Grandfathers, Google, and Dreams: Medical Pluralism, Globalization, and New Healing Encounters in Ghana

REFERENCES

• Barimah , K. and E. Van Teijlingen 2008 The use of traditional medicine by Ghanaians in Canada . BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 8 : 30 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryman , A. 2012 Social Research Methods. , 4th edition . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Charmaz , K. 2006 Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide to Qualitative Analysis . London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Clifford , J. 1986 Introduction: Partial truths . In Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography . J. Clifford and G. Marcus , eds. Pp. 1 – 26 . Berkeley , CA : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dixon , A. 2008 Regulating Complementary Medical Practitioners: Case Studies . http://kingsfund.koha-ptfs.eu/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=39675.
   Google Scholar
• Etkin , N. L. , P. J. Ross , and I. Muazzamu 1990 The indigenization of pharmaceuticals: Therapeutic transitions in rural Hausaland . Social Science & Medicine 30 ( 8 ): 919 – 928 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feierman , E. K. 1981 Alternative medical services in rural Tanzania: A physician's view . Social Science & Medicine 15B ( 3 ): 399 – 404 .
   Google Scholar
• Fox , K. 2011 Africa's mobile economic revolution . The Observer , July 24. http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/jul/24/mobile-phones-africa-microfinance-farming.
   Google Scholar
• Gessler , M. C. , D. E. Msuya , M. H. H. Nkunya , A. Schär , M. Henrich , and M. Tanner 1995 Traditional healers in Tanzania: Sociocultural profile and three short portraits . Journal of Ethnopharmacology 48 ( 3 ): 145 – 160 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GhanaWeb 2011 Mobile phone penetration in Ghana now 80.5 per cent. GhanaWeb , October 21. http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=222098.
   Google Scholar
• Glaser , B. and A. Strauss 1967 The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research . Chicago : Aldine .
   Google Scholar
• Green , E. C. 1988 Can collaborative programs between biomedical and African indigenous health practitioners succeed? Social Science & Medicine 27 ( 11 ): 1125 – 1130 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hampshire , K. R. , G. Porter , S. A. Owusu , A. Tanle , and A. Abane 2011 Out of the reach of children? Young people's health-seeking agency in Africa's newly-emerging therapeutic landscapes. Social Science & Medicine 73 ( 5 ): 702 – 710 .
   Google Scholar
• Helman , C. G. 2007 Culture, Health and Illness. , 5th edition . London : Arnold .
   Google Scholar
• Hsu , E. 2002 “The medicine from China has rapid effects”: Chinese medicine patients in Tanzania . Anthropology & Medicine 9 ( 3 ): 291 – 313 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Janes , C. R. 1995 The transformations of Tibetan Medicine . Medical Anthropology Quarterly 9 ( 1 ): 6 – 39 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan , S. 2006 Systems of medicine and nationalist discourse in India: Towards “new horizons” in medical anthropology and history . Social Science & Medicine 62 ( 11 ): 2786 – 2797 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krause , K. 2008 Transnational therapy networks among Ghanaians in London . Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 34 ( 2 ): 235 – 251 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert , H. 2012 Medical pluralism and medical marginality: Bone doctors and the selective legitimation of therapeutic expertise in India . Social Science & Medicine 74 ( 7 ): 1029 – 1036 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landy , D. 1974 Role adaptation: Traditional curers under the impact of Western medicine . American Ethnologist 1 ( 1 ): 103 – 127 .
   Google Scholar
• Langwick , S. 2008 Articulate(d) bodies: Traditional medicine in a Tanzanian Hospital . American Ethnologist 35 ( 3 ): 428 – 439 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ——— . 2010 From non-aligned medicines to market-based herbals: China's relationship to the shifting politics of traditional medicine in Tanzania . Medical Anthropology 29 ( 1 ): 15 – 43 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Last , M. 1981 The importance of knowing about not knowing . Social Science & Medicine 15B ( 3 ): 387 – 392 .
   Google Scholar
• ——— . 1986 Introduction: The professionalization of African medicine: Ambiguities and definitions . In The Professionalisation of African Medicine . M. Last and G. L. Chavunduka , eds. Pp. 1 – 19 . Manchester , UK : Manchester University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lassiter , L. 2005 The Chicago Guide to Collaborative Ethnography . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lock , M. 1990 Rationalization of Japanese herbal medicine: The hegemony of orchestrated pluralism . Human Organization 49 ( 1 ): 41 – 47 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manuh , T. 1998 Ghanaians, Ghanaian Canadians, and Asantes: Citizenship and Identity Among Migrants in Toronto . Africa Today 45 ( 3–4 ): 481 – 494 .
   Google Scholar
• Marsland , R. 2007 The modern traditional healer: Locating “hybridity” in modern traditional medicine, Southern Tanzania . Journal of Southern African Studies 33 ( 4 ): 751 – 765 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCaskie , T. C. 2008 Akwantemfi—“In mid-journey”: An Asante shrine today and its clients. Journal of Religion in Africa 38(1):57–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMillen , H. 2004 The adapting healer: Pioneering through shifting epidemiological and sociocultural landscapes . Social Science & Medicine 59 ( 5 ): 889 – 902 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer , B. 1998 “Make a complete break with the past”: Memory and post-colonial modernity in Ghanaian Pentacostalist Discourse . Journal of Religion in Africa 28 ( 3 ): 316 – 349 .
   Google Scholar
• Nwagwu , W. E. 2007 The Internet as a source of reproductive health information among adolescent girls in an urban city in Nigeria . BMC Public Health 7 : 354 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oppong , A. C. K. 1989 Healers in transition . Social Science & Medicine 28 ( 6 ): 605 – 612 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkin , D. 1995 Latticed knowledge: Eradication and dispersal of the unpalatable in Islam, medicine and anthropological theory . In Counterworks: Maintaining the Diversity of Knowledge . R. Fardon , ed. Pp. 143 – 163 . London , New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Pool , R. 1994 Dialogue and the Interpretation of Illness . Oxford Providence , RI : Berg .
   Google Scholar
• Reyes-Garcia , V. 2011 The relevance of traditional knowledge systems for ethnopharmacological research: Theoretical and methodological contributions . Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 6 : 32 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riach , K. 2009 Exploring participant-centred reflexivity in the research interview . Sociology 43 ( 2 ): 356 – 370 .
   Google Scholar
• Robertson , R. 1995 Glocalization—Time–space and homogeneity–heterogeneity . In Global Modernities . M. Featherstone , S. Lash , and R. Robertson , eds. Pp. 25 – 44 . London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Strauss , A. L. and J. M. Corbin 1990 Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. , 2nd ed . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Tabi , M. M. , M. Powell , and D. Hodnicki 2006 Use of traditional healers and modern medicine in Ghana . International Nursing Review 53 ( 1 ): 52 – 58 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas , F. 2010 Transnational health and treatment networks: Meaning, value and place in health seeking amongst southern African migrants in London . Health and Place 16 ( 3 ): 606 – 612 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsey , K. 1997 Traditional medicine in contemporary Ghana: A public policy analysis . Social Science & Medicine 45 ( 7 ): 1065 – 1074 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twumasi , P. A. 1979 A social history of the Ghanaian pluralistic medical system . Social Science & Medicine 13B ( 4 ): 349 – 356 .
   Google Scholar
• Twumasi , P. A. and D. M. Warren 1986 The professionalization of indigenous medicine: A comparative study of Ghana and Zambia . In The Professionalisation of African Medicine . M. Last and G. L. Chavunduka , eds. Pp. 117 – 135 . Manchester , UK : Manchester University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wahlberg , A. 2008 Pathways to plausibility: When herbs become pills . Biosocieties 3 ( 1 ): 37 – 56 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization 2001 Legal Status of Traditional Medicine and Complementary/Alternative Medicine: A Worldwide Review . http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2001/WHO_EDM_TRM_2001.2.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• ——— . 2005 WHO Global Atlas of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine . Kobe , Japan : Author .
   Google Scholar
• We wish to acknowledge the substantial contribution that the four healers (Dr. Sahara, Dr. Sammy, Dr. Nsemka, and Dr. Andoh) made to this study, not only in providing the ethnography, but also for their intellectual and analytical input, which was important in shaping the development of this article. While we (the authors) remain ultimately responsible for the interpretation presented here, its production was a collaborative effort.
   Google Scholar