References
- Aguirre-Urreta, M. I., Rönkkö, M., & Marakas, G. M. (2016). Omission of causal indicators: Consequences and implications for measurement. Measurement: Interdisciplinary Research and Perspectives, 14(3), 75–97.
- Aiken, L. R. (1985). Three coefficients for analyzing the reliability and validity of ratings. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 45(1), 131–142.
- Alexandris, K., & Carroll, B. (1997). An analysis of leisure constraints based on different recreational sport participation levels: Results from a study in Greece. Leisure Sciences, 19(1), 1–15.
- Bainter, S. A., & Bollen, K. A. (2014). Interpretational confounding or confounded interpretations of causal indicators? Measurement: Interdisciplinary Research and Perspectives, 12(4), 125–140.
- Blalock, H. M. Jr. (1964). Causal inferences in nonexperimental research. New York: W. W. Norton.
- Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. New York: Wiley.
- Bollen, K. A., & Diamantopoulos, A. (2017). In defense of causal-formative indicators: A minority report. Psychological Methods, 22(3), 581–596.
- Bollen, K. A., & Ting, K.-F. (2000). A tetrad test for causal indicators. Psychological Methods, 5(1), 3–22.
- Casper, J. M., Bocarro, J. N., Kanters, M. A., & Floyd, M. F. (2011). Measurement properties of constraints to sport participation: A psychometric examination with adolescents. Leisure Sciences, 33(2), 127–146.
- Chick, G., Hsu, Y.-C., Yeh, C.-K., & Hsieh, C.-M. (2015). Informant-provided leisure constraints in six Taiwanese cities. Journal of Leisure Research, 47(4), 501–512.
- Chung, P. K., Liu, J. D., & Chen, W. P. (2013). Perceived constraints on recreational sport participation: evidence from Chinese university students in Hong Kong. World Leisure Journal, 55(4), 347–359.
- Crawford, D. W., & Godbey, G. (1987). Reconceptualizing barriers to family leisure. Leisure Sciences, 9(2), 119–127.
- Crawford, D. W., Jackson, E. L., & Godbey, G. (1991). A hierarchical model of leisure constraints. Leisure Sciences, 13(4), 309–320.
- DeVellis, R. F. (2012). Scale development: Theory and applications (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Diamantopoulos, A., Riefler, P., & Roth, K. P. (2008). Advancing formative measurement models. Journal of Business Research, 61(12), 1203–1218.
- Diamantopoulos, A., & Siguaw, J. A. (2006). Formative versus reflective indicators in organizational measure development: A comparison and empirical illustration. British Journal of Management, 17(4), 263–282.
- Diamantopoulos, A., & Winklhofer, H. M. (2001). Index construction with formative indicators: An alternative to scale development. Journal of Marketing Research, 38(2), 269–277.
- Dunn, J. G. H., Bouffard, M., & Rogers, W. T. (1999). Assessing item content-relevance in sport psychology scale-construction research: Issues and recommendations. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 3(1), 15–36.
- Edwards, J. R. (2011). The fallacy of formative measurement. Organizational Research Methods, 14(2), 370–388.
- Godbey, G., Crawford, D. W., & Shen, X. S. (2010). Assessing hierarchical leisure constraints theory after two decades. Journal of Leisure Research, 42(1), 111–134.
- Gudergan, S. P., Ringle, C. M., Wende, S., & Will, A. (2008). Confirmatory tetrad analysis in PLS path modeling. Journal of Business Research, 61(12), 1238–1249.
- Hair, J. F., Jr., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Howell, R. D., Breivik, E., & Wilcox, J. B. (2007). Reconsidering formative measurement. Psychological Methods, 12(2), 205–218.
- Hubbard, J., & Mannell, R. C. (2001). Testing competing models of the leisure constraint negotiation process in a corporate employee recreation setting. Leisure Sciences, 23(3), 145–163.
- Ito, E., Kono, S., & Walker, G. J. (in press). Development of cross-culturally informed leisure-time physical activity constraint and constraint negotiation typologies: The case of Japanese and Euro-Canadian adults. Leisure Sciences, doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2018.1446064
- Ito, E., & Walker, G. J. (2014). Similarities and differences in leisure conceptualizations between Japan and Canada and between two Japanese leisure-like terms. Leisure/Loisir, 38(1), 1–19.
- Jackson, E. L. (2000). Will research of constraints still be relevant in the twenty-first century?. Journal of Leisure Research, 32(1), 62–69.
- Jackson, E. L., Crawford, D. W., & Godbey, G. (1993). Negotiation of leisure constraints. Leisure Sciences, 15(1), 1–11.
- Jarvis, C. B., MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, P. M. (2003). A critical review of construct indicators and measurement model misspecification in marketing and consumer research. Journal of Consumer Research, 30(2), 199–218.
- Kawaguchi, A., & Kasai, T. (2016). Effects of paid and unpaid overtime work on stress, earnings, and happiness. In T. Tachibanaki (Ed.), Advances in happiness research: A comparative perspective (pp. 183–203). Tokyo, Japan: Springer Japan.
- Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.
- Kyle, G., & Jun, J. (2015). An alternate conceptualization of the leisure constraints measurement model: Formative structure? Journal of Leisure Research, 47(3), 337–357.
- Loucks-Atkinson, A., & Mannell, R. C. (2007). Role of self-efficacy in the constraints negotiation process: The case of individuals with fibromyalgia syndrome. Leisure Sciences, 29(1), 19–36.
- MacKenzie, S. B., Podsakoff, P. M., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2011). Construct measurement and validation procedures in MIS and behavioral research: Integrating new and existing techniques. MIS Quarterly, 35, 293–334.
- Neuendorf, K. A. (2016). The content analysis guidebook (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Raymore, L. A. (2002). Facilitators to leisure. Journal of Leisure Research, 34(1), 37–51.
- Raymore, L., Godbey, G., Crawford, D., & von Eye, A. (1993). Nature and process of leisure constraints: An empirical test. Leisure Sciences, 15(2), 99–113.
- Ringle, C. M. (2017, June 10). Re: Some details about confirmatory tetrad analysis [Online forum comment]. Retrieved from http://forum.smartpls.com/viewtopic.php?f=11&t=16081&p=26808&hilit=confirmatory+tetrad+analysis#p26808
- Ringle, C. M., Wende, S., & Becker, J.-M. (2015). SmartPLS 3. Boenningstedt, Germany: SmartPLS GmbH. Retrieved from http://www.smartpls.com
- Rossiter, J. R. (2002). The C-OAR-SE procedure for scale development in marketing. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 19(4), 305–335.
- Sarstedt, M., Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., Thiele, K. O., & Gudergan, S. P. (2016). Estimation issues with PLS and CBSEM: Where the bias lies!. Journal of Business Research, 69(10), 3998–4010.
- Schneider, I. E. (2016). Leisure constraints and negotiation: Highlights from the journey past, present, and future. In G. J. Walker, D. Scott & M. Stodolska (Eds.), Leisure matters: The state and future of leisure studies (pp. 151–161). State College, PA: Venture Publishing.
- Son, J. S., Mowen, A. J., & Kerstetter, D. L. (2008). Testing alternative leisure constraint negotiation models: An extension of Hubbard and Mannell’s study. Leisure Sciences, 30(3), 198–216.
- Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed., international ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.
- White, D. D. (2008). A structural model of leisure constraints negotiation in outdoor recreation. Leisure Sciences, 30(4), 342–359.
- Wilhelm Stanis, S. A., Schneider, I. E., & Russell, K. C. (2009). Leisure time physical activity of park visitors: Retesting constraint models in adoption and maintenance stages. Leisure Sciences, 31(3), 287–304.