Film reviews and the public's perceptions of stereotypes: Movie critics' discourse about the siege

References

• Ames , C. 1992 . Restoring the Black man's lethal weapon. . Journal of Popular Film and Television , 20 (3) : 52 – 60 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austin , B.A. 1989 . Immediate seating: A look at movie audiences. , Belmont, CA : Wadsworth .
   Google Scholar
• Barnes , J.E. 1998 . Protestors say a new movie likens Islam to terrorism. . The New York Times. , November 7 : B3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barthes , R. 1972 . Mythologies. , Edited by: Lavers , A. New York : Hill and Wang . (Original work published 1957)
   Google Scholar
• Barthes , R. 1986 . “ From work to text. ” . In The rustle of language , Edited by: Howard , R. 47 – 79 . New York : Hill and Wang .
   Google Scholar
• Bird , S. E. 1996 . “ Not my fantasy: The persistence of Indian Imagery in Dr. Quinn, Medicine woman. ” . In Dressing in feathers: The construction of the Indian in American popular Culture , Edited by: Bird , S.E. 245 – 261 . Boulder, CO : Westview Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bogle , D. 1996 . Toms, coons, mulattas, mammies, and bucks: An interpretive history of Blacks in American films , (3rd Edition) , New York : Continuum .
   Google Scholar
• Booth , P. 1998 . The Siege. [Review of the film The Siege]. [Electronic Version]. . Orlando Weekly. , Retrieved from: http://www.orlandoweekly/movies/reviews/reviw.asp?movie=267
   Google Scholar
• Brown , J.A. 1993 . Bullets, buddies, and bad guys: The ‘action‐cop’ genre. . Journal of Popular Film and Television , 21 : 79 – 88 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgoyne , R. 1997 . Race and nation in Glory. . Quarterly Review of Film and Video , 16 : 133 – 153 .
   Google Scholar
• Butler , R.W. 1998 . Objections to Siege should focus on diluted message. [Review of the film The Siege]. . The Kansas City Star , November 6 : 8
   Google Scholar
• Carr , J. 1998 . Simplistic Siege ignores root problems. [Review of the film The Siege]. . The Boston Globe , November 6 : D5
   Google Scholar
• Carter , R.G. 1987 . TV's Black comfort zone for Whites. . Television Quarterly , 24 (4) : 29 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Clark , M. 1998 . Washington in charge of Siege. [Review of the film The Siege]. . USA Today , November 6 : 10E
   Google Scholar
• Cloud , D.L. 1992 . The limits of interpretation: Ambivalence and the stereotype in Spenser: . For Hire , 9 : 311 – 324 .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , J.R. 1991 . The “relevance”; of cultural identity in audiences’ interpretations of mass media. . Critical Studies in Mass Communication , 8 : 442 – 454 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Condit , C.M. 1989 . The rhetorical limits of polysemy. . Critical Studies in Mass Communication , 6 : 103 – 122 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper , B. 1999 . The relevancy and gender identity in spectators’ interpretations of Thelma and Louise. . Critical Studies in Mass Communication , 16 : 20 – 41 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper , B. 2000 . “Chick flicks”; as feminist texts: The appropriation of the male gaze in Thelma and Louise. . Women's Studies in Communication , 23 : 277 – 306 .
   Google Scholar
• Custen , G.F. 1980 . Film talk: Viewers’ responses to film as a socially situated event. , Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Denby , D. 1998 . Darkness out of light. [Review of the films The Siege, Elizabeth and Life is Beautiful]. . The New Yorker , November 16 : 114 – 116 .
   Google Scholar
• Domke , D. , Shah , D.V. and Wackman , D.B. 1998 . Media priming effects: Accessibility, association, and activation. . International Journal of Public Opinion Research , 10 : 51 – 75 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downing , J.D.H. 1989 . “ The Cosby Show and American racial discourse. ” . In Discourse and discrimination , Edited by: Smitherman‐Donaldson , G. and van Dijk , T.A. 46 – 73 . Detroit : Wayne State University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dudek , D. 1998 . The Siege yields in its final moments; well‐acted film lets its ambiguities unravel. [Review of the film The Siege]. . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel , November 6 : 8
   Google Scholar
• Ebert , R. 1998 . The Siege. [Review of the film The Siege]. . The Chicago‐Sun Times , December 13 : 27
   Google Scholar
• Ellsworth , E. 1986 . Illicit pleasures: Feminist spectators and Personal Best. . Wide Angle , 8 : 45 – 56 .
   Google Scholar
• 1993 . Fall guys . People Weekly , November 16 : 11
   Google Scholar
• Fenster , B. 1998 . “Siege”; mentality effective; sure‐fire elements negate silly devices. [Review of the film The Siege]. . The Arizona Republic , November 6 : D1
   Google Scholar
• Fiske , J. 1986 . Television: Polysemy and popularity. . Critical Studies in Mass Communication , 3 : 391 – 408 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabrenya , F. 1998 . Despite what they say, Siege is about Arab terrorists. [Review of the film The Siege]. . The Columbus Dispatch , November 6 : 8F
   Google Scholar
• Ghomeshi , J. 1998 . Well‐meaning and dangerous. . The Toronto Star , November 15 : F5
   Google Scholar
• Gleiberman , O. 1998 . I [bomb] New York. [Review of the film The Siege]. . Entertainment Weekly. , November 13 [Electronic Version]. Retrieved from http://www.ew.com/ew/archive/0,1798,1|24279|0|Siege,00.html.
   Google Scholar
• Gramsci , A. 1971 . Selections from the prison notebooks of Antonio Gramsci. , London : Lawrence and Wishart .
   Google Scholar
• Gray , H. 1989 . Television, Black Americans, and the American dream. . Critical Studies in Mass Communication , 6 : 376 – 386 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griswold , W. 1987 . The fabrication of meaning: Literary interpretation in the United States, Great Britain, and the West Indies. . American Journal of Sociology , 92 : 1077 – 1117 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall , A. Stereotypes in communication and social psychology. Paper presented at the meeting of the International Communication Association . Acapulco, Mexico. June ,
   Google Scholar
• Hall , S. 1980 . “ Encoding/decoding. ” . In Culture Media, Language: Working Papers in Cultural Studies, 1972–1979 , Edited by: Hall , S. , Hobson , D. , Lowe , A. and Willis , P. 128 – 138 . London : Hutchenson .
   Google Scholar
• Hall , S. 1981 . “ The whites of their eyes: Racist ideologies in the media. ” . In Silver linings: Some strategies for the eighties , Edited by: Bridges , G. and Blunt , R. 28 – 52 . London : Lawrence & Wishart .
   Google Scholar
• Hartl , J. 1998 . Zwick's latest film puts him under fire. . The Seattle Times. , November 6 : F5
   Google Scholar
• Holleman , J. 1998 . Cop thriller with strong cast goes from bad to worse. [Review of the film The Siege]. . The St. Louis Post‐Dispatch , November 6 : E3
   Google Scholar
• Hooper , I. 1998 . Again, Islam is an easy villain (Is that a story or a stereotype on the big screen?. . The New York Times , November 10 : A29
   Google Scholar
• Hohenberg , J. 1987 . Concise Newswriting. , New York : Hastings House .
   Google Scholar
• Hunter , S. 1998 . The Siege: The enemy within. [Review of the film The Siege]. . The Washington Post , November 6 : D1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johnson , M. 1998 . Troubling tale of terror; It's Washington vs. Willis; Arabs as villains, victims. [Review of the film The Siege]. . The Hartford Courant , November 6 : F10
   Google Scholar
• Kaltenbach , C. 1998 . The Siege is about more than ‘us‐vs.‐terrorists’. [Review of the film The Siege]. . The Baltimore Sun , November 6 : 4E
   Google Scholar
• Keenan , J. 1998 . Lack of depth stalls well‐acted Siege. [Review of the film The Siege]. . Omaha World‐Herald , November 7 : 65
   Google Scholar
• Kehr , D. 1998 . Not our coup of tea. [Review of the film The Siege]. . The Daily News (New York) , November 6 : 57
   Google Scholar
• Kendrick , J. 1998 . The Siege: A film review by James Kendrick. [Review of the film The Siege] . Retrieved from http://www.geocities.com/Hollywood/set/6281/Siege.htm
   Google Scholar
• Krosnick , J.A. and Kinder , D.R. 1990 . Altering the foundations of support for the president through priming. . American Political Science Review , 84 : 497 – 512 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kutty , S. 1998 . The Oscar for getting ‘em. . The Toronto Star , November 15 : F5
   Google Scholar
• LaSalle , M. 1998 . Siege bombs. [Review of the film The Siege]. . The San Francisco Chronicle , November 6 : C1
   Google Scholar
• Levy , S. 1998 . Controversy aside, Siege is a tense, taut thriller. [Review of the film The Siege]. . The [Portland] Oregonian. , November 6 Retrieved from http://www.oregonlive.com/entertain‐ment/movies/9811/mv981106_siege.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis , J. 1991 . The ideological octopus: An exploration of television and its audience. , New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Maslin , J. 1998 . New York as battleground of terrorists and troops. [Review of the film The Siege]. . The New York Times , November 6 : E15
   Google Scholar
• Mathews , J. 1998 . Touchy terrorism in the big apple. [Review of the film The Siege]. . Newsday , November 6 : B3
   Google Scholar
• Mendelsohn , M. 1996 . The media and interpersonal communications: The priming of issues, leaders, and party identification . Journal of Politics , 58 : 112 – 125 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merritt , B. and Stroman , C.A. 1993 . Black family imagery and interactions on television. . Journal of Black Studies , 4 : 492 – 499 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messaris , P. 1997 . Visual persuasion: The role of images in advertising. , Thousand Oaks : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Murray , S. 1998 . Democracy in peril, Hollywood‐style. [Review of the film The Siege]. . The Atlanta Journal and Constitution , November 6 : 11P
   Google Scholar
• Nadel , A. 1997 . “ A whole new (Disney) world order: Aladdin atomic power, and the Muslim Middle East. ” . In Visions of the East: Orientalism in Film , Edited by: Bernstein , M. and Studlar , G. 184 – 203 . New Brunswick, NJ : Rutgers University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nichols , P.M. 2001 . Home video: A terror alert on new stickers. . The New York Times , October 5 : E26
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O'Sullivan , M. 1998 . Complexity under ‘Siege’. [Review of the film The Siege]. . Washington Post , November 6 : N46
   Google Scholar
• Pener , D. 1998 . Siege mentality. . Entertainment Weekly. , November 13 [On‐line]. Available: http://www.ew.com/ew/archive/0,1798,l|24288|0|Siege%2bMentality,00.html
   Google Scholar
• Persall , S. 1998 . In the realm of possibility. [Review of the film The Siege]. . St. Petersburg Times , November 6 : 3
   Google Scholar
• Prince , S. 1992 . Visions of empire: Political imagery in contemporary American film. , New York : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Prince , S. 1993 . “ Celluloid heroes and smart bombs: Hollywood at war in the Middle East ” . In The media and the Persian Gulf War , Edited by: Denton , R.E. Jr. 235 – 256 . Westport, CT : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Prince , S. 1997 . Movies and meaning: An introduction to film. , Boston : Allyn and Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Ramsey , E.M. , Achter , P.J. and Condit , C.M. 2001 . Genetics, race, and crime: An audience study exploring The Bell Curve and book reviews. . Critical Studies in Media Communication , 18 : 1 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rushing , J.H. 1989 . Evolution of “the new frontier”; in Alien and Aliens: Patriarchal co‐optation of the feminine archetype. . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 76 : 1 – 24 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Said , E.W. 1978 . Orientalism. , New York : Random House .
   Google Scholar
• Schaefer , S. 2001 . Movies too close to reality: Entertainment industry shuffles its schedule in wake of terror attacks. . Boston Herald , September 18 : 51
   Google Scholar
• Schickel , R. 1998 . What price freedom? [Review of the film The Siege] . Time , November 9 : 116
   Google Scholar
• Semati , M.M. Hollywood's International Political Imagery in the 1990s. Paper presented at the meeting of the National Communication Association . Seattle, WA. November ,
   Google Scholar
• Shaheen , J.G. 1989 . The Hollywood Arab. . Journal of Popular Film and Culture , 14 (4) : 148 – 157 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaheen , J.G. 1994 . Arab images in American comic books . journal of Popular Culture , 28 : 123 – 134 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shively , J. 1992 . Cowboys and Indians: Perceptions of Western films among American Indians and Anglos. . American Sociological Review , 57 : 725 – 734 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shohat , E. and Stam , R. 1994 . Unthinking Eurocentrism: Multiculturalism and the media. , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Shome , R. 1996 . Race and popular cinema: The rhetorical strategies of Whiteness in City of Joy. . Communication Quarterly , 44 : 502 – 518 .
   Google Scholar
• Sobchack , T. 1988 . “ The adventure film. ” . In Handbook of American Film Genres , Edited by: Gehring , W.D. 9 – 25 . New York : Greenwood Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stein , M.L. 1985 . Getting and writing the news: A guide to reporting. , New York : Longman .
   Google Scholar
• Strickler , J. 1998 . Politics aside, Siege is a sizzling shoot‐'em‐up. [Review of the film The Siege]. . [Minneapolis] Star Tribune , November 6 : 1E
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , C. 1998 . Holy terror. [Review of the film The Siege] . Salon Magazine. , December 18 [Online]: Available, http://www.salonmagazine.com/ent/movies/reviews/1998/09review.html
   Google Scholar
• Turan , K. 1998 . Creating a siege mentality. [Review of the film The Siege]. . The Los Angeles Times , November 6 : F1
   Google Scholar
• Verniere , J. 1998 . Us. vs. us: Religious extremism has unholy consequences in The Siege. [Review of the film The Siege]. . The Boston Herald , November 6 : S11
   Google Scholar
• Vidmar , N. and Rokeach , N. 1974 . Archie Bunker's Bigotry: A study in selective perception and exposure . Journal of Communication , 24 (1) : 36 – 47 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward , H.H. 1985 . Professional newswriting. , Sand Diego : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich .
   Google Scholar
• Weinraub , B. 1998 . Director rebuts bias complaints. . The New York Times , October 30 : E16
   Google Scholar
• Westkind , R. 1998 . Defusing the drama: Siege turns into a civics lesson on liberties. [Review of the film The Siege]. . Pittsburgh Post‐Gazette , November 6 : 17
   Google Scholar
• Zwick , E. and Herskovitz , M. 2001 . The aftermath: When the bodies are real. . The New York Times , September 23 : AR11
   Google Scholar