Immediacy, humor, power distance, and classroom communication apprehension in Chinese college classrooms

References

• Alter , J , Cambra , R and Klopf , D . (1980) . The educational impact of communication apprehension: An exploratory study in the People's Republic of China . Waiyu Jiaoxue Yu Yanjiu (Foreign Languages Teaching and Research) , 3 : 45 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Andersen , JF . (1979) . Teacher immediacy as a predictor of teacher effectiveness . Communication Yearbook , 3 : 543 – 559 .
   Google Scholar
• Andersen P Andersen J (1982) Nonverbal immediacy in instruction In L. L. Barker (Ed.) Communication in the classroom (pp. 98–120) Englewood Cliffs NJ Prentice-Hall
   Google Scholar
• Aylor , B and Oppliger , P . (2003) . Out-of-class communication and student perceptions of instructor humor orientation and socio-communicative style . Communication Education , 52 : 122 – 134 .
   Google Scholar
• Barraclough , RA , Christophel , DM and McCroskey , JC . (1988) . Willingness to communicate: A cross-cultural investigation . Communication Research Reports , 5 : 187 – 192 .
   Google Scholar
• Biggs J Watkins D (1996) The Chinese learner in retrospect In D. A. Watkins & J. B. Biggs (Eds.) The Chinese learner: Cultural, psychological and contextual influences (pp. 269–286) Hong Kong Comparative Education Research Center
   Google Scholar
• Biggs JB Watkins DA (2001) Insights into teaching the Chinese learner In D. A. Watkins & J. B. Biggs (Eds.) Teaching the Chinese learner: Psychological and pedagogical perspectives (pp. 277–298) Hong Kong Comparative Education Research Center
   Google Scholar
• Booth-Butterfield , S and Booth-Butterfield , M . (1991) . Individual differences in the communication of humorous messages . Southern Communication Journal , 56 : 205 – 217 .
   Google Scholar
• Bourhis , J and Allen , M . (1992) . Meta-analysis of the relationship between communication apprehension and cognitive performance . Communication Education , 41 : 68 – 76 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman AJ Crompton P (1978) Humorous presentations of material: A review of the humor and memory literature and two experimental studies In M. M. Grunneberg & P. E. Morris (Eds.) Practical aspects of memory (pp. 84–92) London Academic Press
   Google Scholar
• Chesebro , JL . (2003) . Effects of teacher clarity and nonverbal immediacy on student learning, receiver apprehension, and affect . Communication Education , 52 : 135 – 147 .
   Google Scholar
• Chesebro , JL and McCroskey , JC . (1998) . The relationship between teacher clarity and immediacy and students’ experiences of state receiver apprehension when listening to teachers . Communication Quarterly , 46 : 446 – 456 .
   Google Scholar
• Chesebro , JL and McCroskey , JC . (2001) . The relationship of teacher clarity and immediacy with student state receiver apprehension, affect, and cognitive learning . Communication Education , 50 : 59 – 68 .
   Google Scholar
• Chesebro , JW , McCroskey , JC , Atwater , DF , Bahrenfuss , RM , Cawelti , G , Gaudino , JL and Hodges , H . (1992) . Communication apprehension and self-perceived communication competence of at-risk students . Communication Education , 41 : 345 – 360 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen , LJ and Menzel , KE . (1998) . The linear relationship between student reports of teacher immediacy behaviors and perceptions of state motivation, and of cognitive, affective, and behavioral learning . Communication Education , 47 : 82 – 90 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christophel , DM . (1990) . The relationships among teacher immediacy behaviors, student motivation, and learning . Communication Education , 39 : 323 – 340 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christophel , D and Gorham , J . (1995) . A test–retest analysis of student motivation, teacher immediacy, and perceived sources of motivation and demotivation in college classes . Communication Education , 44 : 292 – 306 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comadena , ME and Prusank , DT . (1988) . Communication apprehension and academic achievement among elementary and middle school students . Communication Education , 37 : 270 – 277 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dwyer , KK . (1998) . Communication apprehension and learning style preference: Correlations and implications for teaching . Communication Education , 47 : 137 – 150 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Earley PC Erez M (1997) The transplanted executive New York Oxford University Press
   Google Scholar
• Ellis , K . (1995) . Apprehension, self-perceived competency, and teacher immediacy in the laboratory-supported public speaking course: Trends and relationships . Communication Education , 44 : 64 – 78 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedrich G Goss B Cunconan T Lane D (1997) Systematic desensitization In J. A. Daly, J. C. McCroskey, J. Ayres, T. Hopf & D. M. Ayres (Eds.) Avoiding communication: Shyness, reticence, and communication apprehension (pp. 305–330) Cresskill NJ Hampton Press
   Google Scholar
• Frymier , AB . (1993) . The relationships among communication apprehension, immediacy and motivation to study . Communication Reports , 6 : 8 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Gorham , J . (1988) . The relationship between verbal immediacy behaviors and student learning . Communication Education , 37 : 40 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorham , J and Christophel , DM . (1990) . The relationship of teachers’ use of humor in the classroom to immediacy and student learning . Communication Education , 39 : 46 – 62 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gudykunst WB Lee CM (2003) Cross-cultural communication theories In W. B. Gudykunst (Ed.) Cross-cultural and intercultural communication (pp. 7–33) Thousand Oaks CA Sage
   Google Scholar
• Hackman , MZ and Barthel-Hackman , TA . (1993) . Communication apprehension, willingness to communicate, and sense of humor: United States and New Zealand perspectives . Communication Quarterly , 41 : 282 – 291 .
   Google Scholar
• Hall ET (1976) Beyond culture New York Anchor Press/Doubleday
   Google Scholar
• Ho IT (2001) Are Chinese teachers authoritarian? In D. A. Watkins & J. B. Biggs (Eds.) Teaching the Chinese learner: Psychological and pedagogical perspectives (pp. 99–114) Hong Kong Comparative Education Research Center
   Google Scholar
• Hofstede G (1980) Culture's consequences: International differences in work-related values Beverly Hills CA Sage
   Google Scholar
• Hofstede G (1991) Cultures and organization: Software of the mind London McGraw-Hill
   Google Scholar
• Hofstede , G and Bond , M . (1984) . Hofstede's culture dimensions . Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , 15 : 417 – 433 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu , CF . (2002) . The influence of self-construals, family, and teacher communication patterns on communication apprehension among college students in Taiwan . Communication Reports , 15 : 123 – 132 .
   Google Scholar
• Hu W Grove CL (1999) Encountering the Chinese: A guide for Americans Yarmouth ME Intercultural Press
   Google Scholar
• Jaasma , MA . (1997) . Classroom communication apprehension: Does being male or female make a difference? . Communication Reports , 10 : 219 – 228 .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , SC and Miller , AN . (2002) . A cross-cultural study of immediacy, credibility, and learning in the U.S. and Kenya . Communication Education , 51 : 280 – 292 .
   Google Scholar
• Kelly L (1997) Skills training as a treatment for communication problems In J. A. Daly, J. C. McCroskey, J. Ayres, T. Hopf & D. M. Ayres (Eds.) Avoiding communication: Shyness, reticence, and communication apprehension (pp. 331–366) Cresskill NJ Hampton Press
   Google Scholar
• Klopf DW (1997) Cross-cultural apprehension research: Procedures and comparisons In J. A. Daly, J. C. McCroskey, J. Ayres, T. Hopf & D. M. Ayres (Eds.) Avoiding communication: Shyness, reticence, and communication apprehension (pp. 269–284) Cresskill NJ Hampton Press
   Google Scholar
• Klopf , D and Cambra , R . (1979) . Communication apprehension among college students in America, Australia, Japan and Korea . Journal of Psychology , 102 : 27 – 31 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korobkin , D . (1988) . Humor in the classroom: Considerations and strategies . College Teaching , 36 : 154 – 158 .
