Pentoxifylline inhibits phosgene-induced lung injury via improving hypoxia

References

• Azizi, H., et al., 2021. Pentoxifylline effects on hospitalized patients with COVID19: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. International Immunopharmacology, 101 (Pt B), 108227.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bhat, A.A., et al., 2018. Tight junction proteins and signaling pathways in cancer and inflammation: a functional crosstalk. Frontiers in Physiology, 9, 1942.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell, D., 2021. Are the protean effects of pentoxifylline in the therapy of diabetes and its complications still relevant.  Diabetes Therapy: Research, Treatment and Education of Diabetes and Related Disorders, 12 (12), 3025–3035.
   Google Scholar
• Coimbra, R., et al., 2004. Intraarterial pulmonary pentoxifylline improves cardiac performance and oxygen utilization after hemorrhagic shock: a novel resuscitation strategy. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 98 (5), 1439–1446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chavarria, A.P., et al., 2021. Antioxidants and pentoxifylline as coadjuvant measures to standard therapy to improve prognosis of patients with pneumonia by COVID-19. Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal, 19, 1379–1390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinicolantonio, J.J. and Barroso-Aranda, J., 2020. Harnessing adenosine A2A receptors as a strategy for suppressing the lung inflammation and thrombotic complications of COVID-19: potential of pentoxifylline and dipyridamole. Medical Hypotheses, 143, 110051.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fulas, O.A., et al., 2021. The effect of a topical combination of clonidine and pentoxifylline on post-traumatic neuropathic pain patients: study protocol for a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Trials, 22 (1), 149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golunski, G., Woziwodzka, A., and Piosik, J., 2018. Potential use of pentoxifylline in cancer therapy. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 19 (3), 206–216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González-Pacheco, H., et al., 2020. Potential usefulness of pentoxifylline, a non-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor with anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic, antioxidant, and anti-fibrogenic properties, in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 24 (13), 7494–7496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gholami, A., et al., 2021. Pentoxifylline attenuates arsenic trioxide-induced cardiac oxidative damage in mice. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2021, 6406318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghasemnejad-Berenji, M., Pashapour, S., and Sadeghpour, S., 2021. Pentoxifylline: a drug with antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects to be considered in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019. Medical Principles and Practice, 30 (1), 98–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higashi, A.Y., et al., 2021. Claudin-9 constitutes tight junctions of folliculo-stellate cells in the anterior pituitary gland. Scientific Reports, 11 (1), 21642.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heidarzadeh, M., et al., 2021. Exosomal delivery of therapeutic modulators through the blood–brain barrier; promise and pitfalls. Cell & Bioscience, 11 (1), 142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes, W.W., et al., 2016. Conceptual approaches for treatment of phosgene inhalation-induced lung injury. Toxicology Letters, 244, 8–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kadry, H., Noorani, B., and Cucullo, L., 2020. A blood–brain barrier overview on structure, function, impairment, and biomarkers of integrity. Fluids and Barriers of the CNS, 17 (1), 69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, D.Y., et al., 2019. Epithelial claudin proteins and their role in gastrointestinal diseases. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 68 (5), 611–614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalili, M.R., et al., 2018. Evaluation of intravitreal injection of pentoxifylline in experimental endotoxin-induced uveitis in rabbits. Veterinary Research Forum: An International Quarterly Journal, 9 (3), 239–244.
   Google Scholar
• Lu, Q., et al., 2021. Mechanism of phosgene-induced acute lung injury and treatment strategy. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22 (20), 10933.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Y., et al., 2020. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1: a potential target to treat acute lung injury. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2020, 8871476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, M., et al., 2012. Insulin reduces LPS-induced lethality and lung injury in rats. Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 25 (6), 472–477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowry, O.H., et al., 1951. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 193 (1), 265–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, H., et al., 2016. Pentoxifylline inhibits pulmonary inflammation induced by infrarenal aorticcross-clamping dependent of adenosine receptor A2A. American Journal of Translational Research, 8 (5), 2210–2221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, W. and Pauluhn, J., 2019. Phosgene-induced lung edema: comparison of clinical criteria for increased 9 extravascular lung water content with postmortem lung gravimetry and lavage-protein in rats and dogs. Toxicology Letters, 305, 32–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, X., et al., 2016. Occludin s490 phosphorylation regulates vascular endothelial growth factor-induced retinal neovascularization. American Journal of Pathology, 186 (9), 2486–2499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Migliorini, F., et al., 2018. Acute ischemia of the glans penis after circumcision treated with hyperbaric therapy and pentoxifylline: case report and revision of the literature. Urologia Internationalis, 100 (3), 361–363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maldonado, V., Loza-Mejía, M.A., and Chávez-Alderete, J., 2020. Repositioning of pentoxifylline as an immunomodulator and regulator of the renin-angiotensin system in the treatment of COVID-19. Medical Hypotheses, 144, 109988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendes, J.B., et al., 2009. Cilostazol and pentoxifylline decrease angiogenesis, inflammation, and fibrosis in sponge-induced intraperitoneal adhesion in mice. Life Sciences, 84 (15–16), 537–543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nathan, J.R., et al., 2016. Expression of adenosine receptors and vegf during angiogenesis and its inhibition by pentoxifylline-A study using zebrafish model. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & Pharmacotherapie, 84, 1406–1418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naylor, A., et al., 2019. Tight junctions of the outer blood retina barrier. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21 (1), 211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholson-Roberts, T.C., 2019. Phosgene use in World War 1 and early evaluations of pathophysiology. Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps, 165 (3), 183–187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pauluhn, J., 2021. Phosgene inhalation toxicity: update on mechanisms and mechanism-based treatment strategies. Toxicology, 450, 152682.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piontek, J., et al., 2020. Molecular architecture and assembly of the tight junction backbone. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. Biomembranes, 1862 (7), 183279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radbel, J., et al., 2020. Disease-modifying treatment of chemical threat agent-induced acute lung injury. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1480 (1), 14–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruwanpura, S.M., Thomas, B.J., and Bardin, P.G., 2020. Pirfenidone: molecular mechanisms and potential clinical applications in lung disease. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, 62 (4), 413–422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruan, D., et al., 2021. Pentoxifylline can reduce the inflammation caused by LPS after inhibiting autophagy in raw264.7 macrophage cells. BioMed Research International, 2021, 6698366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sciuto, A.M., et al., 1996. Efficacy of ibuprofen and pentoxifylline in the treatment of phosgene-induced acute lung injury. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 16 (5), 381–384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shao, Y., et al., 2018. Mesenchymal stem cells overexpressing Ang1 attenuates phosgene-induced acute lung injury in rats. Inhalation Toxicology, 30 (7–8), 313–320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siveen, K.S., et al., 2017. Vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) signaling in tumour vascularization: potential and challenges. Current Vascular Pharmacology, 15 (4), 339–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saito, A.C., et al., 2021. Occludin and tricellulin facilitate formation of anastomosing tight-junction strand network to improve barrier function. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 32 (8), 722–738.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegel, A.N., et al., 2021. Novel therapeutic targets in mood disorders: pentoxifylline (PTX) as a candidate treatment. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 104, 110032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saeed, O., et al., 2018. Inhalation injury and toxic industrial chemical exposure. Military Medicine, 183 (Suppl. 2), 130–132.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sezik, M., et al., 2020. Antenatal pentoxifylline therapy to prevent endotoxin-induced fetal injury in the preterm goat model.  Turkish Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 17 (4), 259–269.
   Google Scholar
• Seirafianpour, F., et al., 2020. Treatment of COVID-19 with pentoxifylline: could it be a potential adjuvant therapy? Dermatologic Therapy, 33 (4), e13733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, A. and Clissold, S.P., 1987. Pentoxifylline. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and its therapeutic efficacy. Drugs, 34 (1), 50–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yokouchi, M. and Kubo, A., 2018. Maintenance of tight junction barrier integrity in cell turnover and skin diseases. Experimental Dermatology, 27 (8), 876–883.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan, J., et al., 2021. Effects of metal nanoparticles on tight junction-associated proteins via HIF-1alpha/miR-29b/MMPs pathway in human epidermal keratinocytes. Particle and Fibre Toxicology, 18 (1), 13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zetterstrom, H., 1988. Assessment of the efficiency of pulmonary oxygenation. The choice of oxygenation index. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 32 (7), 579–584.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, X.D., et al., 2008. Time course for expression of VEGF and its receptor and regulator levels of contraction and relaxation in increased vascular permeability of lung induced by phosgene. Inhalation Toxicology, 20 (9), 805–812.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, X.D., et al., 2010. Pentoxifylline inhibits intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and lung injury in experimental phosgene-exposure rats. Inhalation Toxicology, 22 (11), 889–895.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, Q.G., et al., 2009. Inhibition of tubulointerstitial fibrosis by pentoxifylline is associated with improvement of vascular endothelial growth factor expression. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, 30 (1), 98–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar