The Intersection Between Deep Moral Frames and Rhetorical Style in the Struggle over U.S. Immigration Reform

References

• Banwart , M. C. , & McKinney , M. S. ( 2005 ). A gendered influence in campaign debates? Analysis of mixed-gender United States Senate and Gubernatorial debates . Communication Studies , 56 , 353 – 373 . doi: doi: 10.1080/10510970500319443
   Google Scholar
• Beasley , V. B. ( 2004 ). You, the people: American national identity in presidential rhetoric . College Station , TX : Texas A&M University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Beasley , V. B. (Ed.). ( 2006 ). Who belongs in America? Presidents, rhetoric, and immigration . College Station , TX : Texas A&M University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Blankenship , J. , & Robson , D. C. ( 1995 ). A “feminine style” in women's political discourse: An exploratory essay . Communication Quarterly , 43 , 353 – 366 . doi: doi: 10.1080/01463379509369982
   Google Scholar
• Blitzer , W. ( Host ). ( 2007 , May 27 ). CNN Late Edition With Wolf Blitzer [Transcript] . Washington , DC : Cable News Network . Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic database .
   Google Scholar
• Burke , K. ( 1950 ). A rhetoric of motives . Berkeley , CA : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Burke , K. ( 1972 ). Dramatism and development . Barre , MA : Clark University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Campbell , K. K. ( 1973 ). The rhetoric of women's liberation: An oxymoron . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 59 , 74 – 86 . doi: doi: 10.1080/00335637309383155
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell , K. K. ( 1986 ). Style and content in the rhetoric of early Afro-American feminists . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 72 , 434 – 445 . doi: doi: 10.1080/00335638609383786
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell , K. K. ( 1989 ). Man cannot speak for her: A critical study of the early feminist rhetoric . Westport , CT : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Campbell , K. K. ( 1998 ). The discursive performance of femininity: Hating Hillary . Rhetoric & Public Affairs , 1 , 1 – 19 . doi: doi: 10.1353/rap.2010.0172
   Google Scholar
• Campbell , K. K. ( 2002 ). Consciousness-raising: Linking theory, criticism, and practice . Rhetoric Society Quarterly , 32 , 45 – 64 . doi: doi: 10.1080/02773940209391220
   Google Scholar
• Carroll , J. ( 2007 , July 16 ). Americans divided on need for new immigration laws: View that immigration should be one of top government priorities is at high poll in last year . Washington , DC : Gallup, Inc . Retrieved from http://www.gallup.com/poll/28135/Americans-Divided-Need-New-Immigration-Laws.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Center for Media and Public Affairs . ( 2004 ). Election newswatch campaign 2004: The media agenda . Washington , DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Chavez , L. R. ( 2001 ). Covering immigration: Popular images and the politics of the nation . Berkeley , CA : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cisneros , J. D. ( 2008 ). Contaminated communities: The metaphor of “immigrant as pollutant” in media representations of immigration . Rhetoric & Public Affairs , 11 , 569 – 602 . doi: doi: 10.1353/rap.0.0068
   Google Scholar
• Demo , A. T. (2005). Sovereignty discourse and contemporary immigration politics. Quarterly Journal of Speech , 91, 291–311. doi: doi: 10.1080/00335630500350319
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demo , A. T. ( 2007 ). The afterimage: Immigration policy after Elián . Rhetoric & Public Affairs , 10 , 27 – 50 . doi: doi: 10.1353/rap.2007.0016
   Google Scholar
• Denton , R. E. , Jr. ( 2000 ). Dangers of “teledemocracy”: How the medium of television undermines American democracy . In R. E. Denton , Jr. (Ed.), Political communication ethics: An oxymoron? (pp. 91 – 124 ). Westport , CT : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• DeRosa , K. L. , & Bystrom , D. G. ( 1999 ). The voice of and for women in the 1996 presidential campaign: Style and substance of convention speeches . In L. L. Kaid & D. G. Bystrom (Eds.), The electronic election: Perspectives on the 1996 campaign communication (pp. 97 – 111 ). Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Dobbs , L. (Host) . ( 2007 , May 24 ). Lou Dobbs tonight [Transcript] . New York , NY : Cable News Network . Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic database .
   Google Scholar
• Dorsey , L. G. , & Harlow , R. M. ( 2003 ). “We want Americans pure and simple”: Theodore Roosevelt and the myth of Americanism . Rhetoric & Public Affairs , 6 , 55 – 78 . doi: doi: 10.1353/rap.2003.0027
   Google Scholar
• Dow , B. J. ( 1994 ). Ann Willis Richards . In K. K. Campbell (Ed.), Women public speakers in the United States, 1925–1993: A bio-critical sourcebook (pp. 452 – 464 ). Westport , CT : Greenwood .
   Google Scholar
• Dow , B. J. , & Tonn , M. B. ( 1993 ). “Feminine style” and political judgment in the rhetoric of Ann Richards . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 79 , 286 – 302 . doi: doi: 10.1080/00335639309384036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flores , L. A. ( 2003 ). Constructing rhetorical borders: Peons, illegal aliens, and competing narratives of immigration . Critical Studies in Media Communication , 20 , 362 – 387 . doi: doi: 10.1080/0739318032000142025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foust , C. R. ( 2004 ). A return to feminine public virtue: Judge Judy and the myth of the tough mother . Women's Studies in Communication , 27 , 269 – 293 . doi: doi: 10.1080/07491409.2004.10162477
   Google Scholar
• Gibson , C. (Anchor) . ( 2007 , May 18 ). World news with Charles Gibson [Transcript] . New York , NY : American Broadcasting Company . Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic database .
   Google Scholar
• Graber , D. A. ( 2001 ). Processing politics: Learning from television in the Internet age . Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Graber , D. A. ( 2002 ). Mass media and American politics () , 6th ed. . Washington , DC : CQ Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hasian , M. , Jr., & Delgado , F. ( 1998 ). The trials and tribulations of racialized critical rhetorical theory: Understanding the rhetorical ambiguities of Proposition 187 . Communication Theory , 8 , 245 – 270 . doi: doi: 10.1111/j.1468–2885.1998.tb00221.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayden , S. ( 1997 ). Re-claiming bodies of knowledge: An exploration of the relationship between feminist theorizing and feminine style in the rhetoric of the Boston Women's Health Book Collective . Western Journal of Communication , 61 , 127 – 163 . doi: doi: 10.1080/10570319709374569
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayden , S. ( 2003 ). Family metaphors and the nation: Promoting a politics of care through the Million Mom March . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 89 , 196 – 215 . doi: doi: 10.1080/0033563032000125313
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofstetter , C. R. ( 1976 ). Bias in the news: A study of network coverage of the 1972 election campaign . Columbus , OH : Ohio State University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Holt , L. (Anchor) . ( 2007 , May 19 ). NBC nightly news [Transcript] . New York , NY : National Broadcasting Company . Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic database .
   Google Scholar
• Hulse , C. , & Pear , R. ( 2007 , June 8 ). Immigrant bill, lacking 15 votes, stalls in Senate . The New York Times , p. A1 .
   Google Scholar
• Ivie , R. L. ( 2005 ). Democracy and America's war on terror . Tuscaloosa , AL : University of Alabama Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jamieson , K. H. ( 1988 ). Eloquence in an electronic age: The transformation of political speechmaking . New York , NY : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jamieson , K. H. ( 1995 ). Beyond the double bind: Women and leadership . New York , NY : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jamieson , K. H. (Ed.). ( 2006 ). Electing the president, 2004: The insiders' view . Philadelphia , PA : University of Pennsylvania Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jarvis , S. E. (2005). The talk of the party: Political labels, symbolic capital, and American life . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Jasinski , J. ( 2001 ). Sourcebook on rhetoric: Key concepts in contemporary rhetorical studies . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , D. I. ( 2005 ). Feminine style in presidential debate discourse, 1960–2000 . Communication Quarterly , 53 , 3 – 20 . doi: doi: 10.1080/01463370500055814
   Google Scholar
• Kaml , S. S. ( 2000 ). The fusion of populist and feminine styles in the rhetoric of Ann Richards . In B. D. Marshall & M. A. Mayhead (Eds.), Navigating boundaries: The rhetoric of women governors (pp. 59 – 81 ). Westport , CT : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Kimble , J. J. ( 2009 ). John F. Kennedy, the construction of peace, and the pitfalls of androgynous rhetoric . Communication Quarterly , 57 , 154 – 170 . doi: doi: 10.1080/01463370902881635
   Google Scholar
• King , J. (Host) . ( 2007 , May 20 ). CNN late edition with Wolf Blitzer [Transcript] . Washington , DC : Cable News Network . Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic database .
   Google Scholar
• Lakoff , G. ( 1996 ). Moral politics: What conservatives know that liberals don't . Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lakoff , G. ( 2003 , September ). Framing the Dems: How conservatives control political debate and how progressives can take it back . American Prospect , 14 ( 8 ), 32 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Lakoff , G. ( 2004 ). Don't think of an elephant! Know your values and frame the debate . White River Junction , VT : Chelsea Green .
   Google Scholar
• Lakoff , G. ( 2005 ). A cognitive scientist looks at Daubert . American Journal of Public Health , 95 ( Suppl. 1 ), S114 – S120 . doi: doi:10.2105/AJPH.2004.044552
   Google Scholar
• Lakoff , G. ( 2008 ). The political mind: Why you can't understand 21st-centry politics with an 18th-centry brain . New York , NY : Viking .
   Google Scholar
• Lakoff , G. , & Ferguson , S. ( 2006a , May 28 ). Crucial issues not addressed in the immigration debate: Why deep framing matters . Berkeley , CA : The Rockridge Institute . Retrieved from http://www.cognitivepolicyworks.com/resource-center/rethinking-immigration/crucial-issues-not-addressed-in-the-immigration-debate/
   Google Scholar
• Lakoff , G. , & Ferguson , S. ( 2006b , May 25 ). The framing of immigration . Berkeley , CA : The Rockridge Institute . Retrieved from http://www.cognitivepolicyworks.com/resource-center/rethinking-immigration/the-framing-of-immigration/
   Google Scholar
• Lakoff , G. , & The Rockridge Institute. ( 2006 ). Thinking points: Communicating our American values and vision . New York , NY : Farrar, Straus & Giroux .
   Google Scholar
• Lang , A. , Shin , M. , Bradley , S. , Wang , Z. , Lee , S. , & Potter , D. ( 2005 ). Wait! Don't turn that dial! More excitement to come! The effects of story length and production pacing in local television news on channel changing behavior and information processing in a free choice environment . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 49 , 3 – 22 . doi: doi: 10.1207/s15506878jobem4901_2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauer , M. , Curry , A. , & Holt , L. (Anchors) . ( 2007 , May 18 ). Today [Transcript] . New York , NY : National Broadcasting Company . Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic database .
   Google Scholar
• Mehan , H. ( 1997 ). The discourse of the illegal immigration debate: A case study in the politics of representation . Discourse & Society , 8 , 249 – 270 . doi: doi: 10.1177/0957926597008002006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ono , K. A. , & Sloop , J. M. ( 2002 ). Shifting borders: Rhetoric, immigration, and California's Proposition 187 . Philadelphia , PA : Temple University Press .
   Google Scholar
• O'Reilly , B. (Host) . ( 2007 , May 18 ). The O'Reilly factor [Transcript] . New York , NY : Fox News Channel . Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic database .
   Google Scholar
• Parry-Giles , S. J. , & Parry-Giles , T. ( 1996 ). Gendered politics and presidential image construction: A reassessment of the “feminine style.” Communication Monographs , 63 , 337 – 353 . doi: doi: 10.1080/03637759609376398
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parry-Giles , S. J. , & Parry-Giles , T. ( 2002 ). Constructing Clinton: Hyperreality and presidential image-making in postmodern politics . New York , NY : Peter Lang .
   Google Scholar
• Pear , R. (2007, April 10). Bush ties drop in illegal immigration to his policies. The New York Times , p. A18.
   Google Scholar
• Pear , R. , & Rutenberg , J. ( 2007 , May 18 ). Senators in bipartisan deal on broad immigration deal . The New York Times , p. A1 .
   Google Scholar
• Peeples , J. A. , & DeLuca , K. M. ( 2006 ). The truth of the matter: Motherhood, community and environmental justice . Women's Studies in Communication , 29 , 59 – 87 .
   Google Scholar
• Pew Research Center . ( 2007 , June 4 ). Thompson demonstrates broad potential appeal . Washington , DC : Pew Research Center for the People & the Press . Retrieved from http://people-press.org/reports/pdf/334.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Project for Excellence in Journalism . ( 2007a ). PEJ news coverage index: May 20–25, 2007. Media give President a win in war funding debate . Washington , DC : Pew Research Center for the People & the Press . Retrieved from http://www.journalism.org/node/5815
   Google Scholar
• Project for Excellence in Journalism . ( 2007b ). PEJ talk show index: May 20–25, 2007. Talk hosts score the big fights . Washington , DC : Pew Research Center for the People & the Press . Retrieved from http://www.journalism.org/node/5858
   Google Scholar
• Richardson , G. W. , Jr. ( 2006 , April 20 ). How liberals and conservatives think: Evidence on Lakoff's theory in the rhetoric of political advertising . Paper presented at the meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, IL .
   Google Scholar
• Russert , T. (Host) . ( 2007 , May 27 ). Meet the press [Transcript] . New York , NY : National Broadcasting Company . Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic database .
   Google Scholar
• Santa Ana , O. ( 2002 ). Brown tide rising: Metaphors of Latinos in contemporary American public discourse . Austin , TX : University of Texas Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sawyer , D. , & Roberts , R. (Anchors) . ( 2007 , May 18 ). Good Morning America [Transcript] . New York , NY : American Broadcasting Company . Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic database .
   Google Scholar
• Schieffer , B. (Host) . ( 2007 , May 20 ). Face the Nation [Transcript] . New York , NY : Columbia Broadcasting System . Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic database .
   Google Scholar
• Sefcovic , E. M. , & Bifano , D. T. ( 2004 ). Creating a rhetorical home for feminists in the “master's house” of the academy: Toward a gendered taxonomy of form and content . Women & Language , 27 , 53 – 62 .
   Google Scholar
• Spielvogtel , C. ( 2005 ). “You know where I stand”: Moral framing of the war on terrorism and the Iraq War in the 2004 presidential campaign . Rhetoric & Public Affairs , 8 , 549 – 569 . doi: doi: 10.1353/rap.2006.0015
   Google Scholar
• Stephanopoulos , G. (Host) . ( 2007 , May 20 ). This Week [Transcript] . New York , NY : American Broadcasting Company . Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic database .
   Google Scholar
• Storm , H. , & Russ , M. (Anchors) . ( 2007 , May 18 ). The early show [Transcript] . New York , NY : Columbia Broadcasting System . Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic database .
   Google Scholar
• Tetlock , P. E. ( 2005 ). Expert political judgment: How good is it? How can we know? . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tichenor , D. J. ( 2002 ). Dividing lines: The politics of immigration control in America . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tonn , M. B. ( 1996 ). Militant motherhood: Labor's Mary Harris “Mother” Jones . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 82 , 1 – 21 . doi: doi: 10.1080/00335639609384137
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tonn , M. B. , & Kuhn , M. S. ( 1993 ). Co-constructed oratory: Speaker–audience interaction in the labor union rhetoric of Mary Harris “Mother” Jones . Text and Performance Quarterly , 13 , 313 – 330 . doi: doi: 10.1080/10462939309366060
   Google Scholar
• Trent , J. S. , & Short-Thompson , C. ( 2003 ). From first lady to United States senator: The role and power of image in the transmogrifying of Hillary Rodham Clinton . In R. E. Denton , Jr. & R. L. Holloway (Eds.), Images, scandal, and communication strategies of the Clinton presidency (pp. 113 – 141 ). Westport , CT : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Wallace , C. (Host) . ( 2007 , May 20 ). Fox news sunday [Transcript] . New York , NY : Fox News Channel . Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic database .
   Google Scholar