Motivations and Constraints for the Ghost Tourism: A Case Study in Spain

References

• Alfano, S. (2005). Poll: Majority believe in ghosts. CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/news/poll-majority-believe-in-ghosts
   Google Scholar
• Baloglu, S., & McCleary, K. W. (1999). A model of destination image formation. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(4), 868–897. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00030-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentley, T., Page, S., & Laird, I. (2003). Managing tourism safety: The experience of the adventure tourism industry. In J. Wilks & S. Page (Eds.), Managing tourist health and safety in the new millennium (pp. 85–100). Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Biran, A., Liu, W., Li, G., & Eichhorn, V. (2014). Consuming post-disaster destinations: The case of Sichuan. Annals of Tourism Research, 47, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2014.03.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blankshein, S. (2012). Paranormal preservation: The utilisation of paranormal tourism in historic site interpretations [Master's Thesis]. https://ecollections.scad.edu/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001445
   Google Scholar
• Bornstein, R. F. (1989). Exposure and effect: Overview and meta-analysis of research. Psychological Bulletin, 106(2), 265–289. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.106.2.265
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bristow, R. S. (2020). Communitas in fright tourism. Tourism Geographies, 22(2), 319–337. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2019.1708445
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bucior, C. (2020). History’s priests, history’s magicians: Exploring the contentious relationship between authorized heritage and ghost tourism in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 15(3), 328–340. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2019.1638391
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro, M., Burrows, R., & Wooffitt, R. (2014). The paranormal is (still) normal: The sociological implications of a survey of paranormal experiences in Great Britain. Sociological Research Online, 19(3), 30–15. https://doi.org/10.5153/sro.3355
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modelling. In G.A. Marcoulides (Ed.), Modern methods for business research (pp. 295–336). Lawrence Elbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Churchill, G. A. (1979). A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 16(1), 64–73. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224377901600110
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comaroff, J. (2007). Ghostly topographies: Landscape and biopower in modern Singapore. Cultural Geographies, 14(1), 56–73. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474474007072819
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford, D. W., & Godbey, G. (1987). Reconceptualizing barriers to family leisure. Leisure Sciences, 9(2), 119–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490408709512151
   Google Scholar
• Crawford, D. W., Jackson, E. L., & Godbey, G. (1991). A hierarchical model of leisure constraints. Leisure Sciences, 13(4), 309–320. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490409109513147
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dancausa, G., Hernández, R., & Sánchez-Rivas, J. (2019). Analysis of the demand of dark tourism: A case study in Córdoba (Spain). Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 10(1), 161–176.
   Google Scholar
• Dann, G. (1981). Tourist motivation: An appraisal. Annals of Tourism Research, 8(2), 187–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(81)90082-7
   Google Scholar
• Davies, O. (2007). The haunted: A social history of ghosts. Palgrave McMillan.
   Google Scholar
• Falk, R., & Miller, N. (1992). A primer for soft modelling. The University of Akron.
   Google Scholar
• Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Addison-Wesley.
   Google Scholar
• Funk, D. C., Alexandris, K., & Ping, Y. (2009). To go or stay home and watch: exploring the balance between motives and perceived constraints for major events: a case study of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. International Journal of Tourism Research, 11(1), 41–53. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.682
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gentry, G. W. (2007). Walking with the dead: The place of ghost walk tourism in Savannah. Southeastern Geographer, 47(2), 222–238. https://doi.org/10.1353/sgo.2007.0023
   Google Scholar
• Getz, D., & Brown, G. (2006). Critical success factors for wine tourism regions: A demand analysis. Tourism Management, 27(1), 146–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2004.08.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hair, J., Hult, G., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer on partial least squares structural equations modeling (PLS-SEM). 2nd ed. SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Hair, J., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139–152. https://doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202
   Google Scholar
• Hawkins, B. A., Peng, J., Hsieh, C., & Eklund, S. J. (1999). Leisure constraints: A replication and extension of construct development. Leisure Sciences, 21(3), 179–192.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haynes, E. D. (2016). Paranormal tourism: Study of economics and public policy [Master's Thesis]. Kansas State University.
   Google Scholar
• Heidelberg, B. A. W. (2015). Managing ghosts: Exploring local government involvement in dark tourism. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 10(1), 74–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2014.953538
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, A. (2011). Paranormal media: Audiences, spirits and magic in popular culture. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hill, S. A., O’Keeffe, C., Laythe, B., Dagnall, N., Drinkwater, K., Ventola, A., & Houran, J. (2019). Meme-spirited”: I. The VAPUS model for understanding the prevalence and potency of ghost narratives. Journal of Parapsychology, 83(1), 25–152. https://doi.org/10.30891/jopar.2019.01.03
   Google Scholar
• Holloway, J. (2010). Legend-tripping in spooky spaces: Ghost tourism and infrastructures of enchantment. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 28(4), 618–637. https://doi.org/10.1068/d9909
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holzhauser, E. (2015). Paranormal tourism in Edinburgh: Storytelling, appropriating ghost culture and presenting an uncanny heritage [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of St. Andrews.
   Google Scholar
• Houran, J., Hill, S. A., Haynes, E. D., & Bielski, U. A. (2020). Paranormal tourism: Market study of a novel and interactive approach to space activation and monetization. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 61(3), 287–311. https://doi.org/10.1177/1938965520909094
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, S., & Hsu, C. H. C. (2009). Effects of travel motivation, past experience, perceived constraint, and attitude on revisit intention. Journal of Travel Research, 48(1), 29–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287508328793
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hung, K., & Petrick, J. F. (2010). Developing a measurement scale for constraints to cruising. Annals of Tourism Research, 37(1), 206–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2009.09.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hung, K., & Petrick, J. F. (2012a). Comparing constraints to cruising between cruisers and non-cruisers: a test of the constraint-effects-mitigation model. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 29(3), 242–262. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2012.666171
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hung, K., & Petrick, J. F. (2012b). Testing the effects of congruity, travel constraints, and self-efficacy on travel intentions: An alternative decision-making model. Tourism Management, 33(4), 855–867. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.09.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inglis, D., & Holmes, M. (2003). Highland and other haunts: Ghosts in Scottish tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(1), 50–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(02)00031-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ironside, R. (2018). The allure of dark tourism: legend tripping and ghost seeking in dark places. In D. Waskul & M. Eaton (Eds.), The supernatural in society, culture and history (pp. 95–115). Temple University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ivanova, P., & Light, D. (2018). ‘It’s not that we like death or anything’: Exploring the motivations and experiences of visitors to a lighter dark tourism attraction. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 13(4), 356–369. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2017.1371181
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jang, S., Bai, B., Hu, C., & Wu, C. (2009). Affect, travel motivation and travel intention: A senior market. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 33(1), 51–73. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348008329666
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jennings, G. (2001). Tourism research. John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Johnston, T. (2013). Mark Twain and the innocents abroad: Illuminating the tourist gaze on death. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 7(3), 199–213. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCTHR-05-2012-0036
   Google Scholar
• Keller, K. (2010). Ghost tours as a form of alternative tourism. California State University Northbridge.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, S. S., Lee, C. K., & Klenosky, D. B. (2003). The influence of push and pull factors at Korean national parks. Tourism Management, 24(2), 169–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(02)00059-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klenosky, D. (2002). The pull of tourism destinations: A means-end investigation. Journal of Travel Research, 40(4), 385–395. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287502040004005
   Google Scholar
• Krisjanous, J. (2016). An exploratory multimodal discourse analysis of dark tourism websites: Communicating issues around contested sites. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 5(4), 341–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2016.07.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krisjanous, J., & Carruthers, J. (2018). Walking on the light side: Investigating the world of ghost tour operators and entrepreneurial marketing. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 21(2), 232–252. https://doi.org/10.1108/QMR-12-2016-0123
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kužnik, L., & Veble, N. (2018). Into the dark – dark stories in the cities of Brežice and Krško in Slovenia as a basis for the future dark tourism products. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 4(1), 40–53. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-05-2017-0031
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacanienta, A., Ellis, G., Hill, B., Freeman, P., & Jiang, J. (2020). Provocation and related subjective experiences along the dark tourism spectrum. Journal of Heritage Tourism. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2020.1739055
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lennon, J. J., & Foley, M. (1999). Interpretation of the unimaginable: The U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C., and “Dark Tourism”. Journal of Travel Research, 38(1), 46–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759903800110
   Google Scholar
• Line, T., Chatterjee, K., & Lyons, G. (2010). The travel behaviour intentions of young people in the context of climate change. Journal of Transport Geography, 18(2), 238–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2009.05.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marzo-Navarro, M., & Pedraja-Iglesias, M. (2009). Wine tourism development from the perspective of the potential tourist in Spain. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 21(7), 816–835.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marzo-Navarro, M., & Pedraja-Iglesias, M. (2012). Critical factors of wine tourism: incentives and barriers from the potential tourist’s perspective. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 24(2), 312–334.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEvoy, E. (2016). Gothic tourism. Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Nawijn, J., Isaac, R. K., van Liempt, A., & Gridnevskiy, K. (2016). Emotion clusters for concentration camp memorials. Annals of Tourism Research, 61, 244–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2016.09.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyaupane, G. P., & Andereck, K. L. (2008). Understanding travel constraints: Application and extension of a leisure constraints model. Journal of Travel Research, 46(4), 433–439. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287507308325
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oxford Dictionary. (1988). Ghost. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pearce, P. L. (2005). Tourist behaviour: Themes and conceptual schemes. Chanel View.
   Google Scholar
• Pharino, C., & Pearce, P. (2020). Paranormal tourism planning: Stakeholder views on development in South East Asia. Tourism Planning & Development, 17(3), 313–334. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2019.1667860
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pharino, C., Pearce, P., & Pryce, J. (2018). Paranormal tourism: Assessing tourists' onsite experiences. Tourism Management Perspectives, 28, 20–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2018.06.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell, R., & Iankova, K. (2016). Dark London: Dimensions and characteristics of dark tourism supply in the UK Capital. Anatolia, 27(3), 339–351. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2016.1191764
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahmawati, D. (2016, May). The potential ghost tour in Bandung. In A. M. Morrison, A. G. Abdullah, & S. Leo (Eds.), Asia Tourism Forum 2016 (ATF-16): The 12th Biennial Conference of Hospitality and Tourism Industry in Asia (pp. 593–597). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/atf-16.2016.81
   Google Scholar
• Reisinger, Y. (2003). Cross-cultural behavior in tourism: Concepts and analysis. Butterworth/Heinemann.
   Google Scholar
• Rittichainuwat, B. (2011). Ghosts: A travel barrier to tourism recovery. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(2), 437–459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2010.10.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez, B. (2012). Management issues in dark tourism attractions: The case of ghost tours in Edinburgh and Toledo. Journal of Unconventional Parks, Tourism & Recreation Research, 4(1), 14–19.
   Google Scholar
• Sato, S., Kim, H., Buning, R. J., & Harada, M. (2018). Adventure tourism motivation and destination loyalty: A comparison of decision and non-decision makers. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 8, 74–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2016.12.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seeman, R. E. (2002). Spooky streets: Spirits of the past haunt ghost tours. Common-Place: The Interactive Journal of Early American Life, 3(1). http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/cp/vol-03/no-01/seeman/
   Google Scholar
• Sharpley, R., & Stone, P. R. (2009). Consuming dark tourism: A thanatological perspective. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(2), 574–595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2008.02.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singleton, A. (2017). The summer of the Spirits: Spiritual tourism to America’s foremost village of spirit mediums. Annals of Tourism Research, 67, 48–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2017.08.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparks, B. (2007). Planning a wine tourism vacation? Factors that help to predict tourist behavioral intentions. Tourism Management, 28(5), 1180–1192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2006.11.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone, P. (2009). “It's Bloody Guide" - Fun, Fear and a Lighter Side of Dark Tourism at the Dungeon Visitor Attractions, UK. In R. Sharpley, & P.R. Stone (Eds.), The darker side of travel: The theory and practice of dark tourism. (pp.167–185). Channel View.
   Google Scholar
• Stone, P., & Sharpley, R. (2008). Consuming dark tourism: A thanatological perspective. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(2), 574–595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2008.02.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics. 6th ed. Allyn & Bacon, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Tangeland, T., Vennesland, B., & Nybakk, E. (2013). Second-home owners’ intention to purchase nature-based tourism activity products: A Norwegian case study. Tourism Management, 36, 364–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.10.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, R. C. (2010). Am i going to see a ghost tonight?: Gettysburg ghost tours and the performance of belief. The Journal of American Culture, 33(2), 79–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-734X.2010.00735.x
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, R. C. (2008). Entertaining ghosts: Gettysburg ghost tours and the performance of belief [Unpublished Master’s Thesis]. University of Maryland.
   Google Scholar
• Walter, T. (2009). Dark tourism: Mediating between the dead and the living. In R. Sharpley & P.R. Stone (Eds.), The darker side of travel: The theory and practice of dark tourism (pp. 39–55). Channel View.
   Google Scholar
• Wearing, S. (2002). Re-centring the self in volunteer tourism. In G.M.S. Dann (Ed.), The tourist as a metaphor of the social world (pp. 237–362). CABI Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• White, L. (2013). Marvellous, murderous and macabre Melbourne: Taking a walk on the dark side. In L. White & E. Frew (Eds.), Dark tourism and place identity: Managing and interpreting dark places (pp. 217–235). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, C. H., Huang, Y. H., Janes, C., Lin, K. C., & Lu, T. H. (2008). Belief in ghost month can help prevent drowning deaths: A natural experiment on the effects of cultural beliefs on risky behaviours. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 66(9), 1990–1998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.01.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon, Y., & Uysal, M. (2005). An examination of the effects of motivation and satisfaction on destination loyalty: A structural model. Tourism Management, 26(1), 45–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2003.08.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaichkowsky, J. L. (1985). Measuring the involvement construct. Journal of Consumer Research, 12(3), 341–352. https://doi.org/10.1086/208520
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, H., Yang, Y., Zheng, C., & Zhang, J. (2016). Too dark to revisit? The role of past experiences and intrapersonal constraints. Tourism Management, 54, 452–464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.01.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, H., Zhang, J., Cheng, S., Lu, S., & Shi, C. (2012). Role of constraints in Chinese calligraphic landscape experience: an extension of a leisure constraints model. Tourism Management, 33(6), 1398–1407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.01.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng, C., Zhang, J., Qian, L., Jurowski, C., Zhang, H., & Yan, B. (2018). The inner struggle of visiting ‘dark tourism’ sites: Examining the relationship between perceived constraints and motivations. Current Issues in Tourism, 21(15), 1710–1727. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2016.1220512
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar