The Influence of Corporate Social Responsibility and Team Identification on Spectator Behavior in Major Junior Hockey

References

• Armitage, C. J., & Connor, M. (1999). The theory of planned behavior: Assessment of predictive validity and perceived control. British Journal Social Psychology, 38(1), 35–54. doi:10.1348/014466699164022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babiak, K., Heinze, K., & Wolfe, R. (2016). Building theoretical foundations for strategic CSR in sport. In G. Cunningham, J. Fink, & A. Doherty (Eds.), Routledge handbook of theory in sport management (pp. 47–56). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Babiak, K., & Trendafilova, S. (2011). CSR and environmental responsibility: Motives and pressures to adopt green management practices. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 18(1), 11–24. doi:10.1002/csr.229
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhattacharya, C. B., & Sen, S. (2004). Doing better at doing good: When, why and how consumers respond to corporate social initiatives. California Management Review, 47(1), 9–24. doi:10.2307/41166284
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blake, J. (2010). Canadian hockey literature. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bradish, C., & Cronin, J. (2009). Corporate social responsibility in sport. Journal of Sport Management, 23, 691–697. doi:10.1123/jsm.23.6.691
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, T. J., Barry, T. E., Dacin, P. A., & Gunst, R. E. (2005). Spreading the word: Investigating antecedents of consumers' positive word-of-mouth intentions and behaviors in a retailing context. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 33(2), 123–138. doi:10.1177/0092070304268417
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, T. J., & Dacin, P. A. (1997). The company and the product: Corporate associations and consumer product responses. Journal of Marketing, 61(1), 68–84. doi:10.2307/1252190
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruner, G. C., Hensel, P. J., & James, K. E. (2005). Marketing scales handbook (Vol. IV). Chicago, IL: American Marketing Association.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, J. (2007). Why would corporations behave in socially responsible ways? An institutional theory of social responsibility. Academy of Management Review, 32, 946–967. doi:10.5465/AMR.2007.25275684
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canada, Statistics (2014). Spectator sports, event promoters, artists and related industries. Statistics Canada Catalogue no.63-246-X. Ottawa, ON.
   Google Scholar
• Carroll, A. (1991). The pyramid of corporate social responsibility: Toward the moral management of organizational stakeholders. Business Horizons, 34, 39–48. doi:10.1016/0007-6813(91)90005-G
   Google Scholar
• Carroll, A. B. (1999). Corporate social responsibility: Evolution of a definitional construct. Business & Society, 38, 268–295. doi:10.1177/000765039903800303
   Google Scholar
• Chang, M. J., Ko, Y. J., Connaughton, D. P., & Kang, J. H. (2016). The effects of perceived CSR, pride, team identification, and regional attachment: The moderating effect of gender. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 20(2), 145–159. doi:10.1080/14775085.2016.1193822
   Google Scholar
• Cialdini, R., Borden, R., Thorne, A., Walker, M., Freeman, S., & Sloan, L. (1976). Basking in reflected glory: Three (football) field studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 366–375. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.34.3.366
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diddi, S., & Niehm, L. S. (2016). Corporate social responsibility in the retail apparel context: Exploring consumers' personal and normative influences on patronage intentions. Journal of Marketing Channels, 23(1-2), 60–76. doi:10.1080/1046669X.2016.1147892
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du, S., Bhattacharya, C. B., & Sen, S. (2007). Reaping relational rewards from corporate social responsibility: The role of competitive positioning. International Journal Research in Marketing, 24(3), 224–241. doi:10.1016/j.ijresmar.2007.01.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du, S., Bhattacharya, C. B., & Sen, S. (2010). Maximizing business returns to corporate social responsibility (CSR): The role of CSR communication. International Journal of Management Reviews, 12(1), 8–19. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2370.2009.00276.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dwyer, B., Drayer, J., & Shapiro, S. (2013). Proceed to checkout? The impact of time in advanced ticket purchase decisions. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 22, 166–180.
   Google Scholar
• Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1995). Attitude strength, attitude structure, and resistance to change. In R. E. Pretty & J. A. Krosnick (Eds.), Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences. Hillside, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Edwards, H. (1973). Sociology of sport. Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ellen, P. S., Mohr, L. A., & Webb, D. J. (2000). Charitable programs and the retailer: Do they mix? Journal of Retailing, 76(3), 393–406. doi:10.1016/S0022-4359(00)00032-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairley, S., & Tyler, B. D. (2012). Bringing baseball to the big screen: Building sense of community outside of the ballpark. Journal of Sport Management, 26(3), 258–270. doi:10.1123/jsm.26.3.258
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
   Google Scholar
• Fisher, R. J., & Wakefield, K. (1998). Factors leading to group identification: A field study of winners and losers. Psychology and Marketing, 15, 23–40. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6793(199801)15:1<23::AID-MAR3>3.0.CO;2-P
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fombrun, C., & Shanley, M. (1990). What's in a name? Reputation building and corporate strategy. Academy of Management Journal, 33, 233–258. doi:10.2307/256324
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foxall, G. R., & Yani-de-Soriano, M. M. (2005). Situational influences on consumers' attitudes and behavior. Journal of Business Research, 58(4), 518–525. doi:10.1016/S0148-2963(03)00142-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funk, D. C., & James, J. D. (2001). The psychological continuum model: A conceptual framework for understanding an individual's psychological connection to sport. Sport Management Review, 4, 119–150. doi:10.1016/S1441-3523(01)70072-1
   Google Scholar
• Funk, D. C., & James, J. D. (2004). The fan attitude network (FAN) model: Exploring attitude formation and change among sport consumers. Sport Management Review, 7, 1–26. doi:10.1016/S1441-3523(04)70043-1
   Google Scholar
• Funk, D., Mahony, D. F., & Ridinger, L. L. (2002). Characterizing consumer motives as individual difference factors augmenting the Sport Interest Inventory (SII) to explain level of spectator support. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 11(1), 33–43.
   Google Scholar
• Gantz, W., & Wenner, L. A. (1995). Fanship and the television sports viewing experience. Sociology of Sport Journal, 12, 56–56. doi:10.1123/ssj.12.1.56
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson, H., Willming, C., & Holdnak, A. (2002). “We're Gators…not just Gator fans”: Serious leisure and University of Florida football. Journal of Leisure Research, 34(4), 397–425.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunnion, L. (2015). Behind the numbers: Professional sports and the merits of being big and connected. Retrieved from https://dupress.deloitte.com/dup-us-en/economy/behind-the-numbers/us-professional-leagues-sports-and-technology.html
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2009). Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Communication Monographs, 76, 37–41. doi:10.1080/03637750903310360
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F., & Preacher, K. J. (2014). Statistical mediation analysis with a multicategorical independent variable. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 67(3), 451–470. doi:10.1111/bmsp.12028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F., Preacher, K. J., & Myers, T. A. (2011). Mediation and the estimation of indirect effects in political communication research. In E. P. Bucy & R. L. Holbert (Eds.), Sourcebook for political communication research: Methods, measures and analytical techniques (pp. 434–465). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Heere, B., & James, J. D. (2007). Sports teams and their communities: Examining the influence of external group identities on team identity. Journal of Sport Management, 21, 319–337. doi:10.1123/jsm.21.3.319
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heere, B., Walker, M., Yoshida, M., Ko, Y., Jordan, J., & James, J. (2011). Brand community development through associated communities: Grounding community measurement within social identity theory. The Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19, 407–422. doi:10.2753/MTP1069-6679190404
   Google Scholar
• Heinze, K. L., Soderstrom, S., & Zdroik, J. (2014). Toward strategic and authentic corporate social responsibility in professional sport: A case study of the Detroit Lions. Journal of Sport Management, 28(6), 672–686. doi:10.1123/JSM.2013-0307
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirt, E. R., Zillmann, D., Ericksin, G. A., & Kennedy, C. (1992). The costs and benefits of allegiance. Journal of Personal and Social Psychology, 63(5), 724–738. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.63.5.724
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James, J. D. (2006). An investigation of minor league baseball attendance motives and consumption behaviors. Working Paper.
   Google Scholar
• Jung, S., & Ha‐Brookshire, J. (2017). Perfect or imperfect duties? Developing a moral responsibility framework for corporate sustainability from the consumer perspective. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 24(4), 326–340. doi:10.1002/csr.1414
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang, J., & Hustvedt, G. (2014). Building trust between consumers and corporations: The role of consumer perceptions of transparency and social responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics, 125(2), 253–265. doi:10.1007/s10551-013-1916-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilbourne, W., & Pickett, G. (2008). How materialism affects environmental beliefs, concern, and environmentally responsible behavior. Journal of Business Research, 61(9), 885–893. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.09.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolbe, R. H., & James, J. D. (2000). An identification and examination of influences that shape the creation of a professional team fan. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 2, 23–37. doi:10.1108/IJSMS-02-01-2000-B003
   Google Scholar
• Kumar, A., Lee, H., & Kim, Y. (2009). Indian consumers' purchase intention toward a United States versus local brand. Journal of Business Research, 62(5), 521–527. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2008.06.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon, H. H., & Armstrong, K. L. (2002). Factors influencing impulse buying of sport team licensed merchandise. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 11, 151–163.
   Google Scholar
• Lacey, R., Kennett-Hensel, P., & Manolis, C. (2015). Is corporate social responsibility a motivator or hygiene factor? Insights into its bivalent nature. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(3), 315–332. doi:10.1007/s11747-014-0390-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lalonde, R. N. (1992). The dynamics of group differentiation in the face of defeat. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18(3), 336–342.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau, N., Makhanya, K., & Trengrouse, P. (2004). The corporate social responsibility of sports organizations: The case of FIFA (4th ed., pp. 1–77). Neuchâtel, Switzerland: International Center for Sports Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Laverie, D. A., & Arnett, D. B. (2000). Factors affecting fan attendance: The influence of identity salience and satisfaction. Journal of Leisure Research, 32(2), 225.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, K., Oh, W. Y., & Kim, N. (2013). Social media for socially responsible firms: Analysis of Fortune 500's twitter profiles and their CSR/CSIR ratings. Journal of Business Ethics, 118(4), 791–806. doi:10.1007/s10551-013-1961-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lock, D., & Heere, B. (2017). Identity crisis: A theoretical analysis of “team identification” research. European Sport Management Quarterly, 17(4), 413–435. doi:10.1080/16184742.2017.1306872
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madrigal, R. (2003). Investigating an evolving leisure experience: Antecedents and consequences of spectator affect during a live sporting event. Journal of Leisure Research, 35(1), 23–48. doi:10.18666/JLR-2003-V35-I1-609
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason, D. S. (1999). What is the sport product and who buy's it? The marketing of professional sports leagues. European Journal of Sport Marketing, 33, 402–418. doi:10.1108/03090569910253251
   Google Scholar
• Menefee, W. C., & Casper, J. M. (2011). Professional basketball fans in China: A comparison of National Basketball Association and Chinese Basketball Association team identification. International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing, 9(3-4), 185–200. doi:10.1504/IJSMM.2011.041571
   Google Scholar
• Misener, L., & Mason, D. S. (2009). Fostering community development though sporting events strategies: An examination of urban regime perceptions. Journal of Sport Management, 23(6), 770–794. doi:10.1123/jsm.23.6.770
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohr, A., & Webb, D. J. (2005). The effects of corporate social responsibility and price on consumer responses. The Journal of Consumer Affairs, 39, 121–147. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6606.2005.00006.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohr, L. A., Webb, D. J., & Harris, K. E. (2001). Do consumers expect companies to be socially responsible? The impact of corporate social responsibility on buying behavior. The Journal of Consumer Affairs, 35, 45–72. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6606.2001.tb00102.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Oliver, C. (1997). Sustainable competitive advantage: Combining institutional and resource-based views. Strategic Management Journal, 18, 697–713. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199710)18:9<697::AID-SMJ909>3.0.CO;2-C
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Reilly, N., Abeza, G., Bellefleur, J., Dottori, M., Fleming, K., La, K.,… (2015). Ice hockey in Canada: 2015 impact study summary. Retrieved from http://www.scotiabank.com/ca/common/pdf/Ice-Hockey-in-Canada-Summary-and-Infographic.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Paramio-Salcines, J. L., Babiak, K., & Walters, G. (2013). CSR within the sport industry: An overview of an emerging academic field. In J. L. Paramio-Salcines, K. Babiak, & G. Walters (Eds.), Routledge handbook of sport and corporate social responsibility (pp. 1–16). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Phua, J. J. (2010). Sports fans and media use: Influence on sports fan identification and collective self-esteem. International Journal of Sport Communication, 3(2), 190–206. doi:10.1123/ijsc.3.2.190
   Google Scholar
• Porter, M., & Kramer, M. (2006). Strategy and society: The link between competitive advantage and corporate social responsibility. Harvard Business Review, 84(12), 78–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, J. K., Stutts, M. A., & Patterson, L. (1990--1991). Consumer perceptions of organizations that use cause-related marketing. Journal of Applied Business Research, 7, 58–65. doi:10.19030/jabr.v7i2.6245
   Google Scholar
• Sen, S., Bhattacharya, C. B., & Korschun, D. (2006). The role of corporate social responsibility in strengthening multiple stakeholder relationships: A field experiment. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 34(2), 158–166. doi:10.1177/0092070305284978
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sethi, S. P. (1995). Introduction to AMR's special topic forum on shifting paradigms: Societal expectations and corporate performance. Academy of Management Review, 20, 18–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skille, E. (2010). Competitiveness and health: The work of sport clubs as seen by sport clubs representatives – a Norwegian case study. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 45(1), 73–85. doi:10.1177/1012690209352395.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skinner, J., Zakus, D., & Cowell, J. (2008). Development through sport: Building social capital in disadvantaged communities. Sport Management Review, 11(3), 253–275. doi:10.1016/S1441-3523(08)70112-8.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, A. C. T., & Westerbeek, H. M. (2007). Sport as a vehicle for deploying social responsibility. Journal of Corporate Citizenship, 25, 43–54. doi:10.9774/GLEAF.4700.2007.sp.00007.
   Google Scholar
• Stodolska, M., & Tainsky, S. (2015). Soccer spectatorship and identity discourses among Latino immigrants. Leisure Sciences, 37, 142–159. doi:10.1080/01490400.2014.970720.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutton, S. (1998). Predicting and explaining intentions and behavior: How well are we doing? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28(15), 1317–1338. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1998.tb01679.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanson, S., & Kent, A. (2015). Fandom in the workplace: Multi-target identification in professional team sports. Journal of Sport Management, 29(4), 461–477. doi:10.1123/jsm.2014-0132
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tajfel, H. (1969). Cognitive aspects of prejudice. Journal of Social Issues, 25, 79–97. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1969.tb00620.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tajfel, H. (1981). Human groups and social categories: Studies in social psychology. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33–47). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Theodorakis, N. D., & Wann, D. L. (2008). An examination of sport fandom in Greece: Influences, interests and behaviors. International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing, 4(4), 356–374. doi:10.1504/IJSMM.2008.022376
   Google Scholar
• Theodorakis, N. D., Vlachopoulos, S. P., Wann, D., Afthinos, Y., & Nassis, P. (2006). Measuring team identification: Translation and cross-cultural validity of the Greek version of the sport spectator identification scale. International Journal of Sport Management, 7(4), 506–522.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, M., & Heere, B. (2011). Consumer attitudes toward responsible entities in sport (CARES): Scale development and model testing. Sport Management Review, 14, 153–166. doi:10.1016/j.smr.2010.08.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, M., & Kent, A. (2009). Assessing the influence of corporate social responsibility on consumer attitudes in the sport industry. Journal of Sport Management, 23(6), 743–769. doi:10.1123/jsm.23.6.743.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, M., & Kent, A. (2013). The roles of credibility and social consciousness in the corporate philanthropy-consumer behavior relationship. Journal of Business Ethics, 116(2), 341–353. doi:10.1007/s10551-012-1472-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, M., Kent, A., & Vincent, J. (2010). Communicating socially responsible initiatives: An analysis of U.S. professional teams. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 19(4), 125–131.
   Google Scholar
• Wann, D. L. (2006). Understanding the positive social psychological benefits of sport team identification: The team identification-social psychological health model. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 10(4), 272–296. doi:10.1037/1089-2699.10.4.272
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wann, D., & Branscombe, N. (1990). Die-hard and fair-weather fans: Effects of identification on BIRGing and CORFing tendencies. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 14, 103–117. doi:10.1177/019372359001400203
   Google Scholar
• Wann, D. L., & Branscombe, N. R. (1991). The positive social and self-concept consequences of sports team identification. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 15, 115–127. doi:10.1177/019372359101500202
   Google Scholar
• Wann, D. L., & Branscombe, N. R. (1993). Sports fans: Measuring degree of identification with their team. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 24, 1–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wann, D. L., & Dolan, T. J. (1994). Attributions of highly identified sports spectators. The Journal of Social Psychology, 134, 783–792. doi:10.1080/00224545.1994.9923013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zajonc, R. B. (2001). Mere exposure: A gateway to the subliminal. American Journal of Psychology, 56(6–7), 522–523. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.56.6-7.522
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar