Publication Cover
Leisure Sciences
An Interdisciplinary Journal
Volume 39, 2017 - Issue 2
1,619
Views
31
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

A Cross-Cultural/National Study of Canadian, Chinese, and Japanese University Students' Leisure Satisfaction and Subjective Well-Being

, , &
Pages 186-204 | Received 04 Jul 2014, Accepted 10 Mar 2016, Published online: 26 May 2016

References

  • Beard, J. G., & Ragheb, M. G. (1980). Measuring leisure satisfaction. Journal of Leisure Research, 12, 20–33.
  • Berry, J., Poortinga, Y., Segall, M., & Dasen, P. (2002). Cross-cultural psychology: Research and applications (2nd ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
  • Boehnke, K., Lietz, P., Schreier, M., & Wilhelm, A. (2011). Sampling: The selection of cases for culturally comparative psychological research. In D. Matsumoto & F. J. R. van de Vijver (Eds.), Cross-cultural research methods in psychology (pp. 101–129). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Brown, B. A., & Frankel, B. G. (1993). Activity through the years: Leisure, leisure satisfaction, and life satisfaction. Sociology of Sport Journal, 10, 1–17.
  • Caltabiano, M. L. (1994). Measuring the similarity among leisure activities based on a perceived stress-reduction benefit. Leisure Studies, 13, 17–31.
  • Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 14, 465–504.
  • Chia, F.-S. (2008). “Airs of the states” from the Shi Jing: A new trilingual translation of the world's oldest collection of lyric poetry. Taipei, Taiwan: Bookman Books.
  • Chick, G. (1998). Leisure and culture: Issues for an anthropology of leisure. Leisure Sciences, 20, 111–133.
  • Chick, G. (2009). Culture as a variable in the study of leisure. Leisure Sciences, 31, 305–310.
  • Cohen, D. (2007). Methods in cultural psychology. In S. Kitayama & D. Cohen (Eds.), Handbook of cultural psychology (pp. 196–236). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 155–159.
  • Coleman, D., & Iso-Ahola, S. E. (1993). Leisure and health: The role of social support and self-determination. Journal of Leisure Research, 25, 111–128.
  • Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. E. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 276–302.
  • Elavsky, S., & Doerksen, S. (2010). Building self-esteem and self-efficacy through leisure. In L. Payne, B. Ainsworth, & G. Godbey (Eds.), Leisure, health, and wellness: Making the connections (pp. 165–178). State College, PA: Venture Publishing.
  • Eisinga, R., Grotenhuis, M. T., & Pelzer, B. (2013). The reliability of a two-item scale: Pearson, Cronbach, or Spearman-Brown? International Journal of Public Health, 58, 637–642.
  • Fischer, R., & Fontaine, J. R. J. (2011). Methods for investigating structural equivalence. In D. Matsumoto & F. J. R. van de Vijver (Eds.), Cross-cultural research methods in psychology (pp. 179–215). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Gayathri, A. (2013, June 5). Fewer Chinese cities have safe air, China government environment reports says. International Business Times. Retrieved from http://www.ibtimes.com/fewer-chinese-cities-have-safe-air-china-government-environment-report-says-1292047
  • Harada, M. (1998). Changing relationship between work and leisure after the “bubble economy” in Japan. Society and Leisure, 21, 195–212.
  • Hsieh, S., Spaulding, A., & Riney, M. (2004). A qualitative look at leisure benefits for Taiwanese nursing students. The Qualitative Report, 9, 604–629.
  • Hsu, A., Emerson, J., Levy, M., de Sherbinin, A., Johnson, L., Malik, O., …Jaiteh, M. (2014). The 2014 environmental performance index. New Haven, CT: Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy. Retrieved from http://www.epi.yale.edu
  • Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55.
  • Huang, C. F. ( 2006). The relationship between leisure satisfaction and subjective well-being among college students. Journal of Sport, Leisure and Hospitality Research,1, 25–41.
  • Ikeda, M., Nagayoshi, H., Nishino, J., & Harada, M. (1989). Rekurieshon no kiso riron [Basic theory of leisure and recreation]. Tokyo, Japan: Kyorin Shoin.
  • International Wellbeing Group. (2006). Personal wellbeing index (4th ed.). Melbourne, Australia: Australian Centre on Quality of Life, Deakin University. Retrieved from http://acqol.deakin.au/instruments/PWI?English-PWI-Adult.doc
  • Ito, E., & Walker, G. J. (2014). Similarities and differences in leisure conceptualizations between Japan and Canada and between two Japanese leisure-like terms. Leisure/Loisir, 38, 1–19.
  • Ito, E., & Walker, G. J. (2016). Cultural commonality and specificity in Japanese and Euro-Canadian undergraduate students' leisure experiences: An exploratory study on control and positive affect. Leisure Sciences, 38, 249–267. doi:10.1080/01490400.2015.1092403
  • Ito, E., Walker, G. J., & Liang, H. (2014). A systematic review of non-Western and cross-cultural/national leisure research. Journal of Leisure Research, 46, 226–239.
  • Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (2007). LISREL 8.80 for Windows [Computer software]. Lincolnwood, IL: Scientific Software International.
  • Kitayama, S., Duffy, S., & Uchida, Y. (2007). Self as cultural mode of being. In S. Kitayama & D. Cohen (Eds.), Handbook of cultural psychology (pp. 136–174). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Kleiber, D. A., Walker, G. J., & Mannell, R. C. (2011). A social psychology of leisure (2nd ed.). State College, PA: Venture Publishing.
  • Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). New York, NY: The Guliford Press.
  • Kono, S., & Shinew, K. J. (2015). Roles of leisure in the post-disaster psychological recovery after the Great East Japan Earthquake and tsunami. Leisure Sciences, 37, 1–19.
  • Kupper, L. L., Stewart, J. R., & Williams, K. A. (1976). A note on controlling significance levels in stepwise regression. American Journal of Epidemiology, 103, 13–15.
  • Kuykendall, L., Tay, L., & Ng, V. (2015). Leisure engagement and subjective well-being: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 141, 364–403.
  • Lau, A. L. D., Cummins, R. A., & McPherson, W. (2005). An investigation into the cross-cultural equivalence of the personal wellbeing index. Social Indicators Research, 72, 403–430.
  • Liang, J., Yamashita, T., & Brown, J. S. (2013). Leisure satisfaction and quality of life in China, Japan, and South Korea: A comparative study using Asia Barometer 2006. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14, 753–769.
  • Liu, H., Yeh, C., Chick, G. E., & Zinn, H. C. (2008). An exploration of meanings of leisure: A Chinese perspective. Leisure Sciences, 30, 482–488.
  • Lu, L. (2001). Understanding happiness: A look into the Chinese folk psychology. Journal of Happiness Studies, 2, 407–432.
  • Lu, L., & Argyle, M. (1994). Leisure satisfaction and happiness as a function of leisure activity. Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences, 10, 89–96.
  • Lu, L., & Hu, C. H. (2005). Personality, leisure experiences and happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 6, 325–342.
  • Lu, L., & Shih, J. B.(1997). Personality and happiness: Is mental health a mediator? Personality and Individual Differences, 22, 249–256.
  • Lyubomirsky, S., & Lepper, H. S. (1999). A measure of subjective happiness: Preliminary reliability and construct validation. Social Indicators Research, 46, 137–155.
  • Mannell, R. C. (2007). Leisure, health and well-being. World Leisure Journal, 49, 114–128.
  • Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224–253.
  • Milfont, T. L., & Fischer, R. (2010). Testing measurement invariance across groups: Applications in cross-cultural research [Supplemental material]. International Journal of Psychological Research, 3, 122–130.
  • Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. (n.d.). The basic act on sport. Retrieved from http://www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/sports/kihonhou/attach/1336024.htm
  • Nakaji, K. (2006). Fittonesu kurabu niokeru kaiin no kokyaku manzoku to kaiin keizoku ni kansuru judanteki jirei bunseki [A longitudinal analysis on the customer satisfaction and the membership retention in a fitness club]. Taiiku/Supotsu Keieigaku Kenkyu, 20, 1–15.
  • Newman, D. B., Tay, L., & Diener, E. (2014). Leisure and subjective well-being: A model of psychological mechanisms as mediating factors. Journal of Happiness Studies, 15, 555–578.
  • Nihon Seisansei Honbu. (2014). Reja hakusho 2014: Mai reja jidai no yoka manzokudo [White paper on leisure 2014: Leisure satisfaction in the era of my leisure]. Tokyo, Japan: Seisansei Shuppan.
  • Nunnally, J. C. (1967). Psychometric theory. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
  • Oishi, S., Diener, E., Scollon, C. N., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2004). Cross-situational consistency of affective experiences across cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 460–472.
  • Oishi, S., & Komiya, A. (2012). Shiawase no bunka hikaku ha kanou ka? [Is it possible to compare happiness across cultures?] Shinrigaku Hyouron, 55, 6–21.
  • Okayasu, I., Ito, E., & Yamaguchi, S. (2013). Kanada, Arubatasyu no syougai supotsu/reja to chiiki no kanrensei ni tsuite [Relationship between lifelong sport/leisure and community in Alberta, Canada]. Syougai Supotsugaku Kenkyu, 9, 49–55.
  • Sagara, H. (2006). Gakusei no rejā katsudou manzokudo wo hakaru [Measuring undergraduate students' leisure satisfaction]. Journal of Inquiry and Research, 84, 189–202.
  • Sahashi, Y. (2009). “Saitekina” reja sutairu wo tokuchou zukeru chukaku youso tositeno sikousei gainen no kentou [Examining the effectiveness of leisure orientation construct as a framework for understanding the factors that shape people's optimal leisure lifestyles]. Osaka Shouin Joshi Daigaku Gakujutsu Kenkyukai Ningenkagaku Kenkyu Kiyou, 8, 25–37.
  • Sahashi, Y. (2010). Reja shikousei shakudo no kaihatsu: Seijin josei sanpuru niyoru shakudo no yukousei no kentou to ryokou koudou heno ouyou [The development of the Leisure Orientation Scale: Examining its stability, practical effectiveness, and application of the LOS to predicting travel behavior among adult women]. Osaka Shouin Joshi Daigaku Gakujutsu Kenkyukai Ningenkagaku Kenkyu Kiyou, 9, 35–54.
  • Sakamoto, T. (2011, January 2). Shushoku utsu, gakusei ni hirogaru kaunsera zouin no daigaku mo [Spread mental illness among university students due to the severe job market: Some universities employ extra counselors]. Asahi.com. Retrieved from http://www.asahi.com/national/update/1227/OSK201012270108.html
  • Senuma, Y. (2005). Yoka no doukou to kanousei [Trends and possibilities of leisure]. Tokyo, Japan: Gakubunsha.
  • Shevlin, M., & Miles, J. N. V. (1998). Effects of sample size, model specification and factor loadings on the GFI in confirmatory factor analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 25, 85–90.
  • Spiers, A., & Walker, G. J. (2009). The effects of ethnicity and leisure satisfaction on happiness, peacefulness, and quality of life. Leisure Sciences, 31, 84–99.
  • Stodolska, M., Walker, G. J., Wei, X., Dong, E., & Li, M. Z. (2014). Identifying critical leisure issues in China: A mixed methods study. Journal of Zhejiang University (Humanities and Social Sciences). Published online at http://www.journals.zju.edu.cn/soc/CN/abstract/abstract11007.shtml
  • Suh, E. M. (2002). Culture, identity consistency, and subjective well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 1378–1391.
  • Toivonen, T., Norasakkunkit, V., & Uchida, Y. (2011). Unable to conform, unwilling to rebel? Youth, culture and motivation in globalizing Japan. Frontiers in Cultural Psychology, 2. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00207
  • Tov, W., & Diener, E. (2007). Culture and subjective well-being. In S. Kitayama & D. Cohen (Eds.), Handbook of cultural psychology (pp. 691–713). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Tsai, J. L., Knutson, B., & Fung, H. H. (2006). Cultural variation in affect valuation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 288–307.
  • Uchida, Y., & Kitayama, S. (2009). Happiness and unhappiness in east and west: Themes and variations. Emotion, 9, 441–456.
  • Uchida, Y., Kitayama, S., Mesquita, B., Reyes, J. A. S., Morling, B. (2008). Is perceived emotional support beneficial?: Well-being and health in independent and interdependent cultures. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 741–754.
  • Uchida, Y., Norasakkunkit, V., & Kitayama, S. (2004). Cultural constructions of happiness: Theory and empirical evidence. Journal of Happiness Studies, 5, 223–239.
  • Uchida, Y., & Ogihara, Y. (2012). Personal or interpersonal construal of happiness: A cultural psychological perspectives. International Journal of Wellbeing, 2, 354–369.
  • Vong, T. (2005). Leisure satisfaction and quality of life in Macao, China. Leisure Studies, 24, 195–207.
  • Wang, E. S.-T., Chen, L. S.-L., Lin, J. Y.-C., & Wang, M. C.-H. (2008). The relationship between leisure satisfaction and life satisfaction of adolescents concerning online games. Adolescence, 43, 177–184.
  • Walker, G. J., Deng, J., & Dieser, R. B. (2005). Culture, self-construal, and leisure theory and practice. Journal of Leisure Research, 37, 77–99.
  • Wu, S. (2011). Daxueshen xiuxian manyidu yu zhuguan xingfugan de diaocha fenxi [Survey and analysis of university students' subjective satisfaction of well-being]. Hefei Shifan Xueyuan Xuebao, 29, 123–125.
  • Yamaguchi, Y., Tohi, T., & Takami, A. (1996). Supotsu/yoka katsudou to kuorithi obu raifu: Chukounenreisha no sedaikan hikaku [Assesing the relationship between quality of life and sport and leisure activities: A comparison between the middle ages and the elderly]. Supotsu Shakaigaku Kenkyuu, 4, 34–50.
  • Yang, X. (2012). Gaozhisheng xianxia manyidu zhuguan xingfugan he shenghuo manyidu diaocha [Leisure satisfaction, subjective well-being and life satisfaction of vocational school students]. Xiamen Chengshi Zhiye Xueyuan Xuebao, 14, 61–67.
  • Yang, S., Xiao, H., & Tse, C. (2011). Leisure in an urban environment: A perspective of university students. Journal of China Tourism Research, 7, 168–183.
  • Yin, X. (2005). New trends of leisure consumption in China. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 26, 175–182.
  • Zeng, Y. (2008). Zhongguo daxueshen shenghuo fangshi yanjiu [A survey of lifestyle of college students in China]. Dangdai Qingnian Yanjiu, 9, 36–49.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.