A Structural Equation Modeling Evaluation of the General Model of Instructional Communication

References

• Beatty , M. , McCroskey , J. , & Valencic , K. ( 2001 ). The biology of communication: A communibiological perspective . Cresskill , NJ : Hampton.
   Google Scholar
• Beatty , M. , & Zahn , C. J. ( 1990 ). Are student ratings of communication instructors due to “easy” grading practices? An analysis of instructor credibility and student-reported performance levels . Communication Education , 39 , 275 – 282 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bollen , K. A. ( 1989 ). Structural equations with latent variables . New York : Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Burroughs , N. F. ( 2007 ). A reinvestigation of the relationship of teacher nonverbal immediacy and student compliance–resistance with learning . Communication Education , 56 , 453 – 475 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chesebro , J. L. , & McCroskey , J. C. ( 2000 ). The relationship between students' reports of learning and their actual recall of lecture material: A validity test . Communication Education , 49 , 297 – 301 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chesebro , J. L. , & McCroskey , J. C. ( 2001 ). The relationship of teacher clarity and immediacy with student state receiver apprehension, affect, and cognitive learning . Communication Education , 50 , 59 – 68 .
   Google Scholar
• Chory , R. ( 2007 ). Enhancing student perceptions of fairness: The relationship between instructor credibility and classroom justice . Communication Education , 56 , 89 – 105 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christophel , D. ( 1990 ). The relationships among teacher immediacy behaviors, student motivation and learning . Communication Education , 29 , 323 – 340 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christophel , D. , & Gorham , J. ( 1995 ). A test–retest analysis of student motivation, teacher immediacy and perceived sources of motivation and demotivation in college classes . Communication Education , 44 , 292 – 306 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole , J. G. ( 2000 ). A temperament perspective of nonverbal immediacy . Communication Research Reports , 17 , 90 – 94 .
   Google Scholar
• Comadena , M. E. , Hunt , S. K. , & Simonds , C. J. ( 2007 ). The effects of teacher clarity, nonverbal immediacy, and caring on student motivation, affective and cognitive learning . Communication Research Reports , 24 , 241 – 248 .
   Google Scholar
• Costa , P. T. , & McCrae , R. R. (1992). NEO–PI–R: Revised personality inventory . Odessa , FL : Psychological Assessment Resources.
   Google Scholar
• Duran , R. L. , & Kelly , L. ( 1988 ). The influence of communicative competence on perceived task, social, and physical attraction . Communication Quarterly , 36 , 41 – 49 .
   Google Scholar
• Eysenck , H. J. ( 1986 ). Can personality study ever be scientific? Journal of Social Behavior and Personality , 1 , 3 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Eysenck , H. J. ( 1990 ). Biological dimensions of personality . In L. A. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 244 – 276 ). New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Eysenck , H. J. , & Eysenck , M. W. ( 1985 ). Personality and individual differences: A natural science approach . New York : Plenum.
   Google Scholar
• Eysenck , S. B. G. , Eysenck , H. J. , & Barrett , P. ( 1985 ). A revised version of the Psychoticism scale . Personality and Individual Differences , 6 , 21 – 29 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan , X. , & Sivo , S. ( 2005 ). Evaluating the sensitivity and generalizability of SEM fit indices while controlling for severity of model misspecification . Structural Equation Modeling , 12 , 343 – 367 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan , X. , & Sivo , S. ( 2007 ). Sensitivity of fit indices to model misspecification and model types . Multivariate Behavioral Research , 42 , 509 – 529 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frymier , A. ( 1994 ). A model of immediacy in the classroom . Communication Quarterly , 42 , 133 – 144 .
   Google Scholar
• Frymier , A. , & Shulman , G. ( 1995 ). “What's in it for me?: Increasing content relevance to enhance students' motivation . Communication Education , 44 , 40 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glascock , J. , & Ruggiero , T. E. ( 2006 ). The relationship of ethnicity and sex to professor credibility at a culturally diverse university . Communication Education , 55 , 197 – 207 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorham , J. ( 1988 ). The relationship between verbal teacher immediacy behaviors and student learning . Communication Education , 37 , 40 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heisel , A. , LaFrance , B. , & Beatty , M. ( 2003 ). Self-reported extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism as predictors of peer rated verbal aggressiveness and affinity-seeking behavior . Communication Monographs , 70 , 1 – 15 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaasma , M. , & Koper , R. ( 1999 ). The relationship of student–faculty out-of-class communication to instructor immediacy and trust and to student motivation . Communication Education , 48 , 41 – 47 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , S. D. , & Miller , A. N. ( 2002 ). A cross-cultural study of immediacy, credibility, and learning in the U.S. and Kenya . Communication Education , 51 , 280 – 292 .
