References
- Abdal Dayem, A., et al., 2017. The role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the biological activities of metallic nanoparticles. International Journal of Molecular Science, 18 (1), 120.
- Anderson, C., et al., 2012., 2016. E-cigarette aerosol exposure induces reactive oxygen species, DNA damage, and cell death in vascular endothelial cells. Toxicological Sciences, 154 (2), 332–340.
- Bakand, S., Hayes, A., and Dechsakulthorn, F., 2012. Nanoparticles: a review of particle toxicology following inhalation exposure. Inhalation Toxicology, 24 (2), 125–135.
- Bhatt, J.M., Ramphul, M., and Bush, A., 2020. A. An update on controversies in e-cigarettes. Paediatric Respiratory Reviews, 36, 75–86.
- Boudi, F.B., et al., 2019. Vitamin E acetate as a plausible cause of acute vaping-related illness. Cureus, 11 (12), e6350.
- Buchanan, N.D., et al., 2020. Cardiovascular risk of electronic cigarettes: a review of preclinical and clinical studies. Cardiovascular Research, 116 (1), 40–50.
- Burkitt, M.J., and Milne, L., 1996. Hydroxyl radical formation from Cu(II)-trolox mixtures: insights into the pro-oxidant properties of alpha-tocopherol. FEBS Letters, 379 (1), 51–54.
- Cameron, J.M., et al., 2014. Variable and potentially fatal amounts of nicotine in e-cigarette nicotine solutions. Tobacco Control, 23 (1), 77–78.
- Caporale, A., et al., 2019. Acute effects of electronic cigarette aerosol inhalation on vascular function detected at quantitative MRI. Radiology, 293 (1), 97–106.
- Cardenas, V.M., et al., 2019. Use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) by pregnant women I: Risk of small-for-gestational-age birth. Tobacco Induced Diseases, 17, 44.
- Chatterjee, S., et al., 2019. Acute exposure to e-cigarettes causes inflammation and pulmonary endothelial oxidative stress in nonsmoking, healthy young subjects. American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, 317 (2), L155–L66.
- Chen, I.L., 2013. FDA summary of adverse events on electronic cigarettes. Nicotine Tobacco Research, 15 (2), 615–616.
- Cherian, S.V., Kumar, A., and Estrada-Y-Martin, R.M., 2020. E-cigarette or vaping product-associated lung injury: a review. The American Journal of Medicine, 133 (6), 657–663.
- Cullen, K.A., et al., 2019. e-cigarette use among youth in the United States, 2019. JAMA, 322 (21), 2095–2103.
- Di Biase, A., et al., 2018. Comparative effects between electronic cigarette and tobacco cigarette smoke on oxidative markers in cultured immune cells isolated from rats. Annali Dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanita, 54 (4), 300–307.
- Drazen, J.M., Morrissey, S., and Campion, E.W., 2019. The dangerous flavors of E-cigarettes. The New England Journal of Medicine, 380 (7), 679–680.
- Duell, A.K., et al., 2018. Boiling points of the propylene glycol + glycerol system at 1 atmosphere pressure: 188.6-292 °C without and with added water or nicotine. Chemical Engineering Communications, 205 (12), 1691–1610.
- Espinoza-Derout, J., et al., 2019. Chronic intermittent electronic cigarette exposure induces cardiac dysfunction and atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein-E knockout mice. American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 317 (2), H445–H59.
- Franzen, K.F., et al., 2018. E-cigarettes and cigarettes worsen peripheral and central hemodynamics as well as arterial stiffness: A randomized, double-blinded pilot study. Vascular Medicine, 23 (5), 419–425.
- Gallart-Mateu, D., et al., 2016. Passive exposure to nicotine from e-cigarettes. Talanta, 152, 329–334.
- Ganguly, K., et al., 2020. Addressing the challenges of E-cigarette safety profiling by assessment of pulmonary toxicological response in bronchial and alveolar mucosa models. Scientific Reports, 10 (1), 20460.
- George, J., et al., 2019. Cardiovascular effects of switching from tobacco cigarettes to electronic cigarettes. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 74 (25), 3112–3120.
- Glasser, A.M., et al., 2017. Overview of electronic nicotine delivery systems: a systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 52 (2), e33–e66.
- Glynos, C., et al., 2018. Comparison of the effects of e-cigarette vapor with cigarette smoke on lung function and inflammation in mice. American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, 315 (5), L662–L72.
- Goniewicz, M.L., et al., 2014. Levels of selected carcinogens and toxicants in vapour from electronic cigarettes. Tobacco Control, 23 (2), 133–139.
- Gotts, J.E., et al., 2019. What are the respiratory effects of e-cigarettes? BMJ, 366, l5275. Erratum in: BMJ, 2019,367,l5980.
- Grana, R.A., et al., 2014. Electronic cigarettes. Cardiology patient page. Circulation, 129 (19), e490–e492.
- Heinzerling, A., et al., 2020. Severe lung injury associated with use of e-cigarette, or vaping, products-California, 2019. JAMA International Medicine, 180 (6), 861–869.
- Husari, A., et al., 2016. Acute exposure to electronic and combustible cigarette aerosols: effects in an animal model and in human alveolar cells. Nicotine and Tobacco Research: Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 18 (5), 613–619.
- Ito, Y., et al., 2020. Heat-Not-Burn cigarette induces oxidative stress response in primary rat alveolar epithelial cells. PLoS One, 15 (11), e0242789.
- Jensen, R.P., et al., 2015. Hidden formaldehyde in e-cigarette aerosols. New England Journal of Medicine, 372 (4), 392–394.
- Kanane, A., et al., 2017. Pro-oxidant effects of a high α-tocopherol dose on kidney antioxidant biomarkers and histopathological aspects. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research, 87 (3-4), 179–190.
- Kang, G.S., et al., 2011. Long-term inhalation exposure to nickel nanoparticles exacerbated atherosclerosis in a susceptible mouse model. Environmental Health Perspectives, 119 (2), 176–181.
- Kankanamage, R.N.T., et al., 2020. Metabolites of tobacco- and e-cigarette-related nitrosamines can drive Cu2+-mediated DNA oxidation. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 33 (8), 2072–2086.
- Kaur, G., et al., 2020. Current perspectives on characteristics, compositions, and toxicological effects of e-cigarettes containing tobacco and menthol/mint flavors. Frontiers in Physiology, 11, 613948.
- King, B.A., et al., 2018. Electronic cigarette sales in the United States, 2013-2017. JAMA, 320 (13), 1379–1380.
- Kinnunen, J.M., et al., 2021. Electronic cigarette use among 14- to 17-year-olds in Europe. European Journal of Public Health, 31 (2), 402–408.
- Kleinman, M.T., et al., 2020. E-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury produced in an animal model from electronic cigarette vapor exposure without tetrahydrocannabinol or vitamin E oil. Journal of the American Heart Association, 9 (18), e017368.
- Kosmider, L., et al., 2014. Carbonyl compounds in electronic cigarette vapors: effects of nicotine solvent and battery output voltage. Nicotine Tobacco Research, 16 (10), 1319–1326.
- Kuntic, M., et al., 2020. Short-term e-cigarette vapour exposure causes vascular oxidative stress and dysfunction: evidence for a close connection to brain damage and a key role of the phagocytic NADPH oxidase (NOX-2). European Heart Journal, 41 (26), 2472–2483.
- Layden, J.E., et al., 2020. Pulmonary illness related to E-cigarette use in Illinois and Wisconsin – final report. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382 (10), 903–916.
- Li, G., et al., 2019. Impact of maternal e-cigarette vapor exposure on renal health in the offspring. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1452 (1), 65–77.
- Li, L., et al., 2020. Effects of electronic cigarettes on indoor air quality and health. Annual Review of Public Health, 41, 363–380.
- Lim, H.B., and Kim, S.H., 2014. Inhallation of e-cigarette cartridge solution aggravates allergen-induced airway inflammation and hyper-responsiveness in mice. Toxicological Research, 30 (1), 13–18.
- Lippi, G., et al., 2014. Response to "Comment on 'E-cigarettes and cardiovascular risk: beyond science and mysticism'". Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis, 40 (4), 519–65.
- Marques, P., Piquera, s. L., and Sanz, M.J., 2021. An updated overview of e-cigarette impact on human health. Respiratory Research, 22 (1), 151.
- McGrath-Morrow, S.A., et al., 2020. The effects of nicotine on development. Pediatrics, 145 (3), e20191346.
- Md Isa, N.A., Koh, P.Y., and Doraj, P., 2019. The tear function in electronic cigarette smokers. Optometry and Vision Science, 96 (9), 678–685.
- Mikheev, V.B., et al., 2016. Real-time measurement of electronic cigarette aerosol size distribution and metals content analysis. Nicotine Tobacco Research, 18 (9), 1895–1902.
- Miliano, C., et al., 2020. Modeling drug exposure in rodents using e-cigarettes and other electronic nicotine delivery systems. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 330, 108458.
- Mobarrez, F., et al., 2020. Electronic cigarettes containing nicotine increase endothelial and platelet derived extracellular vesicles in healthy volunteers. Atherosclerosis, 301, 93–100.
- Moheiman, i. R.S., et al., 2017. Increased cardiac sympathetic activity and oxidative stress in habitual electronic cigarette users: implications for cardiovascular risk. JAMA Cardiology, 2 (3), 278–284.
- Morjaria, J.B., Mondati, E., and Polosa, R., 2017. E-cigarettes in patients with COPD: current perspectives. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 12, 3203–3210.
- Oh, A.Y., and Kacker, A., 2014. Do electronic cigarettes impart a lower potential disease burden than conventional tobacco cigarettes? Review on E-cigarette vapor versus tobacco smoke. The Laryngoscope, 124 (12), 2702–2706.
- Pham, K., et al., 2020. E-cigarette promotes breast carcinoma progression and lung metastasis: Macrophage-tumor cells crosstalk and the role of CCL5 and VCAM-1. Cancer Letters, 491, 132–145.
- Ralho, A., et al., 2019. Effects of electronic cigarettes on oral cavity: a systematic review. The Journal of Evidence-Based Dental Practice, 19 (4), 101318.
- Romberg, A.R., et al., 2019. Patterns of nicotine concentrations in electronic cigarettes sold in the United States, 2013-2018. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 203, 1–7.
- Rubinstein, M.L., et al., 2018. Adolescent exposure to toxic volatile organic chemicals from E-cigarettes. Pediatrics, 141 (4), e20173557.
- Ruszkiewicz, J.A., et al., 2020. Neurotoxicity of e-cigarettes. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 138, 111245.
- Schier, J.G., et al.,; CDC 2019 Lung Injury Response Group. 2019. Severe Pulmonary Disease Associated with Electronic-Cigarette-Product Use - Interim Guidance. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 68 (36), 787–790.
- Schober, W., et al., 2014. Use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) impairs indoor air quality and increases FeNO levels of e-cigarette consumers. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 217 (6), 628–637.
- Schripp, T., et al., 2013. Does e-cigarette consumption cause passive vaping? Indoor Air, 23 (1), 25–31.
- Schweitzer, K.S., et al., 2015. Endothelial disruptive proinflammatory effects of nicotine and e-cigarette vapor exposures. American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, 309 (2), L175–L87.
- Scott, A., et al., 2018. Pro-inflammatory effects of e-cigarette vapour condensate on human alveolar macrophages. Thorax, 73 (12), 1161–1169.
- Singh, K.P., et al., 2019. Systemic biomarkers in electronic cigarette users: implications for noninvasive assessment of vaping-associated pulmonary injuries. ERJ Open Research, 5 (4), 00182–2019.
- Sundar, I.K., et al., 2016. E-cigarettes and flavorings induce inflammatory and pro-senescence responses in oral epithelial cells and periodontal fibroblasts. Oncotarget, 7 (47), 77196–77204.
- Traboulsi, H., et al., 2020. Inhalation toxicology of vaping products and implications for pulmonary health. International Journal of Molecular Science, 21 (10), 3495.
- Vardavas, C.I., et al., 2012. Short-term pulmonary effects of using an electronic cigarette: impact on respiratory flow resistance, impedance, and exhaled nitric oxide. Chest, 141 (6), 1400–1406.
- Visser, W.F., et al., 2019. The health risks of electronic cigarette use to bystanders. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16 (9), 1525.
- Voos, N., Goniewicz, M.L., and Eissenberg, T., 2019. What is the nicotine delivery profile of electronic cigarettes? Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 16 (11), 1193–1203.
- Williams, M., et al., 2013. Metal and silicate particles including nanoparticles are present in electronic cigarette cartomizer fluid and aerosol. PLoS One., 8 (3), e57987.
- Wills, T.A., et al., 2019. E-cigarette use and respiratory disorder in an adult sample. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 194, 363–370.
- Winnicka, L., and Shenoy, M.A., 2020. EVALI and the pulmonary toxicity of electronic cigarettes: a review. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 35 (7), 2130–2135.
- Yang, I., Sandeep, S., and Rodriguez, J., 2020. The oral health impact of electronic cigarette use: a systematic review. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 50 (2), 97–127.