   Google Scholar
• Long HB (1983) Adult learning: Research and practice New York Cambridge University Press
   Google Scholar
• McCroskey , JC . (1970) . Measures of communication bound anxiety . Speech Monographs , 37 : 269 – 277 .
   Google Scholar
• McCroskey , JC . (1977a) . Classroom consequences of communication apprehension . Communication Education , 26 : 27 – 33 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCroskey , JC . (1977b) . Oral communication apprehension: A summary of recent theory and research . Human Communication Research , 4 : 78 – 96 .
   Google Scholar
• McCroskey , JC . (1978) . Validity of the PRCA as an index of oral communication apprehension . Communication Monographs , 45 : 192 – 203 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCroskey JC (1981) Oral communication apprehension: Reconceptualization and a new look at measurement Paper presented at the Central States Speech Association Chicago
   Google Scholar
• McCroskey , JC . (1982) . Oral communication apprehension: A reconceptualization . Communication Yearbook , 6 : 136 – 170 .
   Google Scholar
• McCroskey JC (1997a) Self-report measurement In J. A. Daly, J. C. McCroskey, J. Ayres, T. Hopf & D. M. Ayres (Eds.) Avoiding communication: Shyness, reticence, and communication apprehension (pp. 191–216) Cresskill NJ Hampton Press
   Google Scholar
• McCroskey JC (1997b) Willingness to communicate, communication apprehension, and self-perceived communication competence: Conceptualizations and perspectives In J. A. Daly, J. C. McCroskey, J. Ayres, T. Hopf & D. M. Ayres (Eds.) Avoiding communication: Shyness, reticence, and communication apprehension (pp. 75–108) Cresskill NJ Hampton Press
   Google Scholar
• McCroskey , JC , Burroughs , NF , Daun , A and Richmond , VP . (1990) . Correlates of quietness: Swedish and American perspectives . Communication Quarterly , 38 : 127 – 137 .
   Google Scholar
• McCroskey , JC , Fayer , JM and Richmond , VP . (1985) . Don't speak to me in English: Communication apprehension in Puerto Rico . Communication Quarterly , 33 : 185 – 192 .
   Google Scholar
• McCroskey , JC , Fayer , JM , Richmond , VP , Sallinen , A and Barraclough , RA . (1996) . A multi-cultural examination of the relationship between nonverbal immediacy and affective learning . Communication Quarterly , 44 : 297 – 307 .
   Google Scholar
• McCroskey , LL , Richmond , VP and McCroskey , JC . (2002) . The scholarship of teaching and learning: Contributions from the discipline of communication . Communication Education , 51 : 383 – 391 .
   Google Scholar
• McCroskey , JC , Richmond , VP , Sallinen , A , Fayer , JM and Barraclough , RA . (1995) . A cross-cultural and multi-behavioral analysis of the relationship between nonverbal immediacy and teacher evaluation . Communication Education , 44 : 281 – 291 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCroskey , JC , Sallinen , A , Fayer , JM , Richmond , VP and Barraclough , RA . (1996) . Nonverbal immediacy and cognitive learning: A cross-cultural investigation . Communication Education , 45 : 200 – 211 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehrabian , A . (1967) . Orientation behaviors and nonverbal attitude communication . Journal of Communication , 17 : 324 – 332 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehrabian , A . (1969) . Attitudes inferred from non-immediacy of verbal communication . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 5 : 294 – 295 .
   Google Scholar
• Mehrabian A (1971) Silent messages Belmont CA Wadsworth
   Google Scholar
• Messman , SJ and Jones-Corley , J . (2001) . Effects of communication environment, immediacy, and communication apprehension on cognitive and affective learning . Communication Monographs , 68 : 184 – 200 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers , SA , Zhong , M and Guan , S . (1998) . Instructor immediacy in the Chinese college classroom . Communication Studies , 49 : 240 – 254 .
