoorman. 1995. “An Integrative Model of Organizational Trust.” The Academy of Management Review 20 (3): 709–734. https://doi.org/10.2307/258792
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarthy, J. 2007. “From Here to Human-Level AI.” Artificial Intelligence 171 (18): 1174–1182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artint.2007.10.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mcknight, D. H., M. Carter, J. B. Thatcher, and P. F. Clay. 2011. “Trust in a Specific Technology: An Investigation of Its Components and Measures.” ACM Transactions on Management Information Systems (TMIS) 2 (2): 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1145/1985347.1985353.
   Google Scholar
• McKnight, D. H., V. Choudhury, and C. Kacmar. 2002. “The Impact of Initial Consumer Trust on Intentions to Transact with a web Site: A Trust Building Model.” Journal of Strategic Information Systems 11 (3–4): 297–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0963-8687(02)00020-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millstein, S. G., and B. L. Halpern-Felsher. 2002. “Perceptions of Risk and Vulnerability.” Journal of Adolescent Health 31 (1): 10–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1054-139X(02)00412-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milne, G. R., L. I. Labrecque, and C. Cromer. 2009. “Toward an Understanding of the Online Consumer’s Risky Behavior and Protection Practices.” Journal of Consumer Affairs 43 (3): 449–473. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6606.2009.01148.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morley, J., L. Kinsey, A. Elhalal, F. Garcia, M. Ziosi, and L. Floridi. 2023. “Operationalising AI Ethics: Barriers, Enablers and Next Steps.” AI and Society 38 (1): 411–423. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-021-01308-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng, D. T. K., J. K. L. Leung, S. K. W. Chu, and M. S. Qiao. 2021. “Conceptualizing AI Literacy: An Exploratory Review.” Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence 2: 100041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2021.100041.
   Google Scholar
• Pal, D., C. Arpnikanondt, S. Funilkul, and M. A. Razzaque. 2021. “Analyzing the Adoption and Diffusion of Voice-Enabled Smart-Home Systems: Empirical Evidence from Thailand.” Universal Access in the Information Society 20 (4): 797–815. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-020-00754-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, Y. J., S. W. Campbell, and N. Kwak. 2012. “Affect, Cognition and Reward: Predictors of Privacy Protection Online.” Computers in Human Behavior 28 (3): 1019–1027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.01.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitardi, V., and H. R. Marriott. 2021. “Alexa, She’s not Human but … Unveiling the Drivers of Consumers’ Trust in Voice-Based Artificial Intelligence.” Psychology & Marketing 38 (4): 626–642. https://doi.org/10.1002/MAR.21457.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proag, V. 2014. “The Concept of Vulnerability and Resilience.” Procedia Economics and Finance 18: 369–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(14)00952-6.
   Google Scholar
• Puhani, P. A. 2000. “The Heckman Correction for Sample Selection and Its Critique.” Journal of Economic Surveys 14 (1): 53–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6419.00104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, R. W. 1983. “Cognitive and Physiological Processes in Fear Appeals and Attitude Change: A Revised Theory of Protection Motivation.” In Social Psychophysiology: A Sourcebook, edited by J. T. Cacioppo, and R. E. Petty, 153–176. Guilford Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(83)90023-9.
   Google Scholar
• Sheehan, K. B. 2002. “Toward a Typology of Internet Users and Online Privacy Concerns.” The Information Society 18 (1): 21–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972240252818207.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin, D. 2021. “The Effects of Explainability and Causability on Perception, Trust, and Acceptance: Implications for Explainable AI.” International Journal of Human - Computer Studies 146: 102551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2020.102551.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone, E. F., H. G. Gueutal, D. G. Gardner, and S. McClure. 1983. “A Field Experiment Comparing Information-Privacy Values, Beliefs, and Attitudes Across Several Types of Organizations.” Journal of Applied Psychology 68 (3): 459–468. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.68.3.459.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taddeo, M., and L. Floridi. 2018. “How AI Can be a Force for Good: An Ethical Framework will Help to Harness the Potential of AI While Keeping Humans in Control. Science 361 (6404): 751–753. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat5991
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucker, J. W. 2010. “Selection Bias and Econometric Remedies in Accounting and Finance Research.” Journal of Accounting Literature 29: 31–57.
   Google Scholar
• van der Zeeuw, A., A. J. van Deursen, and G. Jansen. 2019. “Inequalities in the Social Use of the Internet of Things: A Capital and Skills Perspective.” New Media & Society 21 (6): 1344–1361. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818821067.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Deursen, A., and J. van Dijk. 2010a. “Internet Skills and the Digital Divide.” New Media & Society 13 (6): 893–911. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444810386774.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Deursen, A. J. A. M., and J. A. G. M. van Dijk. 2010b. “Measuring Internet Skills.” International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction 26 (10): 891–916. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2010.496338.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Deursen, A. J. A. M., and J. A. G. M. van Dijk. 2011. “Internet Skills Performance Tests: Are People Ready for eHealth?” Journal of Medical Internet Research 13 (2): e35. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.1581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Deursen, A. J. A. M., and J. A. G. M. van Dijk. 2019. “The First-Level Digital Divide Shifts from Inequalities in Physical Access to Inequalities in Material Access.” New Media & Society 21 (2): 354–375. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818797082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Dijk, J. A. G. M. 2005. The Deepening Divide: Inequality in the Information Society. Thousand Oaks, London, and New Delhi: SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• van Dijk, J. A. G. M. 2006. “Digital Divide Research, Achievements and Shortcomings.” Poetics 34 (4–5): 221–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2006.05.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vimalkumar, M., S. K. Sharma, J. B. Singh, and Y. K. Dwivedi. 2021. “‘Okay Google, What About my Privacy?’: User’s Privacy Perceptions and Acceptance of Voice Based Digital Assistants.” Computers in Human Behavior 120: 106763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106763.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie, Y., K. Chen, and X. Guo. 2020. “Online Anthropomorphism and Consumers’ Privacy Concern: Moderating Roles of Need for Interaction and Social Exclusion.” Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 55: 102119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102119.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yi, Y. 2021. “Establishing the Concept of AI Literacy: Focusing on Competence and Purpose.” European Journal of Bioethics 12 (24): 353–368. https://doi.org/10.21860/j.12.2.8.
   Google Scholar
• Youn, S. 2009. “Determinants of Online Privacy Concern and Its Influence on Privacy Protection Behaviors Among Young Adolescents.” Journal of Consumer Affairs 43 (3): 389–418. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6606.2009.01146.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, J., H. Zo, M. K. Choi, and A. P. Ciganek. 2013. “User Acceptance of Location-Based Social Networking Services: An Extended Perspective of Perceived Value.” Online Information Review 37 (5): 711–730. https://doi.org/10.1108/OIR-12-2011-0202.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, J., and F. Chen. 2022. “AI Ethics: From Principles to Practice.” AI & Society, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-022-01602-z.
   Google Scholar