Social Work Students’ Perceptions of Themselves and Others: Self-Esteem, Empathy, and Forgiveness

REFERENCES

• Blascovich , J. and Tomaka , J. 1993 . “ Measures of self-esteem ” . In Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes , 3rd ed. , Edited by: Robinson , J. P. , Shaver , P. R. and Wrightsman , L. S. 115 – 160 . Ann Arbor , MI : Institute for Social Research .
   Google Scholar
• Cai , J. , Wu , Q. and Brown , J. D. 2009 . Is self-esteem a universal need? Evidence from the People's Republic of China . Asian Journal of Social Psychology , 12 ( 2 ) : 104 – 120 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clements , C. B. , Brannen , D. N. , Kirkley , S. M. , Gordon , T. M. and Church , W. T. II . 2006 . The measurement of concern about victims: Empathy, victim advocacy, and the Victim Concern Scale (VCS) . Legal and Criminological Psychology , 11 ( 2 ) : 283 – 295 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DuBois , B. and Krogsrud Miley , K. 2011 . Social work: An empowering profession , 7th ed. , Boston , MA : Allyn & Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Enright , R. D. and The Human Development Study Group . 1991 . “ The moral development of forgiveness ” . In Handbook of moral behavior and development , Edited by: Kurtines , W. and Gerwirtz , J. 123 – 152 . Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Fisher , M. L. and Exline , J. J. 2006 . Self-forgiveness versus excusing: The roles of remorse, effort, and acceptance of responsibility . Self and Identity , 5 : 127 – 146 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerdes , K. E. 2011 . Introduction: 21st century conceptualizations of empathy: Implications for social work practice and research . Journal of Social Service Research , 37 ( 3 ) : 226 – 229 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg , J. , Porteus , J. , Simon , L. , Pyszczynski , T. and Solomon , S. 1995 . Evidence of a terror management function of cultural icons: The effects of mortality salience on the inappropriate use of cherished cultural symbols . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 21 : 1221 – 1228 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris , P. 2007 . The impact of perceived experience on likelihood judgments for self and others: An experimental approach . European Journal of Social Psychology , 37 ( 1 ) : 141 – 151 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodgson , L. K. and Wertheim , E. H. 2007 . Does good emotion management aid forgiving? Multiple dimensions of empathy, emotion management, and forgiveness of self and others . Journal of Social and Personal Relationships , 24 ( 6 ) : 931 – 949 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingersoll-Dayton , B. and Krause , N. 2005 . Self-forgiveness: A component of mental health in later life . Research on Aging , 22 ( 3 ) : 267 – 289 .
   Google Scholar
• Karpowicz , E. , Skärsäter , I. and Nevonen , L. 2009 . Self-esteem in patients treated for anorexia nervosa . International Journal of Mental Health Nursing , 18 ( 5 ) : 318 – 325 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konstam , V. , Chernoff , M. and Deveney , S. 2001 . Toward forgiveness: The role of shame, guilt, anger, and empathy . Counseling and Values , 46 : 26 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Macaskill , A. , Maltby , J. and Day , L. 2002 . Forgiveness of self and others and emotional empathy . Journal of Social Psychology , 142 ( 5 ) : 663 – 669 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall , W. L. , Marshall , L. E. , Serran , G. A. and O’Brien , M. D. 2009 . Self-esteem, cognitive distortions, and empathy in sexual offenders: Their integration and treatment implications . Psychology, Crime, and Law , 15 ( 2/3 ) : 217 – 234 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mauger , P. A. , Perry , J. E. , Freemand , T. , Grove , D. C. , McBride , A. G. and McKinney , K. E. 1992 . The measurement of forgiveness: Preliminary research . Journal of Psychology & Christianity , 11 : 170 – 180 .
   Google Scholar
• Mehrabian , A. and Epstein , N. 1972 . A measurement of emotional empathy . Journal of Personality , 4 : 525 – 543 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myyry , L. and Helkama , K. 2001 . University students’ value priorities and emotional empathy . Educational Psychology , 21 ( 1 ) : 25 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Puskar , K. R. , Bernardo , L. M. , Ren , D. , Haley , T. M. , Tark , K. H. , Switala , J. and Siemon , L. 2010 . Self-esteem and optimism in rural youth: Gender differences . Contemporary Nurse , 34 ( 2 ) : 190 – 198 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pyszczynski , T. , Greenberg , J. , Solomon , S. , Arndt , J. and Schimel , J. 2004 . Why do people need self-esteem? A theoretical and empirical review . Psychological Bulletin , 130 ( 3 ) : 435 – 468 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rangganadhan , A. R. and Todorov , N. 2010 . Personality and self-forgiveness: The roles of shame, guilt, empathy, and conciliatory behavior . Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology , 29 ( 1 ) : 1 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg , M. 1965 . Society and the adolescent self-image , Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenberg , M. 1989 . Society and the adolescent self-image , Middletown , CT : Wesleyan University Press . (rev. ed.)
   Google Scholar
• Ross , S. R. , Hertenstein , M. J. and Wrobel , T. A. 2007 . Maladaptive correlates of the failure to forgive self and others: Further evidence for a two-component model of forgiveness . Journal of Personality Assessment , 88 ( 2 ) : 158 – 167 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , A. 2006 . Cognitive empathy and emotional empathy in human behavior and evolution . The Psychological Record , 56 ( 1 ) : 3 – 21 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , A. 2009 . The empathy imbalance hypothesis of autism: A theoretical approach to cognitive and emotional empathy in autistic development . The Psychological Record , 59 ( 2 ) : 489 – 510 .
   Google Scholar
• Swann , W. B. 1996 . Self-traps , New York , NY : W. H. Freeman and Company .
   Google Scholar
• Worthington , E. L. Jr. 2001 . “ Unforgiveness, forgiveness, and reconciliation in societies ” . In Forgiveness and reconciliation: Religion, public policy, and conflict transformation , Edited by: Helmick , R. and Petersen , R. L. 161 – 182 . Philadelphia , PA : Templeton Foundation Press .
   Google Scholar