1,952
Views
9
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Political Challenges to Biomedical Universalism: Kidney Failure among Egypt's Poor

Pages 374-392 | Published online: 14 Jun 2013

REFERENCES

  • ‘Abd al-Hafiz , G. , I. Abu-Zayd , and S. Nafi‘ 2007 Drinking water crisis spills over to provinces . Al-Misri al-Yawm August 17. http://today.almasryalyoum.com/article2.aspx?ArticleID=70883.
  • Abdel-Shafy , H. and R. Aly 2002 Water issue in Egypt: Resources, pollution and protection endeavors . Navigation 49 ( 3.1 ): 4 – 6 .
  • ——— . 2007 Wastewater Management in Egypt . In Wastewater Reuse—Risk Assessment, Decision-Making and Environmental Security . M. Zaidi , ed. Pp. 375 – 382 . Dordrecht , The Netherlands : Springer .
  • Abu-Lughod , L. 1991 Writing against culture . In Recapturing Anthropology . R. Fox , ed. Pp. 137 – 162 . Santa Fe , NM : School of American Research Press .
  • Afifi , A. 2000 The Egyptian Renal Registry: Fifth Annual Report of the Egyptian Society of Nephrology for the Year 2000 . Cairo : Egyptian Society of Nephrology .
  • ——— . 2001 The Egyptian Renal Registry: Sixth Annual Report of the Egyptian Society of Nephrology for the Year 2001 . Cairo : Egyptian Society of Nephrology .
  • ——— . 2003 The Egyptian Renal Registry: Seventh Annual Report of the Egyptian Society of Nephrology for the Year 2003 . Cairo : Egyptian Society of Nephrology .
  • Afifi , A. and M. Abdel Karim 1996 Renal Replacement Therapy in Egypt: First Annual Report . Cairo : Egyptian Society of Nephrology .
  • Ahmed , A. M. , M. F. Allam , E. S. Habil , A. M. Metwally , N. A. Ibrahiem , M. Radwan , M. M. El-Gaafary , A. Afifi , and M. A. Gadallah 2010 Development of practice guidelines for hemodialysis in Egypt . Indian Journal of Nephrology 20 ( 4 ): 193 – 202 .
  • al-Bishri , T. 2001 Naql al ‘adaa’ fi du’ al-shari’ a wal qanun’ [Islamic and legal perspectives on organ transfer] . Cairo : Nahdat-Misr Press .
  • al-Irqsusi , A. 1998 Anqadhuna … fishash wa kalawi al-misriyyin lil biy‘! [Rescue us! Egyptian livers and kidneys for sale!] . Cairo : Al Ahram Foundation Press .
  • ‘Arafa , M. 2007 Five thousand people demonstrate against thirst. [English edition.] Al-Misri al-Yawm, July 14. http://today.almasryalyoum.com/article2.aspx?ArticleID=68650.
  • Awad , M. 2008 Organ trafficking reaches new heights in Egypt. [English edition]. Al Arabiya News, November 18. www.alarabiya.net/articles/2008/11/18/60359.html.
  • Barkan , E. 1992 The Retreat of Scientific Racism . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press .
  • Barry , J. and J. Murray 2006 The first human renal transplants . The Journal of Urology 176 ( 3 ): 888 .
  • Barsum , R. 2002 Overview: End-stage renal disease in the developing world . Artificial Organs 26 ( 9 ): 737 – 746 .
  • Bassili , A. , S. Mokhtar , N. Dabous , S. Zaher , M. Mokhtar , and A. Zaki 2000 Risk factors for congenital heart diseases in Alexandria, Egypt. European Journal of Epidemiology 16(9):805–814.
  • Bloor , D. 1991 Knowledge and Social Imagery . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
  • Calne , R. 1999 A half-century retrospective of transplantation as viewed by the protagonists: My own reminiscences . Transplantation Proceedings 31 ( 1–2 ): 20 – 21 .
  • Crowley-Matoka , M. 2005 Desperately seeking “normal”: The promise and perils of living with kidney transplantation . Social Science & Medicine 61 : 821 – 831 .
  • Crowley-Matoka , M. and M. Lock . 2006 Organ transplantation in a globalised world . Mortality 11 ( 2 ): 166 – 181 .
  • Dar al-Ifta’ al-Misriyya 2007 Al-Mawdu’: Naql wa zira‘at al-‘ada’ al-bashariyya [Fatwa on human organ transplantation]. May 20. www.dar-alifta.org.
  • Delmonico , F. 2002 Interview with Dr. Joseph Murray . American Journal of Transplantation 2 ( 9 ): 803 – 806 .
  • Dumit , J. 2003 Picturing Personhood: Brain Scans and Biomedical Identity . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press .
  • Durrah , A. 2007 The thirsty in Mahalla: “Arrest us—perhaps we will find clean water to drink in prison.” [English edition.] Al-Misri al-Yawm, July 11.
  • Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights 2009 Joint report by a coalition of Egyptian human rights NGOs on the universal periodic review of Egypt . September. Cairo : Author .
  • El-Agroudy , A. , A. Sabry , E. Wafa , A. Neamatalla , A. Ismail , T. Mohsen , A. Khalil , A. Shokeir , and M. Ghoneim 2007 Long-term follow-up of living kidney donors: A longitudinal study . BJU International 100 ( 6 ): 1351 – 1355 .
  • el-Katatney , E. 2009 Giving life after death. Egypt Today, April 8. http://egypttoday.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=8461 .
  • Ellison , M. , M. McBride , S. Taranto , F. Delmonico , and H. Kauffman 2002 Living kidney donors in need of kidney transplants: A report from the organ procurement and transplantation network . Transplantation 74 ( 9 ): 1349 – 1351 .
  • El-Sayed , N. , P. Gomatos , C. Beck-Sagué , U. Dietrich , H. von Briesen , S. Osmanov , J. Esparza , R. Arthur , M. Wahdan , and W. Jarvis 2000 Epidemic transmission of human immunodeficiency virus in renal dialysis centers in Egypt . Journal of Infectious Diseases 181 : 91 – 97 .
  • Essamie , M. , A. Soliman , T. Fayad , S. Barsoum , and C. Kjellstand 1995 Serious renal disease in Egypt . International Journal of Artificial Organs 18 ( 5 ): 254 – 260 .
  • Farag , Y. , J. Kari , and A. Singh 2012 Chronic kidney disease in the Arab world: A call for action . Nephron Clinical Practice 121 : c120 – c123 .
  • Fassin , D. 2007 When Bodies Remember: Experiences and Politics of AIDS in South Africa . Berkeley : University of California Press .
  • ——— . 2003 The embodiment of inequality: AIDS as a social condition and the historical experience in South Africa. EMBO Reports 4:S1, S4–S9.
  • Fausto‐Sterling , A. 2005 The bare bones of sex: Part 1—Sex and gender . Signs 30 ( 2 ): 1491 – 1527 .
  • ——— . 2008 The bare bones of race . Social Studies of Science 38 ( 5 ): 657 – 694 .
  • Fleishman , J. and N. El-Hennawy 2008 When the body becomes an ATM. Los Angeles Times, March 13.
  • Fouad , S. 2005 Egypt National Health Accounts 2001–02. The Partners for Health Reform Plus Project . Cairo : Department of Planning and Finance, Ministry of Health and Population .
  • Fournier , C. , N. Pallet , Z. Cherqaoui , S. Pucheu , H. Kreis , A. Méjean , M. Timsit , P. Landais , and C. Legendre 2012 Very long-term follow-up of living kidney donors. Transplant International 25(4):385–390.
  • Fox , R. 1996 Afterthoughts: Continuing reflections on organ transplantation . In Organ Transplantation: Meanings and Realities . S. Youngner , R. Fox and L. O'Connell , eds. Pp. 252 – 272 . Madison : University of Wisconsin Press .
  • Fox , R. and J. Swazey 1974 The Courage to Fail: A Social View of Organ Transplants and Dialysis . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
  • ——— . 1991 Spare Parts: Organ Replacement in American Society . New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Frank , C. , M. Mohamed , G. Strickland , D. Lavanchy , R. Arthur , L. Magder , et al. . 2000 The role of parenteral antischistosomal therapy in the spread of hepatitis C virus in Egypt . The Lancet 355 ( 9207 ): 887 – 891 .
  • Fullwiley , D. 2011 The Enculturated Gene . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press .
  • Galal , O. 2002 The nutrition transition in Egypt: Obesity, undernutrition and the food consumption context. Public Health Nutrition 5(1A). doi:10.1079/PHN2001286.
  • Gawande , A. 2010 Complications: A Surgeon's Notes on an Imperfect Science . New York : Picador .
  • Gordon , E. 2001 “They don't have to suffer for me”: Why dialysis patients refuse offers of living donor kidneys . Medical Anthropology Quarterly 15 ( 2 ): 245 – 267 .
  • Gossman , J. , A. Wilhelm , H. Kachel , J. Jordan , U. Sann , H. Geiger , W. Kramer , and E. Scheuermann 2005 Long-term consequences of live kidney donation follow-up in 93% of living kidney donors in a single transplant center . American Journal of Transplantation 5 ( 10 ): 2417 – 2424 .
  • Gouda , Z. , G. Mashaal , A. Bello , A. El-Attar , T. El-Kemmry , A. El Reweny , and M. El Nahas 2011 Egypt information, prevention, and treatment of chronic kidney disease (EGIPT-CKD) programme: Prevalence and risk factors for microalbuminuria among the relatives of patients with CKD in Egypt . Saudi Journal of Kidney Diseases and Transplantation 22 ( 5 ): 1055 – 1063 .
  • Gravlee , C. 2009 How race becomes biology: Embodiment of social inequality . American Journal of Physical Anthropology 139 ( 1 ): 47 – 57 .
  • Gravlee , C. and E. Sweet 2008 Race, ethnicity, and racism in medical anthropology, 1977–2002 . Medical Anthropology Quarterly 22 ( 1 ): 27 – 51 .
  • Hamdy , S. 2005 Blinding ignorance: Medical science, diseased eyes, and religious practice in Egypt . Arab Studies Journal 7/8 ( 2/1 ): 26 – 45 .
  • ——— . 2008 When the state and your kidneys fail: Political etiologies in an Egyptian dialysis unit . American Ethnologist 35 ( 4 ): 553 – 569 .
  • ——— . 2009 Islam, fatalism, and medical intervention: Lessons from Egypt on the cultivation of forbearance (sabr) and reliance on God (tawakkul) . Anthropological Quarterly 82 ( 1 ): 173 – 196 .
  • ——— . 2012 Our Bodies Belong to God: Organ Transplants, Islam, and the Struggle for Human Dignity in Egypt . Berkeley : University of California Press .
  • ——— . 2013 Not quite dead: Why Egyptian doctors refuse the diagnosis of death by neurological criteria. Journal of Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics. Advance online publication. doi:10.1007/s11017-013-9245-5 .
  • Hassan , A. , H. Sheashaa , M. Abdel Fatah , A. Ibrahim , O. Gaber , and M. Sobh 2006 Study of ochratoxin A as an environmental risk that causes renal injury in breast-fed Egyptian infants . Pediatric Nephrology 21 ( 1 ): 102 – 105 .
  • Hoy , W. , J. Matthews , D. McCredie , D. Pugsley , B. Hayhurst , M. Rees , E. Kile , K. Walken , and Z. Wang 1998 The multidimensional nature of renal disease: Rates and associations of albuminuria in an Australian Aboriginal community. Kidney International 54(4):1296–1304.
  • Ibrahim , M. 1999 Epidemiology of hypertension in Egypt . Saudi Journal of Kidney Diseases and Transplantation 10 ( 3 ): 352 .
  • Ibrahim , M. and A. Damasceno 2012 Hypertension in developing countries . Lancet 380 ( 9841 ). doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60861-7 .
  • Ibrahim , M. , H. Rizk , L. Appel , W. El Aroussy , S. Helmy , Y. Sharaf , Z. Ashour , H. Kandil , E. Roccella , and P. Whelton 1995 Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control in Egypt: Results from the Egyptian national hypertension project (NHP) . Hypertension 26 ( 6 ): 886 – 890 .
  • Integrated Regional Information Networks 2006 Egypt: Poverty pushes poor Egyptians to sell their organs. IRIN report, UN Office of the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, May 30. www.irinness.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=26926 .
  • ——— . 2008 Egypt: Selling a kidney to survive . IRIN report, UN Office of the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, December 16. Accessed from: www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=81973 .
  • International POPs Elimination Project 2006 Health status in the impact zone of the El Kafr El-Zayat chemical plant . Cairo : Egypt Sons Association for Development and Environmental Protection . http://www.ipen.org/ipepweb1/library/ipep_pdf_reports/4egy%20health%20status%20el%20kafr%20el-zayat%20impact%20zone.pdf .
  • Jamieson , R. and P. Friend 2008 Organ reperfusion and preservation . Frontiers in Bioscience 13 : 221 – 235 .
  • Kamal , M. 2004 Fi nas wa fi nas: Class culture and illness practice in Egypt . In Health and Identity in Egypt . H. Sholkamy and F. Ghannam , eds. Pp. 65 – 90 . Cairo : American University in Cairo Press .
  • Kierans , C. 2005 Narrating kidney disease: The significance of sensation and time in the emplotment of patient experience . Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 29 ( 3 ): 341 – 359 .
  • Kroeber , A. 1952 [1919] The Nature of Culture . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
  • Lasheen , M. , G. El-Kholy , C. Sharaby , I. Elsherif , and S. El-Wakeel 2008 Assessment of selected heavy metals in some water treatment plants and household tap water in greater Cairo, Egypt . Management of Environmental Quality 19 ( 3 ). doi: 10.1108/14777830810866473 .
  • Latour , B. 2005 Reassembling the Social . New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Leila , R. 2007 Blood feud: The saga of the defected blood bags continues. Al Ahram Weekly (Cairo), June 14–20, Issue No. 849. http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2007/849/eg6.htm .
  • Levinsky , N. 2000 Organ donation by unrelated donors . New England Journal of Medicine 343 ( 6 ): 430 – 431 .
  • Lock , M. 1993a Cultivating the body: Anthropology and epistemologies of bodily practice and knowledge . Annual Review of Anthropology 22 : 133 – 155 .
  • ——— . 1993b Encounters with Aging: Mythologies of Menopause in Japan and North America . Berkeley : University of California Press .
  • ——— . 2001a The tempering of medical anthropology: Troubling natural categories . Medical Anthropology Quarterly 15 ( 4 ): 478 – 492 .
  • ——— . 2001b Situated ethics, culture, and the brain death “problem” in Japan . In Bioethics in Social Context . B. Hoffmaster , ed. Pp. 39 – 68 . Philadelphia : Temple University Press .
  • ———. 2002 Twice Dead: Organ Transplants and the Reinvention of Death . Berkeley : University of California Press.
  • Lock , M. and D. Gordon , eds. 1988 Biomedicine Examined . Dordrecht , The Netherlands : Kluwer Academic .
  • Lock , M. and V.-K. Nguyen 2010 An Anthropology of Biomedicine . Malden and Oxford , UK : Wiley-Blackwell .
  • Lytton , B. 2005 The early history of kidney transplantation at Yale (1967–1985): A personal memoir . The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 78 ( 3 ): 173 – 184 .
  • Manderson , L. 2011 Surface Tensions: Surgery, Bodily Boundaries, and the Social Self . Walnut Creek , CA : Left Coast Press .
  • McDonald , S. , G. Maguire , and W. Hoy 2003 Renal function and cardiovascular risk markers in a remote Australian Aboriginal community . Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 18 ( 8 ): 1555 – 1561 .
  • McGrath , C. 2009a Egypt: Move to end organ trafficking. May 18. Inter-Press Service Agency. http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=46886 .
  • ——— . 2009b Viral time bomb set to explode. May 5. Inter-Press Service Agency. http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=46723 .
  • Nguyen , V.-K. 2010 The Republic of Therapy: Triage and Sovereignty in West Africa's Time of AIDS . Durham , NC : Duke University Press Books .
  • Ramcharan , T. and A. Matas 2002 Long‐term (20–37 Years) follow‐up of living kidney donors . American Journal of Transplantation 2 ( 10 ): 959 – 964 .
  • Rapp , R. 2000 Testing Women, Testing the Fetus: The Social Impact of Amniocentesis in America . New York : Routledge .
  • Ross , L. F. , M. Siegler , and J. Thistlethwaite 2007 We need a registry of living kidney donors . Hastings Center Report 37 ( 6 ): 49 .
  • Sabry , A. , A. El-Agroudy , H. Sheashaa , A. El-Husseini , N. Taha , M. Elbaz , and M. Sobh 2005 HCV associated glomerulonpathy in Egyptian patients: Clinicopathological analysis . Virology 334 : 10 – 16 .
  • Scheper‐Hughes , N. 2000 The global traffic in human organs . Current Anthropology 41 ( 2 ): 191 – 224 .
  • Scheper-Hughes , N. and M. Lock 1986 Speaking “truth” to illness: Metaphors, reification, and a pedagogy for patients . Medical Anthropology Quarterly 17 : 137 – 140 .
  • ——— . 1987 The mindful body: A prolegomenon to future work in medical anthropology . Medical Anthropology Quarterly 1 ( 1 ): 6 – 41 .
  • Shanafelt , T. , C. Balch , G. Bechamps , T. Russell , L. Dyrbye , D. Satele , P. Collicott , P. Novotny , J. Sloan , and J. Freischlag 2010 Burnout and medical errors among American surgeons . Annals of Surgery 251 ( 6 ): 995 .
  • Sharp , L. 2000 The commodification of the body and its parts . Annual Review of Anthropology 29 : 287 – 328 .
  • ——— . 2006 Strange Harvest: Organ Transplants, Denatured Bodies, and the Transformed Self . Berkeley : University of California Press .
  • Shukrallah , A. and M. Khalil 2012 Egypt in crisis: Politics, healthcare, and social mobilisation for health rights . In Public Health in the Arab World: Towards a Multidisciplinary Perspective . I. Nuwayhid , M. Khawaja , and S. Jabbour , eds. Pp. 477 – 488 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press .
  • Sowers , J. 2007 Nature reserves and authoritarian rule in Egypt: Embedded autonomy revisited. The Journal of Environment and Development 16(4):375–397.
  • Spencer , J. , D. Silva , P. Snelling , and W. Hoy 1998 An epidemic of renal failure among Australian Aboriginals . The Medical Journal of Australia 168 ( 11 ): 537 – 541 .
  • Strickland , T. , H. Elhefni , T. Salman , I. Waked , M. Abdel-Hamid , N. Mikhail , G. Esmat , and A. Fix 2002 Role of hepatitis C infection in chronic liver disease in Egypt . The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 67 ( 4 ): 436 – 442 .
  • Sutaria , R. and D. Adams 2010 Efforts to expand the donor pool for liver transplantation . F1000 Medicine Reports 2 . doi: 10.3410/M2-42 .
  • Taha , A. , A. El-Mahmoudi , and I. El-Haddad 2004 Pollution sources and related environmental impacts in the new communities southeast Nile Delta, Egypt . Emirati Journal of Engineering Research 19 ( 1 ): 44 .
  • Trouillot , M. 2003 Global Transformations: Anthropology and the Modern World . New York : Palgrave .
  • Wendland , C. 2010 A Heart for the Work: Journeys Through an African Medical School . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
  • Williams , J. , T. Phillips , P. Jolly , J. Stiles , C. Jolly , and D. Aggarwal 2004 Human aflatoxicosis in developing countries: A review of toxicology, exposure, potential health consequences, and interventions . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 80 : 1106 – 1122 .
  • World Health Organization 2007 World Health Organization Statistics Database. Egypt. http://www.who.int/whosis/database/core/core_select_process.cfm.
  • Wright , S. 1998 The politicization of ‘culture.’ Anthropology Today 14 ( 1 ): 7 – 15 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.