   Google Scholar
• Neer , MR . (1987) . The development of an instrument to measure classroom apprehension . Communication Education , 36 : 154 – 166 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuliep , JW . (1991) . An examination of the content of high school teachers’ humor in the classroom and the development of an inductively derived taxonomy of classroom humor . Communication Education , 40 : 343 – 355 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuliep , JW . (1997) . A cross-cultural comparison of teacher immediacy in American and Japanese college classrooms . Communication Research , 24 : 431 – 451 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuliep , JW and McCroskey , JM . (1997) . The development of intercultural and interethnic communication apprehension scales . Communication Research Reports , 14 : 145 – 156 .
   Google Scholar
• Neuliep , JW and Ryan , DJ . (1998) . The influence of intercultural communication apprehension and socio-communicative orientation on uncertainty reduction during initial cross-cultural interaction . Communication Quarterly , 46 : 88 – 99 .
   Google Scholar
• Nevo , O , Nevo , B and Yin , JLS . (2001) . Singaporean humor: A cross-cultural cross-gender comparison . Journal of General Psychology , 128 : 143 – 156 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oetzel , JG . (2001) . Self-construals, communication processes, and group outcomes in homogeneous and heterogeneous groups . Small Group Research , 32 : 19 – 55 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oetzel , J , Ting-Toomey , S , Masumoto , T , Yokoci , Y , Pan , X , Takai , J and Wilcox , R . (2001) . Face and facework in conflict: A cross-cultural comparison of China, Germany, Japan, and the United States . Communication Monographs , 68 : 235 – 258 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olaniran , BA and Roach , KD . (1994) . Communication apprehension and classroom apprehension in Nigerian classrooms . Communication Quarterly , 42 : 379 – 389 .
   Google Scholar
• Payne SK Richmond VP (1984) Communication avoidance: A bibliography of related research and theory In J. A. Daly & J. C. McCroskey (Eds.) Avoiding communication: Shyness, reticence, and communication apprehension (pp. 247–294) Beverly Hills CA Sage
   Google Scholar
• Powell , RG and Harville , B . (1990) . The effects of teacher immediacy and clarity on instructional outcomes: An intercultural assessment . Communication Education , 39 : 369 – 379 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richmond , VP , Gorham , JS and McCroskey , JC . (1987) . The relationship between selected immediacy behaviors and cognitive learning . Communication Yearbook , 10 : 574 – 590 .
   Google Scholar
• Roach , KD and Byrne , PR . (2001) . A cross-cultural comparison of instructor communication in American and German classrooms . Communication Education , 50 : 1 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Salili F (2001) Teacher-student interaction: Attributional implications and effectiveness of teachers’ evaluative feedback In D. A. Watkins & J. B. Biggs (Eds.) Teaching the Chinese learner: Psychological and pedagogical perspectives (pp. 77–98) Hong Kong Comparative Education Research Center
   Google Scholar
• Sanders , JA and Wiseman , RL . (1990) . The effects of verbal and nonverbal teacher immediacy on perceived cognitive, affective, and behavioral learning in the multicultural classroom . Communication Education , 39 : 341 – 353 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas , CE , Richmond , VP and McCroskey , JC . (1994) . The association between immediacy and socio-communicative style . Communication Research Reports , 11 : 107 – 114 .
   Google Scholar
• Wanzer , MB and Frymier , AB . (1999) . The relationship between student perceptions of instructor humor and students’ reports of learning . Communication Education , 48 : 48 – 62 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkins DA Biggs JB (2001) Teaching the Chinese learner: Psychological and pedagogical perspectives Hong Kong Comparative Education Research Center
   Google Scholar
• Watson , AK , Monroe , EE and Atterstrom , H . (1989) . Comparison of communication apprehension across cultures: American and Swedish children . Communication Quarterly , 37 : 67 – 76 .
   Google Scholar
• Wells HW (1971) Traditional Chinese humor: A study of art and literature Bloomington IN Indiana University Press
   Google Scholar
• Witt , PL and Wheeless , LR . (2001) . An experimental study of teachers’ verbal and nonverbal immediacy and students’ affective and cognitive learning . Communication Education , 50 : 327 – 342 .
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , Y , Butler , J and Pryor , B . (1996) . Comparison of apprehension about communication in China and the United States . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 82 : 1168 – 1170 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar