REFERENCES
- Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997. (1997). P.L. 105-89 (1997). Retrieved from http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h105-867
- Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (2012). National health disparities report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from http://www.ahrq.gov/research/findings/nhqrdr/nhdr12/nhdr12_prov.pdf
- Allen, S.M., & Hawkins, A.J. (1999). Maternal gatekeeping: Mothers’ beliefs and behaviors that inhibit greater father involvement in family work. Journal of Marriage and Family, 61, 199–212.
- Anderson, E.R., Greene, S.M., Hetherington, E.M., & Clingempeel, W.G. (1999). The dynamics of parental remarriage: Adolescent, parent, and sibling influences. In E.M. Hetherington (Ed.), Coping with divorce, single parenting, and remarriage: A risk and resiliency perspective (pp. 295–319). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Behnke, A.O., Taylor, B.A., & Parra-Cardona, J.R. (2008). “I hardly understand English, but…”: Mexican origin fathers describe their commitment. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 39(2), 187–205.
- Bellamy, J.L. (2009). A national study of male involvement among families in contact with the child welfare system. Child Maltreatment, 14(3), 255–262.
- Bowen, M. (1978). Family therapy in clinical practice. New York, NY: Jason Aronson.
- Brown, L., Callahan, M., Strega, S., Walmsley, C., & Dominelli, L. (2009). Manufacturing ghost fathers: The paradox of father presence and absence in child welfare. Child & Family Social Work, 14, 25–34. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2206.2008.00578.x.
- Cabrera, N.J., Fitzgerald, H.E., Bradley, R.H., & Roggman, L. (2007). Modeling the dynamics of paternal influences on children over the life course. Applied Developmental Science, 11(4), 184–188.
- Cabrera, N.J., Shannon, J.D., & Tamis-LeMonda, C. (2007). Fathers’ influence on their children's cognitive and emotional development. Applied Developmental Science, 11, 208–213.
- Carlson, M.J., McLanahan, S.S., Brooks-Gunn, J. (2008). Coparenting and nonresident fathers’ involvement with young children after a nonmarital birth. Demography, 45, 461–488.
- Carson, E.A., Sabol, W.J., & U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics. (2012). Prisoners in 2011. NCJ 239808. Retrieved from http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/ascii/p11.txt
- CDC. (2009). Parent training programs: Insight for practitioners. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
- CDC. (2013). CDC health disparities and inequalities. Report. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. . Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/minorityhealth/populations/REMP/black.html
- Child Stats.gov. (2011). America's children: Key national indicators of well-being, 2011. Retrieved from http://www.childstats.gov/americaschildren/famsoc4.asp
- Coakley, T.M. (2008). Examining African American fathers’ involvement in permanency planning: An effort to reduce racial disproportionality in the child welfare system. Children and Youth Services Review, 30(4), 407–417.
- Coakley, T.M. (2013a). The influence of father involvement on child welfare permanency outcomes: A secondary data analysis. Children and Youth Services Review, 35(1) 174–182.
- Coakley, T.M. (2013b). A qualitative appraisal of fathers’ perspectives on fatherhood and barriers to their child welfare involvement. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment. 23(5), 627–639. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2013.775935
- Coley, R.L., & Morris, J.E. (2002). Comparing father and mother reports of father involvement among low-income minority families. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64(4), 982–997.
- Cowan, P.A., Cowan, C.P., Pruett, M.K., Pruett, K.D., & Wong, J. (2009). Promoting fathers’ engagement with children: Preventive interventions for low-income families. Journal of Marriage and Family Therapy, 71, 663–679.
- Cryer, Q., & Washington, T. (2011). African American children in informal kinship care: Exploring the impact of father involvement on child well-being. Unpublished manuscript.
- Darlington, Y., Feeney, J.A., & Rixon, K. (2005). Interagency collaboration between child protection and mental health services: Practices, attitudes and barriers. Child Abuse and Neglect: The International Journal, 29(10), 1085–1098.
- DeNavas-Walt, C., Proctor, B.D., Smith, J.C., & U. S. Census Bureau. (2013). Current population reports, P60–245, Income, poverty, and health insurance coverage in the United States: 2010. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/p60-245.pdf
- DePanfillis, D. (2006). Chapter 4. Risks and protective factors. In Child neglect: A guide for prevention, assessment and intervention. Washington, DC: Office on Child Abuse and Neglect, Children's Bureau. Retrieved from http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/usermanuals/neglect/chapterfour.cfm
- Earner, I. (2007). Immigrant families and public child welfare: Barriers to services and approaches for change. Child Welfare 86, 63–91.
- Fagan, J., & Barnett, M. (2003). The relationship between maternal gatekeeping, paternal competence, mothers’ attitudes about the father role, and father involvement. Journal of Family Issues, 24(8), 1020–1043. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/222047118?accountid=14604
- Fagan, J., & Palkovitz, R. (2011). Coparenting and relationship quality effects on father engagement: Variations by residence, romance. Journal of Marriage and Family, 73(3), 637–653. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/873637605?accountid=14604
- Fatherhood.org. (2013). National Fatherhood Initiative. Retrieved from http://www.fatherhood.org
- Feinberg, M.E. (2002). Coparenting and the transition to parenthood: A framework for prevention. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 5, 173–195.
- Fiorentine R., Anglin M.D., Gil-Rivas, V., & Taylor, E. (1997). Drug treatment: explaining the gender paradox. Substance Use Misuse, 32, 653–678.
- Flouri, E. (2005). Fathering and child outcomes. West Sussex, England: Wiley & Sons.
- Fostering Connections to Success and Increasing Adoptions Act of 2008. P.L. 110-351. (2008). Retrieved from https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/110/hr6893/text
- Fuller-Thomson, E., Minkler, M., & Driver, D. (1997). A profile of grandparents raising grandchildren in the United States. The Gerontologist, 37(3), 406–411.
- Gable, S., Crnic, K., & Belsky, J. (1994). Coparenting within the family system: Influences on children's development. Family Relations, 43(4), 380–386.
- Gordon, D.M., Oliveros, A., Hawes, S.W., Iwamoto, D.K., & Rayford, B.S. (2012). Engaging fathers in child protection services: A review of factors and strategies across ecological systems. Children and Youth Services Review 34(8), 1399–1417. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.03.021
- Hawkins, D.N., Amato, P.R., & King, V. (2007). Nonresident father involvement and adolescent well-being: Father effects or child effects? American Sociological Review 72(6), 990–1010. Retrieved from https://libproxy.uncg.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com.libproxy.uncg.edu/docview/218826447?accountid=14604
- Hosman, C., van Doesum, K., & van Santvoort, F. (2009). Prevention of emotional problems and psychiatric risks in children of parents with a mental illness in the Netherlands: I- the scientific basis to a comprehensive approach [online]. Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health, 8(3), 264–276. Retrieved from http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=268073539105744;res=IELHEA
- Humes, K.R., Jones, N.A., & Ramirez, R.R. (2011, March). Overview of race and Hispanic origin: 2010. 2010 Census Briefs. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau. . Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-02.pdf
- Huntsman, L. (2008). Parents with mental health issues: Consequences for children and effectiveness of interventions designed to assist children and their families. Ashfield, NSW, Australia: NSW Department of Community Services. Retrieved from http://www.community.nsw.gov.au/docswr/_assets/main/documents/research_parental_mentalhealth.pdf
- Jaffee, S.R., Caspit, A., Moffitt, T.E., Taylor, A., & Dickson, N. (2001). Predicting early fatherhood and whether young fathers live with their children: Prospective findings and policy considerations. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42, 803–815.
- Kaplan, K., Kottsieper, P., Scott, J., Salzer, M., & Solomon, P. (2009). Adoption and Safe Families Act state statutes regarding parents with mental illnesses: A review and targeted intervention. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 33(2), 91–94.
- King, V., & Heard, H. E. (1999). Nonresident father visitation, parental conflict, and mother's satisfaction: What's best for child well-being? Journal of Marriage & Family, 61(2), 385–396.
- Lamb, M.E. (2010). The role of the father in child development (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley & Sons.
- Leavell, A.S., Tamis-LeMonda, C.S., Ruble, D.N., Zosuls, K.M., & Cabrera, N.J. (2012). African American, white and Latino fathers’ activities with their sons and daughters in early childhood. Sex Roles, 66, 53–65.
- Magnuson K.A. (2006, February). Child support demonstration evaluation report: Explaining the patterns of child support among unmarried low-income noncustodial fathers in Chicago, Milwaukee, and New York. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin–Madison Institute for Research on Poverty.
- Malm, K. (2003). Getting noncustodial dads involved in the lives of foster children. Caring for children: Facts and Perspectives Brief, 3. Retrieved from http://fatherhoodqic.org/research%20on%20non%20resident%20fathers.shtml
- Malm, K., Murray J., & Geen R. (2006). What about the dads?Child welfare agencies’ efforts to identify, locate and involve nonresident fathers. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation.
- Malm, K., Zielewski, E., & Chen, H. (2008). More about the dads: Exploring associations between nonresident father involvement and child welfare case outcomes. Final report for the assistant secretary for planning and evaluation. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families. Retrieved from http://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/08/moreaboutdads/index.htm
- McLanahan, S., & Beck, A.N. (2010). Parental relationships in fragile families. The Future of Children, 2(20), 1–22. Retrieved from http://ehis.ebscohost.com.lib-proxy.uncg.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&hid=3&sid=818eba39-ff02-452c-a30b-4238062f8dd7%40sessionmgr14
- NCDHHS. (2009). North Carolina online manuals. Retrieved October 5, 2011 from http://info.dhhs.state.nc.us/olm/manuals/dss/csm-10/man/CSs1201c1-02.htm#P20_269
- Nelson, T.J. (2004). Low-income fathers. Annual Review of Sociology, 30(03600572), 427–451. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/199610211?accountid=14604
- Nelson-Zlupko, L., Kauffman, E., & Dore, M.M. (1995). Gender differences in drug addiction and treatment: Implications for social work intervention with substance-abusing women. Social Work, 40(1), 45–54. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/215266882?accountid=14604
- Nepomnyaschy, L., & Garfinkel, I. (2010). Child support enforcement and fathers’ contributions to their nonmarital children. Social Service Review, 84(3): 341–380.
- Nock, S.L., & Einolf, C.J. (2008). The costs of father absence. National Fatherhood Initiative Report. The 100 billion dollar man. Retrieved September 22, 2011 from http://www.fatherhood.org/policymakers/fatherhood-and-public-policy
- O’Donnell, J.M. (1999). Involvement of African American fathers in kinship foster care services. Social Work, 44(5), 428–441.
- O’Donnell, J.M. (2001). Paternal involvement in kinship care services in one-father and multiple-father families. Child Welfare, 80(4), 453–479.
- O’Donnell, J.M., Johnson, W.E., D’Aunno, L.E., Thornton, H.L. (2005). Fathers in child welfare: Caseworkers’ perspectives. Child Welfare, 84(3), 387–414.
- Palkovitz, R. (2002). Involved fathering and child development: Advancing our understanding of good fathering. In C.S. Tamis-LeMonda & N. Cabrera (Eds.), Handbook of father involvement: Multidisciplinary perspectives (pp. 119–140). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Pelissier, B. (2004). Gender differences in substance use treatment entry and retention among prisoners with substance use histories. American Journal of Public Health, 94(8), 1418–1424. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/215096881?accountid=14604
- Pruett, K. (2000). Father-need. New York, NY: Broadway Books.
- Putnam-Hornstein, E., Wood, J.N., Fluke, J., Yoshioka-Maxwell, A., & Berger, R.P. (2013). Preventing severe and fatal child maltreatment: Making the case for the expanded use and integration of data. Child Welfare, 92(2), 59–75. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1464748203?accountid=14604
- Risley-Curtiss, C., Stromwall, L.K., Hunt, D.T., & Teska, J. (2004). Alliance for children and families. Families in Society, 85(1), 107–118.
- Rockhill, A., Green, B.L., & Newton-Curtis, L. (2008). Accessing substance abuse treatment: Issues for parents involved with child welfare services. Child Welfare, 87(3), 63–93. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/213807558?accountid=14604
- Rosenberg, J., & Wilcox, W.B. (2006). The importance of fathers in the healthy development of children. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Child Abuse and Neglect. Retrieved from http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/usermanuals/fatherhood/chaptertwo.cfm
- Ryan, J., Marsh, J.P., Testa, M.F., & Louderman, R. (2006). Integrating substance abuse treatment and child welfare services: Findings from the Illinois Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse Waiver Demonstration. Social Work Research, 30(2), 95–107.
- Sano, Y., Richards, L.N., & Zvonkovic, A.M. (2008). Are mothers really “gatekeepers” of children? Rural mothers’ perceptions of nonresident fathers’ involvement in low-income families. Journal of Family Issues, 29(12), 1701–1723. Retrieved from http://jfi.sagepub.com
- Secret, M. (2012). Incarcerated fathers: Exploring the dimensions and prevalence of parenting capacity of non-violent offenders. Fathering. 10(2), 159–177. doi:10.3149/fth.1002.159
- Sheeber, L., Hops, H., Andrews, J., Alpert, T., & Davis, B. (1998). Interactional processes in families with depressed and non-depressed adolescents: Reinforcement of depressive behavior. Behavior and Research Therapy, 36, 417–427.
- Smith, M. (2004). Parental mental health: Disruptions to parenting and outcomes for children. Child and Family Social Work, 9(1), 3–11.
- The Annie E. Casey Foundation. (2011). KIDS COUNT Data Center. Retrieved from datacenter.kidscount.org
- U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Statistics. (2010). Status and trends in the education of racial and ethnic minorities. Retrieved from http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2010/2010015/indicator7_27.asp
- Waller, M.R., & Swisher, R. (2006). Fathers risk factors in fragile families: Implications for “healthy” relationships and father involvement. Social Problems, 53(3), 392–392. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/216934677?accountid=14604
- Wilson, M., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2001). Health status and behaviors of unwed fathers. Children and Youth Services Review, 23, 377–401.
- Woodward, A.T., Taylor, R.J., & Chatters, L.M. (2011). Use of professional and informal support by Black men with mental disorders. Research on Social Work Practice, 21(3), 328–336.
- Zankowski, G.L. (1987). Responsive programming: Meeting the needs of chemically dependent women. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 4(4), 53–65.