Baksbat (Broken Courage): A Trauma-Based Cultural Syndrome in Cambodia

REFERENCES

• Brand , S. R. , S. M. Englel , R. L. Canfield , and R. Yehuda 2006 The effect of maternal PTSD following in utero trauma exposure on behavior and temperament in the nine-month-old infant . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1071 : 454 – 458 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broekman , B. F. P. , M. Olff , and F. Boer 2007 The Genetic background to PTSD . Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 31 ( 3 ): 348 – 362 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corfield , J. 2009 The History of Cambodia . Santa Barbara , CA : Greenwood Press .
   Google Scholar
• Davidson , A. C. and D. J. Meller 2001 The adjustment of children of Australian Veterans: Is there evidence for the transgenerational transmission of the effects of war-related trauma? Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 35 ( 3 ): 345 – 351 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Jong , J. , I. Komproe , and M. van Ommeren 2003 Common mental disorders in postconflict settings . The Lancet 361 : 2128 – 2130 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Jong , T. V. M. J. and R. Reis 2010 Kiyang-yang, a West-African post-war idiom of distress . Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 34 : 301 – 321 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebihara , M. , C. Mortland , and J. Ledgerwood 1994 Cambodian Culture Since 1975 . New York : Cornell University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Eisenbruch, M. ———. 2000 Cambodian concepts of perinatal mental disorder: Relevance to understanding western approaches to perinatal mental health . In Anthropological Medicine: Crossing Bridges . V. Skultans and J. Cox , eds. Pp. 303 . London : Jessica Kingsley Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Elsass , P. 2001 Individual and collective traumatic memories: A qualitative study of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in two Latin American Localities . Transcultural Psychiatry 38 ( 3 ): 306 – 316 .
   Google Scholar
• Glazer , M. , R. D. Baer , S. C. Weller , J. E. Garcia de Alba , and S. W. Stephen 2004 Susto and soul loss in Mexicans and Mexican American . Cross-Cultural Research 38 ( 3 ): 270 – 288 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huffman , F. E. and P. Im 1977 Cambodian-English Glossary . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hinton , D. E. , A. L. Hinton , V. Pich , J. R. Loeum , and M. H. Pollack 2009 Nightmares among Cambodian refugees: The breaching of concentric ontological security. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 33:219–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinton , D. E. , S. Hinton , K. Um , A. Chea , and S. Sak 2002 The Khmer ‘weak heart’ syndrome: Fear of death from palpitations . Transcultural Psychiatry 39 ( 3 ): 323 – 344 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hinton , D. E. and R. Lewis-Fernández 2010 Idioms of distress among trauma survivors: Subtypes and clinical utility . Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 34 : 209 – 218 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinton , D. E. , V. Pich , D. Chhean , and M. H. Pollack 2005 The ghost pushes you down: Sleep paralysis-type panic attacks in a Khmer refugee population . Transcultural Psychiatry 42 ( 1 ): 46 – 77 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hinton D. E. , V. Pich , L. Marques , A. Nickerson , and M. H. Pollack 2010 Khyal attacks: A key idiom of distress among traumatized Cambodian refugees . Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 34 : 244 – 278 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinton , D. E. , K. Un , and P. Ba 2001 Khyal goeu (wind overload) Part I: A cultural syndrome of orthostatic panic among Khmer Refugees . Transcultural Psychiatry 38 ( 4 ): 403 – 432 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hollan , D. 2004 Self Systems, cultural idioms of distress, and the psycho-bodily consequences of childhood suffering . Transcultural Psychiatry 41 ( 1 ): 62 – 79 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hubbard , J. 2007 Using brief ethnographic interviewing as a method for understanding an issue, problem or idea from a local perspective . Minneapolis , MN : Center for Victims of Tortures .
   Google Scholar
• Huot , L. and P. LeVine 2000 A qualitative Investigation into “Dynamic Suffering” Within a Cambodian Community in Australia: Unravelling Bak Sbat (Demoralization) . Melbourne : Department of Psychiatry, Psychology and Psychological Medicine, Monash University .
   Google Scholar
• Kong , B. 2003 Poems on Khmer Illnesses . Phnom Penh : Chorpoanraingsey Bookstore .
   Google Scholar
• LeVine , P. 2010 Love and dread in Cambodia: Weddings, Births, and Ritual Harm under the Khmer Rouge . Singapore : NUS Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ly , S. 2006 Method of Calling the Soul in a Traditional Khmer Way . Phnom Penh : Meng Hao Printing House .
   Google Scholar
• Nath , C. 1967 Dictionnaire Cambodgien. Volume I & II . Phnom Penh : Étude de L'Institute Bouddhistique .
   Google Scholar
• Nichter , M. 2010 Idioms of distress revisited . Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 34 : 401 – 416 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohr , R. 2004 Adam's Return: The Five Promises of Male Initiation . Chestnut Ridge , NY : The Crossroad Publishing Company .
   Google Scholar
• Sath , S. M. and W. Chhit 2001 Lemon Khmer—English Dictionary . Phnom Penh : Lemon Group .
   Google Scholar
• Sos , K. , L. H. Kheang , and M. E. Erham 1975 Contemporary Cambodian Glossary . New York : Hypocrene Book .
   Google Scholar
• Strauss , A. and J. Corbin 1998 Basics of Qualitative Research . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Teddlie , C. and F. Yu 2007 Mixed methods sampling: A typology with examples . Journal of Mixed Methods Research 1 : 77 – 100 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson , A. 1996 A calling of the souls: A study of Khmer ritual hau bralin. Centre for Southeast Asian Studies . Clayton , Vic : Monash University .
   Google Scholar
• ———. 2005 Calling the Souls: Cambodian Ritual Text . Phnom Penh : Reyum Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Wikan , U. 1989 Illness from fright or soul loss: A north Balinese culture-bound syndrome? Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 13 : 25 – 50 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yathai , P. 1987 Stay Alive My Son . New York : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Yehuda , R. , L. M. Bierer , J. Schmeidler , and D. H. Aferiat 2000 Low cortisol and risk for PTSD in adult offspring's of Holocaust survivors . American Journal of Psychiatry 157 ( 8 ): 1252 – 1259 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yehuda , R. , J. Schmeidler , E. L. Giller , L. J. Siever , and K. Binder-Brynes 1998 Relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder characteristics of Holocaust survivors and their adult offspring . American Journal of Psychiatry 155 ( 6 ): 841 – 843 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar