Students’ use of power in the classroom: An investigation of student power, teacher power, and teacher immediacy

References

• Andersen , J. F. 1979 . Teacher immediacy as a predictor of teaching effectiveness . Communication Yearbook , 3 : 543 – 559 .
   Google Scholar
• Andersen , J. F. , Andersen , P. A. and Jensen , A. D. 1979 . The measurement of nonverbal immediacy . Journal of Applied Communication Research , 7 : 153 – 180 .
   Google Scholar
• Baringer , D. K. and McCroskey , J. C. 2000 . Immediacy in the classroom: Student immediacy . Communication Education , 49 : 178 – 186 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barraclough , R. A. and Stewart , R. A. 1992 . “ Power and control: Social science perspectives. ” . In Power in the classroom: Communication, control, and concern , Edited by: Richmond , V. P. and McCroskey , J. C. 47 – 66 . Hillsdale : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Burroughs , N. F. 1990 . The relationship of teacher immediacy and student compliance‐resistance with learning , Morgantown : West Virginia University . 1990 (Doctoral dissertation, Dissertation Abstracts International, 51 AAT 9029328
   Google Scholar
• Burroughs , N. F. , Kearney , P. and Plax , T. G. 1989 . Compliance‐resistance in the college classroom . Communication Education , 38 : 214 – 229 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• French , J. R. and Raven , B. H. 1959 . “ The bases of social power ” . In Studies in social power , Edited by: Cartwright , D. 150 – 167 . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press .
   Google Scholar
• Golish , T. D. 1999 . Students’ use of compliance gaining strategies with Graduate Teaching Assistants: Examining the other end of the power spectrum . Communication Quarterly , 47 : 12 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Gorham , J. 1988 . The relationship between verbal teacher immediacy behaviors and student learning . Communication Education , 37 : 40 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorham , J. and Christophel , D. M. 1992 . Students’ perceptions of teacher behaviors as motivating and demotivating factors in college classes . Communication Quarterly , 40 : 239 – 252 .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , C. and Ford , R. 1996 . Dependence power, legitimacy, and tactical choice . Social Psychology Quarterly , 59 : 126 – 139 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kearney , P. and Plax , T. G. 1988 . Situational and individual determinants of teachers’ reported use of behavior alteration techniques . Human Communication Research , 14 : 145 – 166 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kearney , P. , Plax , T. G. and Burroughs , N. F. 1991 . An attributional analysis of college students’ resistance decisions . Communication Education , 40 : 325 – 342 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kearney , P. , Plax , T. G. , Hays , E. R. and Ivey , M. J. 1991 . College teacher misbehaviors: What students don't like what teachers say and do . Communication Quarterly , 39 : 239 – 252 .
   Google Scholar
• Kearney , P. , Plax , T. G. , Richmond , V. P. and McCroskey , J. C. 1984 . “ Power in the classroom IV: Alternatives to discipline. ” . In Communication Yearbook 8 , Edited by: Bostrom , R. N. 724 – 746 . Beverly Hills : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Kearney , P. , Plax , T. G. , Richmond , V. P. and McCroskey , J. C. 1985 . Power in the classroom III: Teacher communication techniques and messages . Communication Education , 34 : 19 – 28 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kearney , P. , Plax , T. G. , Sorensen , G. and Smith , V. R. 1988 . Experienced and prospective teachers’ selections of compliance‐gaining messages for “common” student misbehaviors . Communication Education , 37 : 150 – 164 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keppel , G. 1991 . Design and analysis: A researcher's handbook , (3rd ed.) , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice‐Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , C. R. , Levine , T. R. and Cambra , R. 1997 . Resisting compliance in the multicultural classroom . Communication Education , 46 : 229 – 43 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine , T. R. and Wheeless , L R. 1997 . Situational intimacy as a predictor of compliance‐gaining tactic selection . Communication Research Reports , 14 : 132 – 144 .
   Google Scholar
• Marwell , G. and Schmitt , D. R. 1967 . Dimensions of compliance‐gaining behavior: An empirical analysis . Sociometry , 30 : 350 – 364 .
   Google Scholar
• McCroskey , J. C. , Fayer , J. M. , Richmond , V. P. , Sallinen , A. and Barraclough , R. A. 1996 . A multicultural examination of the relationship between nonverbal immediacy and affective learning . Communication Quarterly , 44 : 297 – 307 .
   Google Scholar
• McCroskey , J. C. and Richmond , V. P. 1983 . Power in the classroom I: Teacher and student perceptions . Communication Education , 32 : 175 – 184 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCroskey , J. C. and Richmond , V. P. 1992 . “ Increasing teacher influence through immediacy. ” . In Power in the classroom: Communication, control, and concern , Edited by: Richmond , V. P. and McCroskey , J. C. 47 – 66 . Hillsdale : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• McCroskey , J. C. , Richmond , V. P. , Sallinen , A. , Fayer , J. M. and Barraclough , R. A. 1995 . A cross‐cultural and multi‐behavioral analysis of the relationship between nonverbal immediacy and teacher evaluation . Communication Education , 44 : 281 – 291 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaughlin , M. L. , Cody , M. J. and Robey , C. S. 1980 . Situational influences on the selection of strategies to resist compliance‐gaining attempts . Human Communication Research , 1 : 14 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• McQuillen , J. S. , Higginbotham , D. C. and Cummings , M. C. 1984 . “ Compliance‐resisting behaviors: The effects of age, agent, and types of request. ” . In Communication Yearbook 8 , Edited by: Bostrom , R. N. 747 – 762 . Beverly Hills : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Mehrabian , A. 1967 . Orientation behaviors and nonverbal attitude communication . Journal of Communication , 17 : 324 – 332 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehrabian , A. 1969 . Attitudes inferred from non‐immediacy of verbal communication . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 6 : 294 – 295 .
   Google Scholar
• Mehrabian , A. 1971 . Verbal and nonverbal interaction of strangers in a waiting situation . Journal of Experimental Research in Personality , 5 : 127 – 138 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehrabian , A. 1981 . Silent messages: Implicit communication of emotions and attitudes , Belmont, CA : Wadsworth .
   Google Scholar
• Moore , A. , Masterson , J. T. , Christophel , D. M. and Shea , K. A. 1996 . College teacher immediacy and student ratings of instruction . Communication Education , 45 : 29 – 39 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plax , T. G. , Kearney , P. and Downs , T. M. 1986 . Communicating control in the classroom and satisfaction with teaching and students . Communication Education , 35 : 379 – 388 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plax , T. G. , Kearney , P. , McCroskey , J. C. and Richmond , V. P. 1986 . Power in the classroom VI: Verbal control strategies, nonverbal immediacy and affective learning . Communication Education , 35 : 43 – 55 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plax , T. G. , Kearney , P. and Tucker , L. K. 1986 . Prospective teachers’ use of behavior alteration techniques in common student misbehaviors . Communication Education , 35 : 379 – 388 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richmond , V. P. 1990 . Communication in the classroom: Power and motivation . Communication Education , 39 : 181 – 195 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richmond , V. P. , Davis , L. M. , Saylor , K. and McCroskey , J. C. 1984 . Power strategies in organizations: Communication techniques and messages . Human Communication Research , 11 : 85 – 108 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richmond , V. P. , Gorham , J. S. and McCroskey , J. C. 1987 . “ The relationship between selected immediacy behaviors and cognitive learning. ” . In Communication yearbook , Edited by: McLaughlin , M. A. Vol. 10 , 574 – 590 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Richmond , V. P. and McCroskey , J. C. 1984 . Power in the classroom II: Power and learning . Communication Education , 33 : 125 – 136 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richmond , V. P. , McCroskey , J. C. , Kearney , P. and Plax , T. G. 1987 . Power in the classroom VII: Linking behavior alteration techniques to cognitive learning . Communication Education , 36 : 1 – 12 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richmond , V. P. and Roach , K. D. 1992 . “ Power in the classroom: Seminal studies. ” . In Power in the classroom: Communication, control, and concern , Edited by: Richmond , V. P. and McCroskey , J. C. 47 – 66 . Hillsdale : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Roach , K. D. 1994 . Temporal patterns and effects of perceived instructor compliance‐gaining use . Communication Education , 43 : 236 – 245 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens , J. 1996 . Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences , (3rd ed.) , Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Thweatt , K. S. and McCroskey , J. C. 1998 . “ The impact of teacher immediacy and misbehaviors ” .
   Google Scholar