Reengaging Youth with Prolonged Social Withdrawal Behaviours in Hong Kong: Efficacy of an Intervention Programme Involving Human and Non-human Partners

References

• Barad, K. (2012). On touching—The inhuman that therefore I am. Differences, 23(3), 206–223. https://doi.org/10.1215/10407391-1892943
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, G. H. Y., & Lo, T. W. (2014a). Hidden youth services: What Hong Kong can learn from Japan. Children and Youth Services Review, 42, 118–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.03.021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, G. H. Y., & Lo, T. W. (2014b). Quality of life of the hidden youth in Hong Kong. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 9(4), 951–969. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-013-9279-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, G. H. Y., & Lo, T. W. (2014c). Do friendship and intimacy in virtual communications exist? An investigation of online friendship and intimacy in the context of hidden youth in Hong Kong. Revista de Cercetare si Interventie Sociala, 47(1), 117–136.
   Google Scholar
• Chan, G. H. Y., & Lo, T. W. (2016). Family relationships and the self-esteem of hidden youth: A power dynamics perspective. Journal of Family Issues, 37(9), 1244–1266. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X14537479
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coe, J. B., Adams, C. L., & Bonnett, B. N. (2009). Prevalence and nature of cost discussions during clinical appointments in companion animal practice. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 234(11), 1418–1424. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.234.11.1418
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruz, J., Goff, M. H., & Marsh, J. P. (2020). Building the mentoring relationship: Humanism and the importance of storytelling between mentor and mentee. Mentoring & Tutoring: Partnership in Learning, 28(2), 104–125. https://doi.org/10.1080/13611267.2020.1749344
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniels, J., D’Andrea, M., & Gaughen, K. J. S. (1998). Testing the validity and reliability of the Perceived Employability Scale (PES) among a culturally diverse population. Journal of Employment Counseling, 35(3), 114–123. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1920.1998.tb00993.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimolareva, M., & Dunn, T. J. (2021). Animal-assisted interventions for school-aged children with autism spectrum disorder: A meta-analysis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51(7), 2436–2414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04715-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayakawa, K., Kato, T. A., Watabe, M., Teo, A. R., Horikawa, H., Kuwano, N., Shimokawa, N., Sato-Kasai, M., Kubo, H., Ohgidani, M., Sagata, N., Toda, H., Tateno, M., Shinfuku, N., Kishimoto, J., & Kanba, S. (2018). Blood biomarkers of Hikikomori, a severe social withdrawal syndrome. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 2884. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-21260-w
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kato, T. A., Kanba, S., & Teo, A. R. (2018). Hikikomori: Experience in Japan and international relevance. World Psychiatry, 17(1), 105–106. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20497
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koyama, A., Miyake, Y., Kawakami, N., Tsuchiya, M., Tachimori, H., Takeshima, T., World Mental Health, J., & Survey, G. (2010). Lifetime prevalence, psychiatric comorbidity and demographic correlates of “Hikikomori” in a community population in Japan. Psychiatry Research, 176(1), 69–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2008.10.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krieg, A., & Dickie, J. R. (2013). Attachment and Hikikomori: A psychosocial developmental model. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 59(1), 61–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764011423182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruger, K. A., & Serpell, J. A. (2010). Animal-assisted interventions in mental health: Definitions and theoretical foundations. In Handbook on animal-assisted therapy (pp. 33–48). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-381453-1.10003-0
   Google Scholar
• Lee, Y. S., Lee, J. Y., Choi, T. Y., & Choi, J. T. (2013). Home visitation programme for detecting, evaluating and treating socially withdrawn youth in Korea. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 67(4), 193–202. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, T. M. H., & Wong, P. W. C. (2015a). Youth social withdrawal behavior (Hikikomori): A systematic review of qualitative and quantitative studies. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 49(7), 595–609. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867415581179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, T. M. H., & Wong, P. W. C. (2015b). Editorial perspective: Pathological social withdrawal during adolescence: a culture-specific or a global phenomenon? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 56(10), 1039–1041. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12440
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matuszek, S. (2010). Animal-facilitated therapy in various patient populations: Systematic literature review. Holistic Nursing Practice, 24(4), 187–203. https://doi.org/10.1097/HNP.0b013e3181e90197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nimer, J., & Lundahl, B. (2007). Animal-assisted therapy: A meta-analysis. Anthrozoös, 20(3), 225–238. https://doi.org/10.2752/089279307X224773
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishida, M., Kikuchi, S., Fukuda, K., & Kato, S. (2016). Jogging therapy for Hikikomori social withdrawal and increased cerebral hemodynamics: A case report. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health, 12, 38–42. https://doi.org/10.2174/1745017901612010038
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perry, D., Rubinstein, D., & Austin, J. (2012). Animal-assisted group therapy in mental health settings: An initial model. Alternative and Complementary Therapies, 18(4), 181–185. https://doi.org/10.1089/act.2012.18403
   Google Scholar
• Pozza, A., Coluccia, A., Kato, T., Gaetani, M., & Ferretti, F. (2019). The ‘Hikikomori’ syndrome: worldwide prevalence and co-occurring major psychiatric disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis protocol. BMJ Open, 9(9), e025213. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, J. R., Shaver, P. R., & Wrightsman, L. S. (1991). Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes. Academic Press Limited.
   Google Scholar
• Rooksby, M., Furuhashi, T., & McLeod, H. J. (2020). Hikikomori: a hidden mental health need following the COVID-19 pandemic. World Psychiatry, 19(3), 399–400. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20804
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg, M. (1962). The association between self-esteem and anxiety. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 1(2), 135–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(62)90004-3
   Google Scholar
• Saito, T., & Angles, J. (2013). Hikikomori: Adolescence without end. University of Minnesota Press.
   Google Scholar
• Simonato, M., De Santis, M., Contalbrigo, L., De Mori, B., Ravarotto, L., & Farina, L. (2020). The three Rs as a framework for considering the ethics of animal assisted interventions. Society & Animals, 28(4), 395–325. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685306-00001767
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su, X., Li, T. M., & Wong, P. W. (2021). Expanding sources of recognition: Towards an experience-driven framework for reengaging Hikikomori and semi-Hikikomori. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-021-00795-4
   Google Scholar
• Su, X., & Wong, V. (2022). Enhancing the career capabilities of NEET youth in Hong Kong: an experience-driven framework. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10775-022-09531-5
   Google Scholar
• Su, X., Wong, V., & To, S. M. (2020a). Factor structure of the Chinese Career Adapt-Abilities Scale in youth with a longer spell of status of not in education, employment, or training. Child & Youth Services, 42(3), 250–218. https://doi.org/10.1080/0145935X.2020.1768843
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su, X., Wong, V., & To, S. M. (2020b). Amotivation, career engagement, and the moderating role of career adaptability of youth not in education, employment, or training. Asia Pacific Career Development Journal, 3(2), 1–18. https://asiapacificcda.org/resources/APCDJ/A0003_2_01.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Tateno, M., Teo, A. R., Ukai, W., Kanazawa, J., Katsuki, R., Kubo, H., & Kato, T. A. (2019). Internet addiction, smartphone addiction, and Hikikomori trait in Japanese young adult: Social isolation and social network. Frontier in Psychiatry, 10, 455. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00455
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teo, A. R., & Gaw, A. C. (2010). Hikikomori, a Japanese culturebound syndrome of social withdrawal?: A proposal for DSM-5. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 198(6), 444–449. http://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181e086b1
   Google Scholar
• Teo, A. R., Nelson, S., Strange, W., Kubo, H., Katsuki, R., Kurahara, K., Kanba, S., & Kato, T. A. (2020). Social withdrawal in major depressive disorder: a case-control study of Hikikomori in Japan. Journal of Affective Disorders, 274, 1142–1146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toivonen, T., Norasakkunkit, V., & Uchida, Y. (2011). Unable to conform, unwilling to rebel? Youth, culture, and motivation in globalising Japan. Frontier in Psychology, 2, 207. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wong, P. W. C. (2020). Potential changes to the Hikikimori phenomenon in the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 54, 102288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, V. (2009). Youth locked in time and space? Defining features of social withdrawal and practice implications. Journal of Social Work Practice, 23(3), 337–352. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650530903102692
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, V. (2012). Social withdrawal as invisible youth disengagement: Government inaction and NGO responses in Hong Kong. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 32(7/8), 415–430. https://doi.org/10.1108/01443331211249057
   Google Scholar
• Wong, V. (2014). Social work with youth in social withdrawal: In home and beyond-home intervention modalities. China Journal of Social Work, 7(2), 161–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/17525098.2014.921211
   Google Scholar
• Wong, P. W. C., Li, T. M. H., Chan, M., Law, Y. W., Chau, M., Cheng, C., Fu, K. W., Bacon-Shone, J., & Yip, P. S. F. (2015). The prevalence and correlates of severe social withdrawal (Hikikomori) in Hong Kong: A cross-sectional telephone-based survey study. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 61(4), 330–342. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764014543711
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, J. C. M., Wan, M. J. S., Kroneman, L., Kato, T. A., Lo, T. W., Wong, P. W., & Chan, G. H. (2019). Hikikomori phenomenon in East Asia: Regional perspectives, challenges, and opportunities for social health agencies. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 512. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00512
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, P. W. C., Yu, R. W. M., Li, T. M. H., Lai, S. L. H., Ng, H. Y. H., & Fan, W. T. W. (2019). Efficacy of a multicomponent intervention with animal-assisted therapy for socially withdrawn youth in Hong Kong. Society & Animals, 27(5–6), 614–627. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341462
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, A. F., Catmur, C., Wong, P. W., & Lau, J. Y. (2020). The presence, characteristics and correlates of pathological social withdrawal in Taiwan: An online survey. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(1), 84–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764019882724
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuen, J. W. M., Yan, Y. K. Y., Wong, V. C. W., Tam, W. W. S., So, K. W., & Chien, W. T. (2018). A physical health profile of youths living with a “Hikikomori” lifestyle. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(2), 315. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15020315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar