Publication Cover
Leisure Sciences
An Interdisciplinary Journal
Volume 37, 2015 - Issue 4
1,792
Views
61
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Boredom Prone or Nothing to Do? Distinguishing Between State and Trait Leisure Boredom and Its Association with Substance Use in South African Adolescents

, , , &
Pages 311-331 | Received 02 Jan 2014, Accepted 29 Jan 2015, Published online: 07 May 2015

References

  • Barnett, L.A. (2011). Boredom. In R.J. R. Levesque (Ed.), Encyclopedia of adolescence (pp. 343–350). New York, NY: Springer.
  • Barnett, L.A., & Klitzing, S.W. (2006). Boredom in free time: Relationships with personality, affect, and motivation for different gender, racial and ethnic student groups. Leisure Sciences, 28(3), 223–244.
  • Baumrind, D., & Moselle, K. (1985). A developmental perspective on adolescent drug use. Advances in Alcohol and Substance Abuse, 2, 41–67.
  • Bernstein, H.E. (1975). Boredom and the ready-made life. Social Research, 42(3), 512–537.
  • Black, A.C., Harel, O., & Matthews, G. (2012). Techniques for analyzing intensive longitudinal data with missing values. In M.R. Mehl & T.S. Conner (Eds.), Handbook of research methods for studying daily life (pp. 339–356). New York, NY: Guildford Press.
  • Blaszczynski, A., McConaghy, N., & Frankova, A. (1990). Boredom proneness in pathological gambling. Psychological Reports, 67, 35–42.
  • Bolger, N., Davis, A., & Rafaeli, E. (2003). Diary methods: Capturing life as it is lived. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 579–616.
  • Borsboom, D., Mellenbergh, G.J., & Van Heerden, J. (2003). The theoretical status of latent variables. Psychological Review, 110(2), 203.
  • Caldwell, L.L., Baldwin, C.K., Walls, T., & Smith, E. (2004). Preliminary effects of a leisure education program to promote healthy use of free time among middle school adolescents. Journal of Leisure Research, 36(3), 310–335.
  • Caldwell, L.L., Darling, N., Payne, L.L., & Dowdy, B. (1999). “Why are you bored?”: An examination of psychological and social control causes of boredom among adolescents. Journal of Leisure Research, 31(2), 102–121.
  • Caldwell, L.L., & Faulk, M. (2013). Adolescent leisure from a developmental and prevention. perspective. In T. Freire (Ed.), Positive leisure sciences: From subjective experience to social contexts (pp. 41–60). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.
  • Caldwell, L.L., & Smith, E.A. (1995). Health behaviors of leisure alienated youth. Loisir & Societe/Leisure and Society, 18, 143–156.
  • Caldwell, L.L., & Smith, E.A. (2006). Leisure as a context for youth development and delinquency prevention. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 39(3), 398–418.
  • Caldwell, L., Smith, E., Wegner, L., Vergnani, T., Mpofu, E., Flisher, A.J., & Mathews, C. (2004). HealthWise South Africa: Development of a life skills curriculum for young adults. World Leisure, 3, 4–17.
  • Caldwell, L.L., Smith, E.A., & Weissinger, E. (1992). Development of a leisure experience battery for adolescents: Parsimony, stability, and validity. Journal of Leisure Research, 24(4), 361–376.
  • Caldwell, L.L., Younker, A.S., Wegner, L., Patrick, M.E., Vergnani, T., Smith, E.A., & Flisher, A.J. (2008). Understanding leisure-related program effects by using process data in the HealthWise South Africa project. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 26(2), 146–162.
  • Christopherson, B.B., Jones, R.M., & Sales, A.P. (1988). Diversity in reported motivations for substance use as a function of ego-identity development. Journal of Adolescent Research, 3(2), 141–152.
  • Coffman, D.L., Smith, E.A., Flisher, A.J., & Caldwell, L.L. (2011). Effects of HealthWise South Africa on condom use self-efficacy. Prevention Science, 12, 162–172. doi: 10.1007/s11121-010-0196-z
  • Collins, L.M. (2006). Analysis of longitudinal data: The integration of theoretical model, temporal design, and statistical model. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 505–528. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190146
  • Crowne, D.P., & Marlowe, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24(4), 349–354.
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1991). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. New York, NY: Harper & Row.
  • Dahlen, E.R., Martin, R.C., Ragan, K., & Kuhlman, M.M. (2004). Boredom proneness in anger and aggression: Effects of impulsiveness and sensation seeking. Personality and Individual Differences, 37(8), 1615–1627. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2004.02.016
  • Dishion, T.J., & McMahon, R.J. (1998). Parental monitoring and the prevention of child and adolescent problem behavior: A conceptual and empirical formulation. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 1(1), 61–75.
  • Duncan, S.C., Alpert, A., Duncan, T.E., & Hops, H. (1997). Adolescent alcohol use development and young adult outcomes. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 49, 39–48.
  • Farmer, R., & Sundberg, N.D. (1986). Boredom proneness: The development and correlates of a new scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 50, 4–17.
  • Flisher, A.J., Parry, C.D., Evans, J., Muller, M., & Lombard, C. (2003). Substance use by adolescents in Cape Town: Prevalence and correlates. Journal of Adolescent Health, 32(1), 58–65.
  • Flisher, A.J., Ziervogel, C.F., Chalton, D.O., Leger, P.H., & Robertson, B.A. (1996). Risk-taking behaviour of Cape Peninsula high-school students. Part IX. Evidence for a syndrome of adolescent risk behaviour. South African Medical Journal, 86(9), 1090–1093.
  • Grant, J.D., Scherrer, J.F., Lynskey M.T., Lyons, M.L., Eisen, S.A., Tsuang, M.T.,… Bucholz, K.K. (2006). Adolescent alcohol use is a risk factor for adult alcohol and drug dependence: Evidence from a twin design. Psychological Medicine, 36, 109–118. doi: 10.1017/S0033291705006045
  • Hamaker, E.L., Nesselroade, J.R., & Molenaar, P. (2007). The integrated trait–state model. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(2), 295–315.
  • Hamilton, J.A., Haier, R.J., & Buchsbaum, M.S. (1984). Intrinsic enjoyment and boredom coping scales: Validation with personality, evoked potential and attention measures. Personality and Individual Differences, 5(2), 183–193.
  • Hunter, J.P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2003). The positive psychology of interested adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 32, 27–35.
  • Iso-Ahola, S.E. (1980). The social psychology of leisure and recreation. Dubuque, IA: Wm. C. Brown.
  • Iso-Ahola, S.E., & Crowley, E.D. (1991). Adolescent substance abuse and leisure boredom. Journal of Leisure Research, 23(3), 260–271.
  • Iso-Ahola, S.E., & Weissinger, E. (1990). Perceptions of boredom in leisure: Conceptualization, reliability, and validity of the Leisure Boredom Scale. Journal of Leisure Research, 22, 1–17.
  • Kandel, D.B. (Ed.). (2002). Stages and pathways of drug involvement: Examining the gateway hypothesis. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kass, S.J., Vodanovich, S.J., & Callandar, A. (2001). State-trait boredom: The relationship to absenteeism, tenure and job satisfaction. Journal of Business and Psychology, 16, 317–327.
  • Kingdon, G.G., & Knight, J. (2004). Race and the incidence of unemployment in South Africa. Review of Development Economics, 8(2), 198–222. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9361.2004.00228.x
  • Larson, R. (2000). Toward a psychology of positive youth development. American Psychologist, 55(1), 170–183. doi: 10/1037//0003-066X.55.1.170
  • Larson, R., & Richards, M. (1991). Boredom in the middle school years: Blaming schools versus blaming students. American Journal of Education, 99, 418–443.
  • Little, R.J. A., & Rubin, D.B. (1987). Statistical analysis with missing data. New York, NY: Wiley.
  • Louviere, J.J., Hensher, D.A., & Swait J.D. (2000). Stated choice methods: Analysis and applications. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Mannell, R.C. (1984). Personality in leisure theory: The self-as-entertainment construct. Loisir et Societe/Society and Leisure, 7, 229–242.
  • McFadden, D. (1979). Quantitative methods for analyzing travel behavior of individuals: Some recent developments. In D.A. Hensher & P.R. Stopher (Eds.), Behavioral travel modeling (pp. 279–318). London, England: Crook Helm.
  • McIntosh, J., MacDonald, F., & McKeganey, N. (2005). The reasons why children in their pre and early teenage years do or do not use illegal drugs. International Journal of Drug Policy, 16(4), 254–261. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2005.05.005
  • Mikulas, W., & Vodanovich, S.J. (1993). The essence of boredom. The Psychological Record, 43, 3–12.
  • Miller, J.A., Caldwell, L.L., Weybright, E.H., Smith, E.A., Vergnani, T., & Wegner, L. (2014). Was Bob Seger right? Relation between boredom in leisure and [risky] sex. Leisure Sciences, 36(1), 52–67. . doi: 10.1080/01490400.2014.860789
  • Mischel, W. (1968). Personality and assessment. New York, NY: Wiley.
  • Molenaar, P.C. M. (2004). A manifesto on psychology as idiographic science: Bringing the person back into scientific psychology, this time forever. Measurement: Interdisciplinary Research and Perspectives, 2(4), 201–218. doi: 10.1207/s15366359mea0204_1
  • Møller, V. (1991). Lost generation found: Black youth at leisure. Youth Centre Project and Indicator Project. Indicator South Africa Issue Focus, 1–63.
  • National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University. (2003). National survey of American attitudes on substance abuse VIII: Teens and parents. Columbia University, New York, NY. . Retrieved from http://www.casacolumbia.org/download.aspx?path=/UploadedFiles/s4ibqi5j.pdf
  • Osgood, D.W., Wilson, J.K., Bachman, J.G., O’Malley, P.M., & Johnston, L.D. (1996). Routine activities and individual deviant behavior. American Sociological Review, 61, 635–655.
  • Palen, L.A., Patrick, M.E., Gleeson, S.L., Caldwell, L.L., Smith, E.A., & Wegner, L. (2010). Leisure constraints for adolescents in Cape Town, South Africa: A qualitative study. Leisure Sciences, 32, 434–452. doi: 10.1080/01490400.2010.510975
  • Patrick, M.E., Collins, L.M., Smith, E., Caldwell, L., Flisher, A., & Wegner, L. (2009). A prospective longitudinal model of substance use onset among South African adolescents. Substance Use & Misuse, 44, 647–662. doi: 10.1080/10826080902810244
  • Perkins, R.E., & Hill, A.B. (1985). Cognitive and affective aspects of boredom. British Journal of Psychology, 76, 221–234.
  • Piko, B.F., Wills, T.A., & Walker, C. (2007). Motives for smoking and drinking: Country and gender differences in samples of Hungarian and US high school students. Addictive Behaviors, 32, 2087–2098.
  • Ram, N., & Gerstorf, D. (2009). Time structured and net intraindividual variability: Tools for examining the development of dynamic characteristics and processes. Psychology and Aging, 24, 778–791.
  • Ram, N., Coccia, J., Conroy, D., Lorek, A., Orland, B., Pincus, A.,…Gerstorf, D. (2013). Behavioral landscapes and change in behavioral landscapes: A multiple time-scale density distribution approach. Research in Human Development, 10(1), 88–110. doi: 10.1080/15427609.2013.760262
  • Ram, N., Morelli, S., Lindberg, C., & Carstensen, L.L. (2008). From static to dynamic: The ongoing dialectic about human development. In K. Schaie & R. Abeles (Eds.), Social structures and aging individuals: Continuing challenges (pp. 139–154). New York, NY: Springer.
  • Reddy, S.P., James, S., Sewpaul, R., Koopman, F., Funani, N.I., Sifunda, S., … Omardien, R.G. (2010). Umthente Uhlaba Usamila – The South African youth risk behaviour survey 2008. Retreived from http://www.mrc.ac.za/healthpromotion/healthpromotion.htm
  • Schulenberg, J., Martz, M., Maslowsky, J., Patrick, M., & Staff, J. (2012, March). Prevalence and correlates of subjective boredom during adolescence: The big picture based on U.S. national data. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Research on Adolescence, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
  • Schwartz, J.E., & Stone, A.A. (1998). Strategies for analyzing ecological momentary assessment data. Health Psychology, 17(1), 6–16. doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.17.1.6
  • Scott, J., Vasilenko, S., Shiyko, M., & Caldwell, L. (2012, May). Why are they bored? Momentary predictors of boredom among minority youth. Paper presented at the annual conference of the Society for Prevention Research, Washington, D.C.
  • Sharp, E.H., Coffman, D.L., Caldwell, L.L., Smith, E.A., Wegner, L., Vergnani, T., & Mathews, C. (2011). Predicting substance use behavior among South African adolescents: The role of leisure experiences across time. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 35(4), 343–351. doi: 10.1177/0165025411404494
  • Shoda, Y., Mischel, W., & Wright, J.C. (1994). Intraindividual stability in the organization and patterning of behavior: Incorporating psychological situations into the idiographic analysis of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(4), 674–687.
  • Silbereisen, R.K., Eyferth, K., & Rudinger, G. (Eds.). (1986). Development as action in context: Problem behavior and normal youth development. New York, NY: Springer.
  • Snijders, T.A. B., & Bosker, R. (1999). Multilevel analysis: An introduction to basic and advanced multilevel modeling. London, England: Sage.
  • Sutherland, I., & Shepherd, J.P. (2001). Social dimensions of adolescent substance use. Addiction 96(3), 445–458. doi: 10.1046/j.1360-0443.2001.96344458.x
  • Vodanovich, S.J. (2003). Psychometric measures of boredom: A review of the literature. The Journal of Psychology, 137(6), 569–595.
  • Watt, J.D., & Vodanovich, S.J. (1992). Relationship between boredom proneness and impulsivity. Psychological Reports, 70, 688–690.
  • Wegner, L. (2011). Through the lens of a peer: Understanding leisure boredom and risk behavior in adolescence. Journal of Occupational Therapy, 41(1), 18–24.
  • Wegner, L., & Flisher, A.J. (2009). Leisure boredom and adolescent risk behavior: A systematic literature review. Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 21(1), 1–28. doi: 10.2989/JCAMH.2009.21.1.4.806
  • Wegner, L., Flisher, A.J., Chikobvu, P., Lombard, C., & King, G. (2008). Leisure boredom and high school dropout in Cape Town, South Africa. Journal of Adolescence, 31, 421–431. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2007.09.004
  • Wegner, L., Flisher, A.J., Muller, M., & Lombard, C. (2006). Leisure boredom and substance use among high school students in South Africa. Journal of Leisure Research, 38(2), 249–266.
  • Wegner, L., & Magner, I. (2002, June). Is leisure an occupational concern? Understanding leisure in adolescents. Paper presented at the 13th World Congress of Occupational Therapists, Stockholm, Sweden.
  • Weybright, E.H., Caldwell, L.L., Ram, N., Smith, E.A., & Jacobs, J. (2014). The dynamic association between healthy leisure and substance use in South African adolescents: A state and trait perspective. World Leisure Journal, 56(2), 99–109. doi: 10.1080/16078055.2014.903726
  • Windle, M., & Windle, R.C. (2003). Alcohol and other substance use and abuse. In G.R. Adams & M.E. Berzonsky (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of adolescence (pp. 450–469). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
  • Ziervogel, C.F., Ahmed, N., Flisher, A.J., & Robertson, B.A. (1998). Alcohol misuse in South African male adolescents: A qualitative investigation. International Quarterly of Community Health Education, 17(1), 25–41.
  • Zuckerman, M. (1979). Sensation seeking: Beyond the optimal level of arousal. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.