Work-Family Conflict and Psychological Well-Being of Tour Leaders: The Moderating Effect of Leisure Coping Styles

References

• Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411–423. doi:10.1037//0033-2909.103.3.411
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structure equations models. Academic of Marketing Science, 16(1), 76–94.
   Google Scholar
• Bagozzi, R. P., Yi, Y., & Phillips, L. W. (1991). Assessing construct validity in organizational research. Administrative Science Quarterly, 36(3), 421–458. doi:10.2307/2393203
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartolome, F. (1972). Executives as human beings. Harvard Business Review, 50(6), 62–69.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berdychevsky, L., Gibson, H. J., & Bell, H. L. (2013). Girlfriend getaways and women's well-being. Journal of Leisure Research, 45(5), 602–623. doi:10.18666/jlr-2013-v45-i5-4365
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhagat, R. S., Allie, S. M., & Ford, D. L. Jr., (1995). Coping with stressful life events: An empirical analysis. In R. Crandall & P. L. Perrewé (Eds.). Occupational stress. A handbook (pp. 93–112). Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Bradburn, M. M. (1969). The structure of psychological well-being. Chicago, IL: Aldine.
   Google Scholar
• Brislin, R. W. (1986). A culture general assimilator: Preparation for various types of sojourns. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 10(2), 215–234. doi:10.1016/0147-1767(86)90007-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson, D. S., Kacmar, K. M., & Williams, L. J. (2000). Construction and initial validation of a multidimensional measure of work–family conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 56(2), 249–276. doi:10.1006/jvbe.1999.1713
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, J. C. (2009). Taiwanese tourists’ perceptions of service quality on outbound guided package tours: A qualitative examination of the SERVOUAL dimensions. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 15(2), 165–178. doi:10.1177/1356766708100822
   Google Scholar
• Charkhabi, M., Sartori, R., & Ceschi, A. (2016). Work-family conflict based on strain: The most hazardous type of conflict in Iranian hospitals nurses. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 42(1), 1–10. doi:10.4102/sajip.v42i1.1264
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Day, A. L., & Livingstone, H. A. (2001). Chronic and acute stressors among military personnel: Do coping styles buffer their negative impact on health? Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 6(4), 348–360. doi:10.1037//1076-8998.6.4.348
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Diener, E. (2007). Guidelines for national indicators of subjective well-being and ill-being. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 1(2), 151–157. doi:10.1007/s11482-006-9007-x
   Google Scholar
• Diener, E., Lucas, R. E., & Oishi, S. (2002). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and life satisfaction. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective wellbeing: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 276–302. doi:10.1037//0033-2909.125.2.276
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards, J., & Rothbard, N. (2000). Mechanisms linking work and family: Clarifying the relationship between work and family constructs. Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 178–199.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etikan, I., Musa, S. A., & Alkassim, R. S. (2016). Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 5(1), 1–4. doi:10.11648/j.ajtas.20160501.11
   Google Scholar
• Fornel, C., & Larcker, D. (1981). Evaluating structure equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. doi:10.2307/3151312
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenglass, E. R. (2003). Proactive coping. In E. Frydenberg (Ed.), Beyond coping: Meetings goals, vision and challenge. London: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Greenhaus, J., & Beutell, N. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. The Academy of Management Review, 10(1), 76–88. doi:10.2307/258214
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenhaus, J., & Powell, G. (2003). When work and family collide: Deciding between competing role demands. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 90(2), 291–303. doi:10.1016/S0749-5978(02)00519-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossi, E., Groth, N., Mosconi, P., Cerutti, R., Pace, F., Compare, A., & Apolone, G. (2006). Development and validation of the short version of the psychological general well-being index (PGWB-S). Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 4(1), 88–95. doi:10.1186/1477-7525-4-88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Babin, B. J., & Black, W. C. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective (Vol. 7). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Holloway, C. J. (1981). The guided tour: A sociological approach. Annals of Tourism Research, 8(3), 377–402. doi:10.1016/0160-7383(81)90005-0
   Google Scholar
• Hu, H. H. S., Hu, H. Y., & King, B. (2017). Impacts of misbehaving air passengers on frontline employees: Role stress and emotional labor. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29(7), 1793–1813. doi:10.1108/IJCHM-09-2015-0457
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwasaki, Y. (2003). Examining rival models of leisure coping mechanisms. Leisure Sciences, 25(2–3), 183–206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwasaki, Y., & Mannell, R. C. (1999). The effects of leisure beliefs and coping strategies on stress-health relationship: A field study. Leisure/Loisir, 24(1–2), 3–57. doi:10.1080/14927713.1999.9651258
   Google Scholar
• Iwasaki, Y., & Mannell, R. C. (2000). Hierarchical dimensions of leisure stress coping. Leisure Sciences, 22(3), 163–181.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwasaki, Y., Mannell, R. C., Smale, B. A., & Butcher, J. (2002). A short-term longitudinal analysis of leisure coping used by police and emergency response service workers. Journal of Leisure Research, 34(3), 311–339. doi:10.1080/00222216.2002.11949974
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwasaki, Y., & Smale, B. A. (1998). Longitudinal analyses of the relationships among life transitions, chronic health problems, leisure, and psychological well-being. Leisure Sciences, 20(1), 25–52. doi:10.1080/01490409809512263
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jöreskog, K., & Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Kahn, R. L., Wolfe, D. M., Quinn, R., Snoek, J. D., & Rosenthal, R. A. (1964). Organizational stress: Studies in role conflict and ambiguity. New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Karatepe, O. M., & Baddar, L. (2006). An empirical study of the selected consequences of frontline employees' work-family conflict and family-work conflict. Tourism Management, 27(5), 1017–1028. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2005.10.024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karatepe, O. M., & Uludag, O. (2008). Affectivity, conflicts in the work-family interface, and hotel employee outcomes. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 27(1), 30–41. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2007.07.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazarian, S. S. (2005). Family functioning, cultural orientation, and psychological well-being among university students in Lebanon. The Journal of Social Psychology, 145(2), 141–152. doi:10.3200/SOCP.145.2.141-154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lambert, E. G., Hogan, N. L., Camp, S. D., & Ventura, L. A. (2006). The impact of work-family conflict on correctional staff: A preliminary study. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 6(4), 371–387. doi:10.1177/1748895806068572
   Google Scholar
• Lapierre, L. M., & Allen, T. D. (2006). Work-supportive family, family-supportive supervision, use of organizational benefits, and problem-focused coping: Implications for work-family conflict and employee well-being. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 11(2), 169–181. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.11.2.169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, C. C., Cheng, T. M., & Huang, S. J. (2016). The impact of the causality between work-family conflict, well-being, and leisure coping strategies on tour professionals. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 33(7), 1028–1050. doi:10.1080/10548408.2015.1084974
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, L., Gilmour, R., Kao, S.-F., & Huang, M.-T. (2006). A cross-cultural study of work/family demands, work/family conflict and wellbeing: The Taiwanese vs British. Career Development International, 11(1), 9–27. doi:10.1108/13620430610642354
   Google Scholar
• Luoh, H. F., & Tsaur, S. H. (2014). The effects of age stereotypes on tour leader roles. Journal of Travel Research, 53(1), 111–123. doi:10.1177/0047287513482774
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maltby, J., & Day, L. (2001). The relationship between exercise motives and psychological well-being. The Journal of Psychology, 135(6), 651–660. doi:10.1080/00223980109603726
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCabe, S., & Johnson, S. (2013). The happiness factor in tourism: Subjective well-being and social tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 41, 42–65. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2012.12.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulaik, S. A., James, L. R., Van Alstine, J., Bennett, N., Lind, S., & Stilwell, C. D. (1989). Evaluation of goodness-of-fit indices for structural equation models. Psychological Bulletin, 105(3), 430–445. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.105.3.430
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nawijn, J., & Filep, S. (2016). Two directions for future tourist well-being research. Annals of Tourism Research, 61, 221–223. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2016.07.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nawijn, J., & Mitas, O. (2012). Resident attitudes to tourism and their effect on subjective well-being: The case of Palma de Mallorca. Journal of Travel Research, 51(5), 531–541. doi:10.1177/0047287511426482
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Driscoll, M. P., Brough, P., & Kalliath, T. J. (2004). Work/family conflict, psychological well-being, satisfaction and social support: A longitudinal study in New Zealand. Equal Opportunities International, 23(1/2), 36–56. doi:10.1108/02610150410787846
   Google Scholar
• Ottenbreit, N. D., & Dobson, K. S. (2004). Avoidance and depression: The construction of the Cognitive–Behavioral Avoidance Scale. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42(3), 293–313. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(03)00140-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patry, D., Blanchard, C. M., & Mask, L. (2007). Measuring university students’ regulatory coping styles: Planned breathers or avoidance? Leisure Sciences, 29(3), 247–265. doi:10.1080/01490400701257963
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pleck, J. H., Staines, G. L., & Lang, L. (1980). Conflicts between work and family life. Monthly Labor Review, 103, 29–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rook, K. S. (1984). The negative side of social interaction: Impact on psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(5), 1097–1108. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.46.5.1097
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, M. K., & Diekmann, A. (2017). Tourism and wellbeing. Annals of Tourism Research, 66, 1–13. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2017.05.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taiwan Tourism Bureau. (2018). Statistics of travel agencies in January 2018. Retrieved from https://admin.taiwan.net.tw/FileUploadCategoryListC003330.aspx?CategoryID=b701d7ba-2e01-4d0c-9e16-67beb38abd2f
   Google Scholar
• Tsaur, S. H., & Lin, W. R. (2014). Hassles of tour leaders. Tourism Management, 45, 28–38. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2014.03.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsaur, S. H., & Tang, Y. Y. (2012). Job stress and well-being of female employees in hospitality: The role of regulatory leisure coping styles. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(4), 1038–1044. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.12.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyler, P., & Cushway, D. (1995). Stress in nurses: The effects of coping and social support. Stress Medicine, 11(1), 243–251. doi:10.1002/smi.2460110140
   Google Scholar
• Uysal, M., Sirgy, M. J., Woo, E., & Kim, H. L. (2016). Quality of life (QOL) and well-being research in tourism. Tourism Management, 53, 244–261. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2015.07.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y.-C., Qu, H., Yang, J., & Yang, C.-E. (2018). Leisure-work preference and hotel employees’ perceived subjective well-being. The Service Industries Journal, 1–23. doi:10.1080/02642069.2018.1529170
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063–1070. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.54.6.1063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, J. Y., & Wang, C. H. (2009). Emotional labor of the tour leaders: An exploratory study. Tourism Management, 30(2), 249–259. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2008.06.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Federation of Tourist Guide Associations (WFTGA). (2003). What is a tourist guide? Retrieved from http://www.wftga.org/main.php?page¼what_is_a_tourist_guide
   Google Scholar
• Wright, T. A., & Cropanzano, R. (2004). The role of psychological well-being in job performance: A fresh look at an age-old quest. Organizational Dynamics, 33(4), 338–351. doi:10.1016/j.orgdyn.2004.09.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, T. A., & Hobfoll, S. E. (2004). Commitment, psychological well-being and job performance: An examination of conservation of resources (COR) theory and job burnout. Journal of Business and Management, 9(4), 389–406.
   Google Scholar