Estimation of total arsenic contamination and exposure in Brazilian rice and infant cereals

References

• Al Rmalli, S.W., et al., 2005. A survey of arsenic in foodstuffs on sale in the United Kingdom and imported from Bangladesh. The Science of the Total Environment, 337 (1–3), 23–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander, J., et al., 2009. Marine biotoxins in shellfish–summary on regulated marine biotoxins scientific opinion of the panel on contaminants in the food chain. The EFSA Journal, 1306, 1–23.
   Google Scholar
• BRASIL, [ANVISA] Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. Resolução RDC n° 42, de 29 de agosto de, 2013. Dispõe sobre o Regulamento Técnico MERCOSUL sobre Limites Máximos de Contaminantes Inorgânicos em Alimentos. Available from: http://portal.anvisa.gov.br/documents/33880/2568070/rdc0042_29_08_2013.pdf/c5a17d2d-a415-4330-90db-66b3f35d9fbd [Accessed 4 October 2018].
   Google Scholar
• Arao, T., et al., 2018. Effect of air temperature after heading of rice on the arsenic concentration of grain. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 64 (3), 433–437.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• [ATSDR] Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2007. Toxicological profile for arsenic. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Available from: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp.asp?id=22&tid=3 [Accessed 16 September 2018].
   Google Scholar
• [ATSDR] Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2018. Substance Priority List. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Available from: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/spl/ [Accessed 16 September 2018].
   Google Scholar
• Batista, B.L., et al., 2011. Speciation of arsenic in rice and estimation of daily intake of different arsenic species by Brazilians through rice consumption. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 191 (1–3), 342–348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benford, D., et al., 2010. Application of the margin of exposure (moe) approach to substances in food that are genotoxic and carcinogenic. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 48 (1), S42–S48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandon, E.F., et al., 2014. Arsenic: bioaccessibility from seaweed and rice, dietary exposure calculations and risk assessment. Food Additives & Contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure & Risk Assessment, 31 (12), 1993–2003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carbonell-Barrachina, A.A., et al., 2012. Inorganic arsenic contents in rice-based infant foods from Spain, UK, China and USA. Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex: 1987), 163, 77–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiger, A. and Lynch, M. T., 2017. Effects of Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereal on Children’s Neurodevelopment. Available from: http://www.healthybabycereals.org/sites/healthybabycereals.org/files/2017-12/AbtAssociates_2017_EffectsOfInorganicArsenicInInfantRiceCerealOnChildren%27sNeurodevelopment.pdf [Accessed 5 September 2018].
   Google Scholar
• Ciminelli, V.S.T., et al., 2017. Dietary arsenic exposure in Brazil: the contribution of rice and beans. Chemosphere, 168, 996–1003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods, 2014. Proposed draft revision of the maximum levels for lead in selected commodities in the general standard for contaminants and toxins in food and feed (CODEX STAN 193-1995). Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods, 8th session, CX/CF 14/8/5. Available from: www.fao.org/input/download/report/906/cf08_01e.pdf [Accessed 16 September 2018].
   Google Scholar
• De la Calle, M.B., et al., 2017. Determination of inorganic arsenic in a wide range of food matrices using hydride generation-atomic absorption spectrometry. Journal of Visualized Experiments: JoVE, 127, 1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Defarge, N., et al., 2018. Toxicity of formulants and heavy metals in glyphosate-based herbicides and other pesticides. Toxicology Reports, 5, 156–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• [EFSA] European Food Safety Authority, 2005. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on a request from EFSA related to a harmonised approach for risk assessment of substances which are both genotoxic and carcinogenic. Efsa J, 282, 1–31.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission, 2018. Commission regulation (EU) 2015/1006 of 25 June 2015 amending Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 as regards maximum levels of inorganic arsenic in foodstuffs. Available from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32015R1006&from=EN [Accessed 16 September 2018].
   Google Scholar
• Federarroz, 2018. Federação das Associações dos Arrozeiros do Rio Grande do Sul. Available from: http://federarroz.com.br/ [Accessed 16 September 2018].
   Google Scholar
• Gonçalves, J.A.C., 2011. A contaminação natural por arsênio em solos e águas subterrâneas na área urbana de Ouro Preto (MG). Dissertation. Federal University of Ouro Preto.
   Google Scholar
• Guillod-Magnin, R., et al., 2018. Arsenic species in rice and rice-based products consumed by toddlers in Switzerland. Food Additives & Contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure & Risk Assessment, 35 (6), 1164–1178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• [IARC] The International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2012. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Available from: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol100C/mono100C.pdf [Accessed 15 September 2018].
   Google Scholar
• [IBGE] Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, 2010. Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiar (POF):2008-2009: análise do consumo alimentar pessoal no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE. Available from: https://ww2.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/imprensa/ppts/0000000108.pdf [accessed 16 September 2018].
   Google Scholar
• Jallad, K.N., 2018. The hazards of an ubiquitary metalloid, arsenic, hiding in infant diets: detection, speciation, exposure, and risk assessment. Biological Trace Element Research, 1–13. DOI 10.1007/s12011-018-1510-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jayasumana, C., et al., 2015. Phosphate fertilizer is a main source of arsenic in areas affected with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri. Springerplus, 4 (90), 1–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jiao, W., et al., 2012. Environmental risks of trace elements 887 associated with long-term phosphate fertilizers applications: a review. Environmental Pollution, 168, 44–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karagas, M.R., et al., 2016. Association of rice and rice-product consumption with arsenic exposure early in life. JAMA Pediatrics, 170 (6), 609–616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, H.-B., et al., 2017. Arsenic relative bioavailability in rice using a mouse arsenic urinary excretion bioassay and its application to assess human health risk. Environmental Science & Technology, 51 (8), 4689–4696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lombi, E., et al., 2009. Speciation and distribution of arsenic and localization of nutrients in rice grains. The New Phytologist, 184 (1), 193–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mataveli, L.R.V., et al., 2016. Total arsenic, cadmium, and lead determination in Brazilian rice samples using ICP-MS. Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry, 2016, 1–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mateus, V.L., et al., 2013. Study of the chemical composition of particulate matter from the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan region, Brazil, by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and optical emission spectrometry. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 86, 131–136.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meharg, A.A. and Rahman, M.M., 2003. Arsenic contamination of Bangladesh paddy field soils: implications for rice contribution to arsenic consumption. Environmental Science & Technology, 37 (2), 229–234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meharg, A.A., et al., 2008. Speciation and localization of arsenic in white and brown rice grains. Environmental Science & Technology, 42 (4), 1051–1057.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meharg, A.A., et al., 2009. Geographical variation in total and inorganic arsenic content of polished (white) rice. Environmental Science & Technology, 43 (5), 1612–1617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naito, S., et al., 2015. Effects of polishing, cooking, and storing on total arsenic and arsenic species concentrations in rice cultivated in Japan. Food Chemistry, 168, 294–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nascimento, S.N., et al., 2017. Environmental exposure and effects on health of children from a tobacco-producing region. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24 (3), 2851–2865.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nascimento, S.N., et al., 2018. Exposure to environment chemicals and its possible role in endocrine disruption of children from a rural area. Environmental Research, 167, 488–498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naujokas, M.F., et al., 2013. The broad scope of health effects from chronic arsenic exposure: update on a worldwide public health problem. Environmental Health Perspectives, 121 (3), 295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinheiro, F. C., 2016. Determinação de arsênio total e inorgânico em sucos de frutas e arroz por ICP-MS. Dissertation. Federal São Carlos University.
   Google Scholar
• Rahman, M.A. and Hasegawa, H., 2011. High levels of inorganic arsenic in rice in areas where arsenic-contaminated water is used for irrigation and cooking. Science of the Total Environment, 409 (22), 4645–4655.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rego, A., et al., 2018. Amino acid contents and toxically relevant arsenic of rice varieties consumed in Portugal. Measurement, 113, 189–195.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rigotto, R.M., et al., 2014. Pesticide use in Brazil and problems for public health. Cadernos de Saude Publica, 30 (7), 1360–1362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segura, F.R., et al., 2016. Arsenic speciation in Brazilian rice grains organically and traditionally cultivated: is there any difference in arsenic content? Food Research International, 89, 169–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma, A.K., et al., 2014. Review of arsenic contamination, exposure through water and food and low cost mitigation options for rural areas. Applied Geochemistry, 41, 11–33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shraim, A.M., 2017. Rice is a potential dietary source of not only arsenic but also other toxic elements like lead and chromium. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 10, S3434–S3443.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shibata, T., et al., 2016. Risk assessment of arsenic in rice cereal and other dietary sources for infants and toddlers in the US. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13 (361), 1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Sun, G.-X., et al., 2009. Survey of arsenic and its speciation in rice products such as breakfast cereals, rice crackers and Japanese rice condiments. Environment International, 35 (3), 473–475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tapio, S. and Grosche, B., 2006. Arsenic in the aetiology of cancer. Mutation Research, 612 (3), 215–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, R. R., et al., 2014. Wheat and rice in disease prevention and health: benefits, risks and mechanisms of whole grains in health promotion. 1st ed. London: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• [WHO] World Health Organization, 2011. Guidelines for drinking-water quality. 4th ed. Geneva, Switzerland.
   Google Scholar
• [WHO] World Health Organization, 2018. Evaluations of the Joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives (JECFA). Available from: http://apps.who.int/food-additives-contaminants-jecfa-database/chemical.aspx?chemID=1863 [Accessed 19 September 2018].
   Google Scholar
• Williams, P.N., et al., 2007. Greatly enhanced arsenic shoot assimilation in rice leads to elevated grain levels compared to wheat and barley. Environmental Science & Technology, 41 (19), 6854–6859.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, X.Y., et al., 2008. Growing rice aerobically markedly decreases arsenic accumulation. Environmental Science & Technology, 42 (15), 5574–5579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, Y.-G., et al., 2008. Exposure to inorganic arsenic from rice: a global health issue? Environmental Pollution, 154 (2), 169–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar