Investigating a New Education Frontier: Instructor Communication Behavior in CD-ROM Texts—Do Traditionally Positive Behaviors Translate into This New Environment?

References

• Adopting Schools. (2004). Thinkwell textbooks. Retrieved on December 1, 2004, from http://www.thinkwell.com/marketing/adoptions.cfm .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , J. F. ( 1979 ). Teacher immediacy as a predictor of teaching effectiveness . Communication Yearbook , 3 , 543 – 559 .
   Google Scholar
• Aylor , B. , & Opplinger , P. ( 2003 ). Out of class communication and student perceptions of instructor humor orientation and socio-communicative style . Communication Education , 52 , 122 – 134 .
   Google Scholar
• Beatty , M. J. , Behnke , R. R. , & Froelich , D. L. ( 1980 ). Effects of achievement incentive and presentation rate on listening comprehension . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 66 , 193 – 200 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beatty , M. J. , & Zahn , C. J. ( 1990 ). Are student ratings of communication instructors due to “easy” grading practices?: An analysis of teacher credibility and student-reported performance levels . Communication Education , 39 , 275 – 282 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth-Butterfield , S. , & Booth-Butterfield , M. ( 1991 ). Individual differences in the communication of humorous messages . Southern Communication Journal , 56 , 205 – 218 .
   Google Scholar
• Bork , A. ( 1991 ). Is technology-based learning effective? Contemporary Education , 63 ( 1 ), 6 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Brooks , H. B. , & Brooks , D. W. ( 1996 ). The emerging role of CD-ROMs in teaching chemistry . Journal of Science Education and Technology , 5 ( 3 ), 203 – 215 .
   Google Scholar
• Bryant , A. ( 2002 ). Thinkwell celebrates five years as next-generation textbook publisher. Retrieved December 1, 2004, from http://www.thinkwell.com/marketing/pressReleases.cfm?pressReleaseID=6 .
   Google Scholar
• Burgoon , J. K. , Bonito , J. A. , Ramirez , Jr. , A. , Dunbar , N. E. , Kam , K. , & Fischer , J. ( 2002 ). Testing the interactivity principle: Effects of mediation, propinquity, and verbal and nonverbal modalities in interpersonal interaction . Journal of Communication , 52 , 657 – 677 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke , K. , & Chidambaram , L. ( 1999 ). How much bandwidth is enough? A longitudinal examination of media characteristics and group outcomes . MIS Quarterly , 23 , 557 – 579 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson , J. R. , & Zmud , R. W. ( 1999 ). Channel expansion theory and the experimental nature of media richness perceptions . The Academy of Management Journal , 42 , 153 – 170 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chesebro , J. L. (2003). Effects of teacher clarity and nonverbal immediacy on student learning, receiver apprehension, and affect. Communication Education , 52, 135–147.
   Google Scholar
• Chesebro , J. L. , & McCroskey , J. C. ( 2001 ). The relationship of teacher clarity and immediacy with student state receiver apprehension, affect, and cognitive learning . Communication Education , 50 , 59 – 68 .
   Google Scholar
• Christensen , L. J. , & Menzel , K. E. ( 1998 ). The linear relationship between student reports of teacher immediacy behaviors and perceptions of state motivation, and of cognitive, affective, and behavioral learning . Communication Education , 47 , 32 – 90 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christophel , D. M. ( 1990 ). The relationships among teacher immediacy behaviors, student motivation, and learning . Communication Education , 39 , 324 – 339 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christophel , D. M. , & Gorham , J. ( 1995 ). A test-retest analysis of student motivation, teacher immediacy, and perceived sources of motivation and demotivation in college classes . Communication Education , 44 , 292 – 506 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comeaux , P. ( 1995 ). The impact of an interactive distance-learning network on classroom communication . Communication Education , 44 , 353 – 361 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daft , R. L. , & Lengel , R. H. ( 1984 ). Information richness: A new approach to managerial behavior and organizational design . In B. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (vol. 6, pp. 191 – 233 ). Greenwich , Conn. : JAI .
   Google Scholar
• Daft , R. L. , & Lengel , R. H. ( 1986 ). Organizational information requirements: Media richness and structural design . Management Science , 32 , 554 – 571 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , M. S. ( 1998 ). The electronic biology classroom: Implementation and student opinion . Kapiolani Community College. Paper contributed to the Teaching in the Community Colleges Online Conference . ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED449976 .
   Google Scholar
• Dennis , A.R. , & Kinney S.T. ( 1998 ). Testing media richness theory in the new media: The effects of cues, feedback, and task equivocality . Information Systems Research , 9 , 256 – 274 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn , R. , & Dunn , K. ( 1992 ). Teaching elementary students through their individual learning styles: Practical approaches for grades 3–6 . Boston , Mass. : Allyn & Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Dunn , R. , & Dunn , K. ( 1993 ). Teaching secondary students through their individual learning styles: Practical approaches for grades 7–12 . Boston , Mass. : Allyn & Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Dunn , R. , Dunn , K. , & Perrin , J. ( 1994 ). Teaching young children through their individual learning styles K–2 . Boston , Mass. : Allyn & Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Eaves , M. , & Leathers , D. G. ( 1991 ). Context as communication: McDonald's versus Burger King . Journal of Applied Communication , 19 , 263 – 289 .
   Google Scholar
• Freitas , F. A. , Myers , S. A. , & Avtgis , T. A. ( 1998 ). Student perceptions of instructor immediacy in conventional and distributed learning classrooms . Communication Education , 47 , 366 – 372 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frymier , A. B. ( 1994 ). A model of immediacy in the classroom . Communication Quarterly , 42 , 133 – 144 .
   Google Scholar
• Frymier , A. B. , & Shulman , G. M. ( 1995 ). “What's in it for me?”: Increasing content relevance to enhance students' motivation . Communication Education , 44 , 40 – 49 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frymier , A. B. , & Thompson , C. A. ( 1992 ). Perceived teacher affinity-seeking in relation to perceived teacher credibility . Communication Education , 41 , 388 – 399 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fulk , J. ( 1993 ). Social construction of communication technology . The Academy of Management Journal , 36 , 921 – 950 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorham , J. ( 1988 ). The relationship between verbal teacher immediacy and student learning . Communication Education , 37 , 40 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorham , J. , & Christophel , D. M. ( 1990 ). The relationship of teachers' use of humor in the classroom to immediacy and student learning . Communication Education , 39 , 46 – 62 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hackman , M. Z. , & Walker , K. B. ( 1990 ). Instructional communication in the televised classroom: The effects of system design and teacher immediacy on student learning and satisfaction . Communication Education , 39 , 196 – 206 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herron , T. L. ( 1998 ). Teaching with the internet . The Internet and Higher Education , 1 ( 3 ), 217 – 222 .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , S. D. , & Miller , A. N. (2002). A cross-cultural study of immediacy, credibility, and learning in the U.S. and Kenya. Communication Education , 51, 280–292.
   Google Scholar
• Jonassen , D. H. , & Reeves , T. C. ( 1996 ). Learning with technology: Using computers as cognitive tools . In D. H. Jonassen (Ed.), Handbook of research on educational communications and technology (pp. 693 – 719 ). New York : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Kearney , P. , Plax , T. G. , & Wendt-Wasco , N. J. ( 1985 ). Teacher immediacy for affective learning in divergent college classes . Communication Quarterly , 33 , 61 – 74 .
   Google Scholar
• Kent , T. W. , & McNergney , R. F. ( 1999 ). Will technology really change education? From blackboard to web . Thousand Oaks , Calif. : Corwin Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kock , N. ( 1999 ). Process improvement and organizational learning: The role of collaboration technologies . Hershey , Pa. : Idea Group .
   Google Scholar
• Kock , N. ( 2005 ). Media richness or media naturalness? The evolution of our biological communication apparatus and its influence on our behavior toward e-communication tools . IEEE Transactions On Professional Communication , 48 , 117 – 130 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowerison , G. , Sclater , J. , Schmid , R. F. , & Abrami , P. C. ( 2006 ). Student perceived effectiveness of computer technology use in post secondary classrooms . Computers & Education , 47 , 465 – 489 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCroskey , J. C. , Hamilton , P. R. , & Weiner , A. M. ( 1974 ). The effect of interaction behavior on source credibility, homophily, and interpersonal attraction . Human Communication Research , 1 , 42 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• McCroskey , J. C. , Holdridge , W. , & Toomb , J. K. ( 1974 ). An instrument for measuring the source credibility of basic communication instructors . Speech Teacher , 23 , 26 – 33 .
   Google Scholar
• Meyer , J. C. ( 2000 ). Humor as a double-edged sword: Four functions of humor in communication . Communication Theory , 10 , 310 – 331 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milliken , J. , & Barnes , L. P. ( 2002 ). Teaching and technology in higher education: Student perceptions and personal reflections . Computers & Education , 39 , 223 – 235 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mottet , T. P. ( 2000 ). Interactive television instructors' perceptions of students' nonverbal responsiveness and their influence on distance teaching . Communication Education , 49 , 146 – 164 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers , S. A. ( 2001 ). Perceived instructor credibility and verbal aggressiveness in the college classroom . Communication Research Reports , 18 , 354 – 364 .
   Google Scholar
• Myers , S. A. ( 2004 ). The relationship between perceived instructor credibility and college student in-class and out-of class communication . Communication Reports , 17 , 129 – 137 .
   Google Scholar
• NCREL (2002). Technology in Education. Retrieved June 22, 2005, from http://www.ncrel.org/tech/
   Google Scholar
• Pearson Education. (2005). Retrieved June 22, 2005, from http:www.pearsoned.com/
   Google Scholar
• Pinker , S. ( 1997 ). How the mind works . New York : Norton .
   Google Scholar
• Richmond , V. P. ( 1990 ). Communication in the classroom: Power and motivation . Communication Education , 39 , 181 – 195 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richmond , V. P. , McCroskey , J. C. , Plax , T. G. , & Kearney , P. ( 1986 ). Teacher nonverbal immediacy training and student affect . World Communication , 15 , 181 – 194 .
   Google Scholar
• Roblyer , M. D. ( 2003 ). Integrating educational technology into teaching () , 3rd ed . Upper Saddle River , NJ : Merrill Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Rodriguez , J. I. , Plax , T. G. , & Kearney , P. ( 1996 ). Clarifying the relationship between teacher nonverbal immediacy and student cognitive learning: Affective learning as the central causal mediator . Communication Education , 45 , 293 – 305 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russ , G. S. , Daft , R. L. , & Lengel , R. H. ( 1990 ). Media selection and managerial characteristics in organizational communications . Management Communication Quarterly , 4 , 151 – 175 .
   Google Scholar
• Schrodt , P. ( 2003 ). Students' appraisals of instructors as a function of students' perceptions of instructors' aggressive communication . Communication Education , 52 , 106 – 121 .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , T. M. ( 1976 ). Humor in teaching . Journal of Physical Education and Recreation , 7 , 10 .
   Google Scholar
• Sheer , V. C. , & Chen , L. ( 2004 ). Improving media richness theory: A study of interaction goals, message valence, and task complexity in manager-subordinate communication . Management Communication Quarterly , 18 , 76 – 93 .
   Google Scholar
• Shuell , T. J. , & Farber , S. L. (2001). Students' perceptions of technology use in college classrooms. Journal of Educational Computing Research , 24, 119–138.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silvernail , D. L, & Johnson , J. L. ( 1990 ). The impact interactive televised instruction on college student achievement and attitudes: a controlled experiment . International Journal of Instructional Media , 17 ( 1 ), 1 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Teven , J. J. , & Hanson , T. L. ( 2004 ). The impact of teacher immediacy and perceived caring on teacher competence and trustworthiness . Communication Quarterly , 52 , 39 – 53 .
   Google Scholar
• Teven , J. J. , & McCroskey , J. C. ( 1996 ). The relationship of perceived teacher caring with student learning and teacher evaluation . Communication Education , 46 , 1 – 9 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thweatt , K. S. , & McCroskey , J. C. ( 1998 ). The impact of teacher immediacy and misbehaviors on teacher credibility . Communication Education , 47 , 348 – 358 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unfred , D. , & Crooks , S. ( 2001 ). Learner self-efficacy, attitude, and utilization patterns for an electronic textbook . Orlando, Fla.: Proceedings of Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference . ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED457832 .
   Google Scholar
• Wanzer , M. B. , & Frymier , A. B. ( 1999 ). The relationship between student perceptions of instructor humor and students' reports of learning . Communication Education , 48 , 48 – 62 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welker , W. A. ( 1977 ). Humor in education: A foundation for wholesome living . College Student Journal , 11 , 252 – 254 .
   Google Scholar
• Witt , P. L. , & Wheeless , L. R. ( 1999 ). Nonverbal communication expectancies about teachers and enrollment behavior in distance learning . Communication Education , 80 , 149 – 154 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witt , P. L. , & Wheeless , L. R. ( 2001 ). An experimental study of teachers' verbal and nonverbal immediacy and students' affective and cognitive learning . Communication Education , 50 , 327 – 342 .
   Google Scholar
• Wrench , J. S. , & Richmond , V. P. ( 2004 ). Understanding the psychometric properties of the humor assessment instrument through an analysis of the relationships between teacher humor assessment and instructional communication variables in the college classroom . Communication Research Reports , 21 , 92 – 103 .
   Google Scholar
• Zack , M. H. ( 1993 ). Interactivity and communication mode choice in ongoing management groups . Information Systems Research , 4 , 207 – 239 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziv , A. ( 1988 ). Teaching and learning with humor: Experiment and replication . Journal of Educational Psychology , 57 , 5 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Marian L. Houser (PhD, University of Tennessee, 2002) is an assistant professor at Texas State University-San Marcos. Renee L. Cowan (MA, Texas State University, 2005) is a doctoral student at Texas A&M University, and Daniel A. West (MA, Texas State University, 2005) is the John A. Cassesse Director of Forensics at Ohio University.
   Google Scholar