112
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

The Case of the Caldwell Mound: A Woodland Period Mound in the Central Scioto River Valley

ORCID Icon

References

  • Anonymous (1950) Hopewell Culture Mound Explored by Ross County Historical Society: 1946. Ohio Indian Relic Collectors Society 23:7–9.
  • Armitage, Ruth Ann, and Kathryn A. Jakes (2016) Sequencing Analytical Methods for Small Sample Dating and Dye Identification of Textile Fibers: Application to a Fragment from Seip Mound Group, Ohio. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 41:26–40. doi: 10.1179/2327427115Y.0000000009
  • Bowen, Jonathan E. (2001) A Radiocarbon Date from the Caldwell Mound (33RO117-118) at the Salt Creek–Scioto River Confluence, Ross County, Ohio. Report on file, Ohio History Connection, Columbus.
  • Bronk Ramsey, Christopher (2017) OxCal 4.3. Electronic document, https://c14.arch.ox.ac.uk/oxcal/OxCal.html, accessed November 29, 2019.
  • Brown, James A. (1979) Charnel Houses and Mortuary Crypts: Disposal of the Dead in the Middle Woodland Period. In Hopewell Archaeology: The Chillicothe Conference, edited by David S. Brose and N’omi Greber, pp. 211–219. Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio.
  • Brown, James A. (2004) Mound City and Issues in the Developmental History of Hopewell Culture in the Ross County Area of Southern Ohio. In Aboriginal Ritual and Economy in the Eastern Woodlands: Essays in Memory of Howard Dalton Winters, edited by Anne-Marie Cantwell, Lawrence A. Conrad, and Jonathan E. Reyman, pp. 147–168. K ampsville Studies in Archeology and History, Vol. 5. Center for American Archeology, Kampsville, Illinois.
  • Brown, James A. (2006) The Shamanic Element in Hopewellian Period Ritual. In Re-creating Hopewell, edited by Douglas K. Charles and Jane E. Buikstra, pp. 475–488. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
  • Burks, Jarrod (2005) Archaeology at the Edge of Time and Space: Working Across and Between Woodland Period Taxonomic Units in Central Ohio. In Woodland Period Systematics in the Middle Ohio Valley, edited by Darlene Applegate and Robert C. Mainfort Jr., pp. 40–51. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
  • Burks, Jarrod (2015) Archaeology under the Big Top: Salvaging the North Bridge Street Mound. Paper presented at the Spring Membership Meeting of the Ohio Archaeological Conference, Columbus, Ohio.
  • Carr, Christopher (2005) The Tripartite Ceremonial Alliance among Scioto Hopewellian Communities and the Question of Social Ranking. In Gathering Hopewell: Society, Ritual, and Ritual Interaction, edited by Christopher Carr and D. Troy Case, pp. 258–338. Springer, New York.
  • Carr, Christopher (2008a) Settlement and Communities. In The Scioto Hopewell and Their Neighbors: Bioarchaeological Documentation and Cultural Understanding, by D. Troy Case and Christopher Carr, pp. 101–150. Springer, New York.
  • Carr, Christopher (2008b) World View and the Dynamics of Change: The Beginning and the End of Scioto Hopewell Culture and Lifeways. In The Scioto Hopewell and Their Neighbors: Bioarchaeological Documentation and Cultural Understanding, by D. Troy Case and Christopher Carr, pp. 289–334. Springer, New York.
  • Carr, Christopher (2008c) Social and Ritual Organization. In The Scioto Hopewell and Their Neighbors: Bioarchaeological Documentation and Cultural Understanding, by D. Troy Case and Christopher Carr, pp. 151–288. Springer, New York.
  • Carr, Christopher, and D. Troy Case (2005) The Nature of Leadership in Ohio Hopewellian Societies: Role Segregation and the Transformation from Shamanism. In Gathering Hopewell: Society, Ritual, and Ritual Interaction, edited by Christopher Carr and D. Troy Case, pp. 177–237. Springer, New York.
  • Carr, Christopher, and D. Troy Case, Eds. (2005) Gathering Hopewell: Society, Ritual, and Ritual Interaction. Springer, New York.
  • Carr, Christopher, Beau J. Goldstein, and D. Troy Case (2008) Contextualizing Preanalyses of the Ohio Hopewell Mortuary Data, I: Age, Sex, Burial-Deposit, and Intra-burial Artifact Count. In The Scioto Hopewell and Their Neighbors: Bioarchaeological Documentation and Cultural Understanding, by D. Troy Case and Christopher Carr, pp. 523–569. Springer, New York.
  • Carr, Christopher, and Herbert Haas (1996) Beta Count and AMS Radiocarbon Dates of Woodland and Fort Ancient Period Occupations in Ohio 1350 B.C.–A.D. 1650. West Virginia Archaeologist 48(1&2):19–53.
  • Carr, Christopher, Rex Weeks, and Mark Bahti (2008) The Functions and Meanings of Ohio Hopewell Ceremonial Artifacts in Ethnohistoric Perspective. In The Scioto Hopewell and Their Neighbors: Bioarchaeological Documentation and Cultural Understanding, by D. Troy Case and Christopher Carr, pp. 501–522. Springer, New York.
  • Case, D. Troy, and Christopher Carr (2008a) The Scioto Hopewell and Their Neighbors: Bioarchaeological Documentation and Cultural Understanding. Springer, New York.
  • Case, D. Troy, and Christopher Carr (2008b) Ceremonial Site Locations, Descriptions, and Bibliography. In The Scioto Hopewell and Their Neighbors: Bioarchaeological Documentation and Cultural Understanding, by D. Troy Case and Christopher Carr, pp. 343–418. Springer, New York.
  • Case, D. Troy, Christopher Carr, and Ashley E. Evans (2008) Definitions of Variables and Variable States. In The Scioto Hopewell and Their Neighbors: Bioarchaeological Documentation and Cultural Understanding, by D. Troy Case and Christopher Carr, pp. 419–463. Springer, New York.
  • Clark, Frances (1984) Knife River Flint and Interregional Exchange. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 9:173–198.
  • Clay, R. Berle (2005) Adena: Rest in Peace? In Woodland Period Systematics in the Middle Ohio Valley, edited by Darlene Applegate and Robert C. Mainfort Jr., pp. 94–110. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
  • Cramer, Ann C. (2008) The Dominion Land Company Site: An Early Adena Mortuary Manifestation in Franklin County, Ohio. In Transitions: Archaic and Early Woodland Research in the Ohio Country, edited by Martha P. Otto and Brian G. Redmond, pp. 284–333. Ohio University Press, Athens.
  • Dye, David (2009) War Paths, Peace Paths: An Archaeology of Cooperation and Conflict in Native Eastern North America. Rowman Altamira, Lanham, Maryland.
  • Emerson, Thomas E., Kenneth B. Farnsworth, Sarah U. Wisseman, and Randall E. Hughes (2013) The Allure of the Exotic: Reexamining the Use of Local and Distant Pipestone Quarries in Ohio Hopewell Pipe Caches. American Antiquity 78:48–67. doi: 10.7183/0002-7316.78.1.48
  • Emerson, Thomas E., Randall E. Hughes, Kenneth B. Farnsworth, Sarah U. Wisseman, and Mary R. Hynes (2005) Tremper Mound, Hopewell Catlinite, and PIMA Technology. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 30:189–216. doi: 10.1179/mca.2005.007
  • Farnsworth, Kenneth B., and Karen A. Atwell (2015) Excavations at the Blue Island and Naples-Russell Mounds and Related Hopewellian Sites in the Lower Illinois Valley. Research Report 34. Illinois State Archaeological Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.
  • Farnsworth, Kenneth B., Terrance J. Martin, and Angela R. Perri (2015) Modified Predator Mandible and Maxilla Artifacts and Predator Symbolism in Illinois Hopewell. Studies in Archaeological Material Culture 3. Illinois State Archaeological Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.
  • Field, Stephanie, Anne J. Goldberg, and Tina Lee (2005) Gender, Status, and Ethnicity in the Scioto, Miami, and Northeastern Ohio Hopewellian Regions, as Evidenced by Mortuary Practices. In Gathering Hopewell: Society, Ritual, and Ritual Interaction, edited by Christopher Carr and D. Troy Case, pp. 386–404. Springer, New York.
  • Gilcrease Museum (2017) Bifacially flaked Adena-Robbins projectile point. 61.59567. Kravis Discovery Center. 1000 BCE–100 CE. Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa. Electronic document, https://collections.gilcrease.org/object/6159567, accessed April 24, 2017.
  • Giles, Bretton (2013) A Contextual and Iconographic Reassessment of the Headdress on Burial 11 from Hopewell Mound 25. American Antiquity 78:502–519. doi: 10.7183/0002-7316.78.3.502
  • Giles, Bretton (2019) The Emergence and Importance of Falconoid Imagery during the Middle Woodland Period. In Shamans, Priests, Practice, Belief: Materials of Ritual and Religion in Eastern North American, edited by Stephen B. Carmody and Casey R. Barrier, pp. 75–92. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
  • Greber, N’omi B. (1991) A Study of Continuity and Contrast between Central Scioto Adena and Hopewell Sites. West Virginia Archaeologist 43:1–26.
  • Greber, N’omi B. (2005) Adena and Hopewell in the Middle Ohio Valley: To Be or Not to Be? In Woodland Period Systematics in the Middle Ohio Valley, edited by Darlene Applegate and Robert C. Mainfort Jr., pp. 19–39. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
  • Greber, N’omi B., and Katherine Ruhl (1989) The Hopewell Site. Westview Press, Boulder.
  • Greenman, Emerson F. (1932) Excavation of the Coon Mound and an Analysis of the Adena Culture. Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Quarterly 41:366–523.
  • Griffin, James B. (1965) Hopewell and the Dark Black Glass. Michigan Archaeologist 11(3–4):115–155.
  • Hays, Christopher (2010) Adena Mortuary Patterns in Central Ohio. Southeastern Archaeology 29:106–120. doi: 10.1179/sea.2010.29.1.008
  • Henderson, A. Gwynn, and Eric J. Schlarb (2007) Adena: Woodland Period Moundbuilders of the Bluegrass. Education Series No. 9. Kentucky Archaeological Survey, Lexington.
  • Henry, Edward R. (2017) Building Bundles, Building Memories: Processes of Remembering in Adena-Hopewell Societies of Eastern North America. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 24:188–228. doi: 10.1007/s10816-017-9326-2
  • Henry, Edward R. (2018) Earthen Monuments and Social Movements in Eastern North America: Adena-Hopewell Enclosures on Kentucky’s Bluegrass Landscape. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri.
  • Henry, Edward R., and Casey R. Barrier (2016) The Organization of Dissonance in Adena-Hopewell Societies of Eastern North America. World Archaeology 48:87–109. doi: 10.1080/00438243.2015.1132175
  • Justice, Noel D. (1987) Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana.
  • Kramer, Leon G. (1951) Ohio Ceremonial Spears. Ohio Archaeologist 1(3):7–16.
  • Lee, Anne B., Andrew Sewell, M. Brooke Thompson, Steve Martin, and Tommy Y. Ng (2008) The Early Woodland Component at 33RO583, a Multicomponent Site in Jefferson Township, Ross County, Ohio. In Transitions: Archaic and Early Woodland Research in the Ohio Country, edited by Martha P. Otto and Brian G. Redmond, pp. 143–158. Ohio University Press, Athens.
  • Lepper, Bradley T. (2010) Icon of Ancient Ohio, the Adena Pipe. Timeline 27:1–16.
  • Lepper, Bradley T., Karen L. Leone, Kathryn A. Jakes, Linda L. Pansing, and William H. Pickard (2014) Radiocarbon Dates on Textile and Bark Samples from the Central Grave of the Adena Mound (33RO1), Chillicothe, Ohio. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 39:201–221. doi: 10.1179/2327427113Y.0000000008
  • Lloyd, Timothy C. (1998) Shedding Light on Small Mounds Lost in the Shadows of the Great Mound at the Hopewell Site. West Virginia Archaeologist 50:1–13.
  • Lovejoy, Claude O. (1967) Caldwell’s Little Bluff: An Unusual Adena Burial Site. In Studies in Ohio Archaeology, edited by Olaf H. Prufer and Douglas H. McKenzie, pp. 252–266. Press of Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
  • Lynott, Mark J. (2014) Hopewell Ceremonial Landscapes of Ohio: More than Mounds and Geometric Earthworks. American Landscapes, Vol. 1. Oxbow, Oxford, United Kingdom.
  • McKnight, Matthew D. (2007) The Copper Cache in Early and Middle Woodland North America. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, State College.
  • McPherson, Harry Raymond (1951) The Lee Mound—An Account of Its Exploration. Ohio Archaeologist 1(3):17–23.
  • Maslowski, Robert F., Charles M. Niquette, and Derek M. Wingfield (1995) The Kentucky, Ohio, and West Virginia Radiocarbon Database. West Virginia Archaeologist 47:1–75.
  • Miller, G. Logan (2018) Hopewell Bladelets: A Bayesian Radiocarbon Analysis. American Antiquity 83:224–243. doi: 10.1017/aaq.2017.64
  • Mills, William C. (1902) Excavation of the Adena Mound. Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly 10:452–479.
  • Mills, William C. (1906) Baum Prehistoric Village. Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly 15:45–140.
  • Mills, William C. (1907) Exploration of the Edwin Harness Mound. Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly 16:113–193.
  • Mills, William C. (1916) Exploration of the Tremper Mounds. Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly 25:423–584.
  • Mills, William C. (1917) Explorations of the Westenhaver Mound. Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly 26:227–266.
  • Mills, William C. (1922) Explorations of the Mound City Group. Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly 31:262–398.
  • Moorehead, Warren K. (1892) Primitive Man in Ohio. G. P. Putnam’s Sons, New York.
  • Nolan, Kevin C., Mark Seeman, and Mark A. Hill (2017) New Dates on Scioto Hopewell Sites: A SCHoN Project. Current Research in Ohio Archaeology 2017. Electronic document, www.ohioarchaeology.org, accessed December 24, 2019.
  • Nolan, Kevin C., Mark Seeman, and Mark A. Hill (2018) Time, Scale, and Community: Hopewell Unzymotic Social Systems (TSCHUSS). Paper presented at the 83rd Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Washington, DC.
  • Neumann, Georg K., and Melvin L. Fowler (1952) Hopewellian Sites in the Wabash Valley. In Hopewellian Communities in Illinois, edited by Thorne Deuel, pp. 175–248. Scientific Papers, Vol. 5. Illinois State Museum, Springfield.
  • Ohio State Journal (OSJ) [Columbus, Ohio] (1930) “Columbus Student Finds Burial of Ancient Chief” 27 March:1. Columbus, Ohio.
  • Parmalee, Paul W. (1959) Use of Mammalian Skulls and Mandibles by Prehistoric Indians of Illinois. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science 52:85–95. Springfield.
  • Perri, Angela R., Terrance J. Martin, and Kenneth B. Farnsworth (2015) A Bobcat Burial and Other Reported Intentional Animal Burials from Illinois Hopewell Mounds. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 40:282–301. doi: 10.1179/2327427115Y.0000000007
  • Prufer, Olaf H. (1961) The Hopewell Complex of Ohio. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
  • Prufer, Olaf H. (1967) The Scioto Valley Archaeological Survey. In Studies in Ohio Archaeology, edited by Olaf H. Prufer and Douglas H. McKenzie, pp. 267–328. Press of Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
  • Prufer, Olaf H. (1968) Ohio Hopewell Ceramics: An Analysis of Extant Collection. Anthropological Papers No. 33. University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology, Ann Arbor.
  • Railey, Jimmy A. (1996) Woodland Cultivators. In Kentucky Archaeology, edited by R. Barry Lewis, pp. 79–126. University Press of Kentucky, Lexington.
  • Reimer, Paula J., Edouard Bard, Alex Bayliss, J. Warren Beck, Paul G. Blackwell, Christopher Bronk Ramsey, Caitlin E. Buck, Hai Cheng, R. Lawrence Edwards, Michael Friedrich, Pieter M. Grootes, Thomas P. Guilderson, Haflidi Haflidason, Irka Hajdas, Christine Hatté, Timothy J. Heaton, Dirk L. Hoffmann, Alan G. Hogg, Konrad A. Hughen, K. Felix Kaiser, Bernd Kromer, Sturt W. Manning, Mu Niu, Ron W. Reimer, David A. Richards, E. Marian Scott, John R. Southon, Richard A. Staff, Christian S. M. Turney, and Johannes van der Plicht (2013) IntCal13 and Marine13 Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curves 0–50,000 Years cal BP. Radiocarbon 55:1869–1887. doi: 10.2458/azu_js_rc.55.16947
  • Ruhl, Katharine C. (1992) Copper Earspools from Ohio Hopewell Sites. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 17:46–79.
  • Seeman, Mark F. (1979) The Hopewell Interaction Sphere: The Evidence for Interregional Trade and Structural Complexity. Prehistory Research Series, Vol. 5, No. 2. Indiana Historical Society, Indianapolis.
  • Seeman, Mark F. (1986) Adena “Houses” and the Implication for Early Woodland Settlement Models in the Ohio Valley. In Early Woodland Archaeology, edited by Kenneth B. Farnsworth and Thomas E. Emerson, pp. 564–576. Center for American Archeology, Kampsville, Illinois.
  • Seeman, Mark F. (1992) Woodland Traditions in the Midcontinent: A Comparison of Three Regional Sequences. Research in Economic Anthropology S6:S3–S46.
  • Seeman, Mark F. (1995) When Words Are Not Enough: Hopewell Interregionalism and the Use of Material Symbols at the GE Mound. In Native American Interactions: Multi-scalar Analyses and Interpretations in the Eastern Woodlands, edited by Michael S. Nassenay and Kenneth E. Sassaman, pp. 122–143. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.
  • Seeman, Mark F. (2004) Hopewell Art in Hopewell Places. In Hero, Hawk, and Open Hands: American Indian Art of the Ancient Midwest and South, edited by Richard F. Townsend, pp. 57–72. Art Institute of Chicago, Illinois.
  • Seeman, Mark F. (2007) Predatory War and Hopewell Trophies. In The Taking and Displaying of Human Body Parts as Trophies by Amerindians, edited by Richard J. Chacon and David H. Dye, pp. 167–188. Springer, New York.
  • Shetrone, Henry C. (1920) The Culture Problem in Ohio Archaeology. American Anthropologist 22:142–172. doi: 10.1525/aa.1920.22.2.02a00030
  • Shetrone, Henry C. (1926) Explorations of the Hopewell Mound Group of Ohio. Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly 35:5–227.
  • Shetrone, Henry C., and Emerson F. Greenman (1931) Exploration of the Seip Group of Prehistoric Earthworks. Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly 40:343–509.
  • Shott, Michael J., Mark F. Seeman, and Kevin C. Nolan, Eds. (2018) Collaborative Engagement: Working with Private Collections and Responsive Collectors. Occasional Papers No. 3. Midwest Archaeological Conference. Electronic document, https://www.midwestarchaeology.org/files/MAC-Occasional-Papers-Vol-3_smaller.pdf, accessed May 12, 2020.
  • Squier, Ephraim G., and Edwin H. Davis (1848) Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley: Comprising the Results of Extensive Original Surveys and Explorations. Contributions to Knowledge 1. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
  • Thew, Heather (1998) The Analysis of the “Great Cache” of Modified Mandibles of the Tremper Mound. Unpublished Technical Report. Manuscript on file, University of Indianapolis Archaeology and Forensics Laboratory and Ohio History Connection, Columbus.
  • Thomas, Chad R., Christopher Carr, and Cynthia Keller (2005) Animal-Totemic Clans of Ohio Hopewellian Peoples. In Gathering Hopewell: Society, Ritual, and Ritual Interaction, edited by Christopher Carr and D. Troy Case, pp. 339–385. Springer, New York.
  • Thomas, Cyrus (1894) Report on the Mound Exploration of the Bureau of Ethnology. In Twelfth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 17–730. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
  • Webb, William S. (1940) The Wright Mounds, Sites 6 and 7, Montgomery County, Kentucky. University of Kentucky Press, Lexington.
  • Webb, William S. (1943) The Crigler Mounds, Sites Be 20 and Be 27, and the Hartman Mound, Site Be 32, Boone County, Kentucky. Reports in Anthropology and Archeology, Vol. 5, No. 6. University of Kentucky, Lexington.
  • Webb, William S., and Raymond S. Baby (1957) The Adena People, No. 2. Ohio Historical Society, Columbus.
  • Webb, William S., and John B. Elliott (1942) The Robbins Mounds: Sites Be 3 and Be 14, Boone County, Kentucky. Reports in Anthropology and Archeology, Vol. 5, No. 5. University of Kentucky, Lexington.
  • Webb, William S., and William D. Funkhouser (1940) Ricketts Site Revisited: Site 3, Montgomery County, Kentucky. Reports in Anthropology and Archeology, Vol. 3, No. 6. University of Kentucky, Lexington.
  • Webb, William S., and Charles E. Snow (1945) The Adena People. Reports in Anthropology and Archeology Vol. 6. University of Kentucky, Lexington.
  • Webb, William S., and Charles E. Snow (1959) The Dover Mound. University Press of Kentucky, Lexington.
  • Weets, Jaimin D., Christopher Carr, David W. Penney, and Gary Carriveau (2005) Smoking Pipe Compositions and Styles as Evidence of the Social Affiliation of Mortuary Ritual Participation at the Tremper Site, Ohio. In Gathering Hopewell: Society, Ritual, and Ritual Interaction, edited by Christopher Carr and D. Troy Case, pp. 533–552. Springer, New York.
  • Willoughby, Charles C., and Ernest A. Hooton (1922) The Turner Group of Earthworks in Hamilton County, Ohio. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology. Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
  • Winkelman, Michael J. (1986) Magico-Religious Practitioner Types and Socioeconomic Conditions. Behavior Science Research 20:17–46. doi: 10.1177/106939718602000102
  • Winkelman, Michael J. (1990) Shamans and Other “Magico-Religious” Healers: A Cross Cultural Study of Their Origins, Nature, and Social Transformation. Ethos 18:308–352. doi: 10.1525/eth.1990.18.3.02a00040
  • Wymer, Dee Anne, and Elliot Abrams (2003) Early Woodland Plant Use and Gardening: Evidence from an Adena Hamlet in Southeastern Ohio. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 28:175–194.
  • Yerkes, Richard W., Ariane Pépin, and Jay Toth (2020) Indigenous Native American Perspective on Functions of Hopewell Bifaces from Mound 25, Hopewell Mound Group (33RO27), Ross County, Ohio. In Encountering Hopewell in the Twenty-first Century, Ohio and Beyond: 2. Settlements, Foodways, and Interaction, edited by Brian G. Redmond, Bret J. Ruby, and Jarrod Burks, pp. 212–247. University of Akron Press, Ohio.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.