   Google Scholar
• Katt , J. , & Collins , S. ( 2007 ). Achieving immediacy with written cues . Academic Exchange Quarterly , 11 ( 2 ), 91 – 96 .
   Google Scholar
• MacCallum , R. C. , Browne , M. W. , & Sugawara , H. M. ( 1996 ). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling . Psychological Methods , 1 ( 2 ), 130 – 149 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez-Egger , A. D. , & Powers , W. G. ( 2007 ). Student respect for a teacher: Measurement and relationships to teacher credibility and classroom behavior perceptions . Human Communication , 10 , 145 – 155 .
   Google Scholar
• McCroskey , J. C. ( 1994 ). Assessment of affect toward communication and affect toward instruction in communication . In S. Morreale & M. Brooks (Eds.), Assessing college student competency in speech communication (pp. 56 – 71 ). Annandale , VA : Speech Communication Association .
   Google Scholar
• McCroskey , J. C. , Hamilton , P. R. , & Weiner , A. N. ( 1974 ). The effect of interaction behavior on source credibility, homophily, and interpersonal attraction . Human Communication Research , 1 ( 1 ), 42 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• McCroskey , J. C. , Heisel , A. , & Richmond , V. ( 2001 ). Eysenck's Big Three and communication traits: Three correlational studies . Communication Monographs , 68 , 360 – 366 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCroskey , J. C. , & McCain , T. A. ( 1974 ). The measurement of interpersonal attraction . Speech Monographs , 41 , 456 – 463 .
   Google Scholar
• McCroskey , J. C. , & Richmond , V. P. ( 1996 ). Fundamentals of human communication: An interpersonal perspective . Prospect Heights , IL : Waveland .
   Google Scholar
• McCroskey , J. C. , Richmond , V. P. , Heisel , A. , & Hayhurst , J. L. (2004). Eysenck's Big Three and communication traits: Communication traits as manifestations of temperament. Communication Research Reports , 21, 404–410.
   Google Scholar
• McCroskey , J. C. , Richmond , V. P. , Sallinen , A. , Fayer , J. M. , & Barraclough , R. A. ( 1995 ). A cross-cultural and multi-behavioral analysis of the relationship between nonverbal immediacy and teacher effectiveness . Communication Education , 44 , 281 – 291 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCroskey , J. C. , & Teven , J. J. ( 1999 ). Goodwill: A reexamination of the construct and its measurement . Communication Monographs , 66 , 90 – 103 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCroskey , J. C. , Valencic , K. M. , & Richmond , V. P. ( 2004 ). Toward a General Model of Instructional Communication . Communication Quarterly , 52 , 197 – 210 .
   Google Scholar
• McPherson , M. B. , & Liang , Y. ( 2007 ). Students' reactions to teachers' management of compulsive communicators . Communication Education , 56 , 18 – 33 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehrabian , A. ( 1971 ). Silent messages . Belmont , CA : Wadsworth .
   Google Scholar
• Merrill , D. W. , & Reid , R. H. ( 1999 ). Personal styles and effective performance: Make your style work for you . Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mottet , T. , & Beebe , S. A. ( 2006 ). Foundations of instructional communication . In T. P. Mottet , V. P. Richmond , & J. C. McCroskey (Eds.), Handbook of instructional communication: Rhetorical and relational perspectives (pp. 3–27) . Boston , MA : Allyn & Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Mottet , T. , Parker-Raley , J. , Beebe , S. , & Cunningham , C. ( 2007 ). Instructors who resist “college lite”: The neutralizing effect of instructor immediacy on students' course-workload violations and perceptions of instructor credibility and affective learning . Communication Education , 56 , 145 – 167 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers , S. A. ( 2002 ). Perceived aggressive instructor communication and student state motivation, learning, and satisfaction . Communication Reports , 15 , 113 – 121 .
   Google Scholar
• Neuliep , J. W. , Chadouir , M. , & McCroskey , J. C. ( 2004 ). A cross-cultural test of the association between temperament and communication apprehension . Communication Research Reports , 20 , 320 – 330 .
   Google Scholar
• Pogue , L. L. , & AhYun , K. ( 2006 ). The effect of teacher nonverbal immediacy and credibility on student motivation and affective learning . Communication Education , 55 , 331 – 344 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter , H. , Wrench , J. S. , & Hoskinson , C. ( 2007 ). The influence of supervisor temperament on subordinate job satisfaction and perceptions of supervisor sociocommunicative orientation and approachability . Communication Quarterly , 55 , 129 – 153 .
   Google Scholar
• Richmond , V. P. , Gorham , J. , & McCroskey , J. C. ( 1987 ). The relationship between selected immediacy behaviors and cognitive learning . In M. McLaughin (Ed.), Communication Yearbook 10 (pp. 574 – 590 ). Beverly Hills , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Richmond , V. P. , & McCroskey , J. C. ( 1989 ). Communication: Apprehension, avoidance and effectiveness ( , 2nd ed. ). Scottsdale , AZ : Gorsuch Scarisbrick .
   Google Scholar
• Richmond , V. P. , & McCroskey , J. C. ( 1990 ). Reliability and separation of factors on the assertiveness–responsiveness measure . Psychological Reports , 67 , 449 – 450 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richmond , V. P. , McCroskey , J. C. , Kearney , P. , & Plax , T. G. ( 1987 ). Power in the classroom VII: Linking behavior alteration techniques to cognitive learning . Communication Education , 36 , 1 – 12 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson , R. Y. ( 1993 ). The usefulness of the verbal receptivity construct in instructional communication research . Communication Quarterly , 41 , 292 – 298 .
   Google Scholar
• Rodríquez , J. I. , Plax , T. G. , & Kearney , P. ( 1996 ). Clarifying the relationship between teacher nonverbal immediacy and student cognitive learning: Affective learning as the central causal mediator . Communication Education , 45 , 293 – 305 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld , L. B. , Richman , J. M. , Bowen , G. L. , & Wynns , S. L. ( 2006 ). In the face of a dangerous community: The effects of social support and neighborhood danger on high school students' school outcomes . Southern Communication Journal , 71 , 273 – 289 .
   Google Scholar
• Schrodt , P. , Turman , P. D. , & Soliz , J. (2006). Perceived understanding as a mediator of perceived teacher confirmation and students' rating of instruction. Communication Education , 55, 370–388.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schrodt , P. , & Witt , P. L. ( 2006 ). Students' attributions of instructor credibility as a function of students' expectations of instructional technology use and nonverbal immediacy . Communication Education , 55 , 1 – 20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schumacker , R. E. , & Lomax , R. G. ( 1996 ). A beginner's guide to structural equation modeling . Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Sivo , S. A. , Fan , X. , Witta , L. , & Willse , J. ( 2006 ). The search for “optimal” cutoff properties: Fit index criteria in structural equation modeling . Journal of Experimental Education , 74 , 267 – 288 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sivo , S. A. , Saunders , C. , Chang , Q. , & Jiang , J. J. ( 2006 ). How low should you go? Low response rates and the validity of inferences in IS research using questionnaires . Journal of the Association of Information Systems , 7 , 351 – 414 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sivo , S. A. , & Willson , V. L. ( 1998 ). Is parsimony always desirable? Identifying the correct model for a longitudinal panel data set . Journal of Experimental Education , 66 , 249 – 255 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephenson , M. T. , & Holbert , R. L. ( 2003 ). A Monte Carlo simulation of observable versus latent variable structural equation modeling techniques . Communication Research , 30 , 332 – 354 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teven , J. J. ( 2001 ). The relationships among teacher characteristics and perceived caring . Communication Education , 50 , 159 – 169 .
   Google Scholar
• Teven , J. J. ( 2007 ). Teacher temperament: Correlates with teacher caring, burnout, and organizational outcomes . Communication Education , 56 , 382 – 400 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teven , J. J. , & Hanson , T. L. ( 2004 ). The impact of teacher immediacy and perceived caring on teacher competence and trustworthiness . Communication Quarterly , 52 , 39 – 53 .
   Google Scholar
• Teven , J. J. , & McCroskey , J. C. ( 1996 ). The relationship of perceived teacher caring with student learning and teacher evaluation . Communication Education , 46 , 1 – 9 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thweatt , K. , & McCroskey , J. C. ( 1998 ). Impact of teacher immediacy and misbehaviors on teacher credibility . Communication Education , 47 , 348 – 358 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tidwell , M. , & Sias , P. ( 2005 ). Personality and information seeking: Understanding how traits influence information-seeking behaviors . Journal of Business Communication , 42 ( 1 ), 51 – 77 .
   Google Scholar
• Weiss , S. D. , & Houser , M. L. ( 2007 ). Student communication motives and interpersonal attraction toward instructor . Communication Research Reports , 24 , 215 – 224 .
   Google Scholar
• Witt , P. L. , & Wheeless , L. R. ( 2001 ). An experimental study of teachers' verbal and nonverbal immediacy and students' affective and cognitive learning . Communication Education , 50 , 327 – 342 .
   Google Scholar