Does Nostalgia Promote Personal Growth and Happiness? The Case of Field Hockey in Singapore

References

• Abeyta, A. A., Routledge, C., & Juhl, J. (2015). Looking back to move forward: Nostalgia as a psychological resource for promoting relationship goals and overcoming relationship challenges. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 109(6), 1029–1044. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arai, S. M., & Pedlar, A. M. (1997). Building communities through leisure: Citizen participation in a healthy communities initiative. Journal of Leisure Research, 29(2), 167–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1997.11949792
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayub, N., & Iqbal, S. (2012). The relationship of personal growth initiative, psychological wellbeing, and psychological distress among adolescents. Journal of Teaching and Education, 6(1), 101–107.
   Google Scholar
• Baldwin, M., Biernat, M., & Landau, M. J. (2015). Remembering the real me: Nostalgia offers a window to the intrinsic self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108(1), 128–147. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldwin, M., & Landau, M. J. (2014). Exploring nostalgia's influence on psychological growth. Self and Identity, 13(2), 162–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2013.772320
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batcho, K. I. (2007). Nostalgia and the emotional tone and content of song lyrics. The American Journal of Psychology, 120(3), 361–381. https://doi.org/10.2307/20445410
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batcho, K. I. (2013). Nostalgia: Retreat or support in difficult times? The American Journal of Psychology, 126(3), 355–367. https://doi.org/10.5406/amerjpsyc.126.3.0355
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer, J. J., & McAdams, D. P. (2004). Personal growth in adults' stories of life transitions. Journal of Personality, 72(3), 573–602. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00273.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne, B. M. (2016). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (3rd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Callea, A., De Rosa, D., Ferri, G., Lipari, F., & Costanzi, M. (2019). Are more intelligent people happier? Emotional intelligence as mediator between need for relatedness, happiness and flourishing. Sustainability, 11(4), 1022. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11041022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrión, G. C., Nitzl, C., & Roldán, J. L. (2017). Mediation analyses in partial least squares structural equation modeling: Guidelines and empirical examples. In Partial least squares path modeling (pp. 173–195). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Chang, P.-J., Yarnal, C., & Chick, G. (2016). The longitudinal association between playfulness and resilience in older women engaged in the red hat society. Journal of Leisure Research, 48(3), 210–227. https://doi.org/10.18666/jlr-2016-v48-i3-6256
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, Y. C., Yeh, T. M., Pai, F. Y., & Huang, T. P. (2018). Sport activity for health!! The effects of karate participants’ involvement, perceived value, and leisure benefits on recommendation intention. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(5), 953. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050953
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, E., Pegg, S., & Stebbins, R. (2016). Old bodies, young hearts: A qualitative exploration of the engagement of older male amateur rugby union players in Taiwan. Leisure Studies, 35(5), 549–563. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2015.1031270
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, T. M., & Tsaur, S. H. (2012). The relationship between serious leisure characteristics and recreation involvement: A case study of Taiwan’s surfing activities. Leisure Studies, 31(1), 53–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2011.568066
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, S.-T., Hyun, J., Graefe, A. R., Mowen, A. J., Almeida, D. M., & Sliwinski, M. J. (2020). The influence of leisure engagement on daily emotional well-being. Leisure Sciences, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2020.1757537
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, C.-J., & Li, W.-C. (2020). A study on the hot spring leisure experience and happiness of Generation X and Generation Y in Taiwan. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 25(1), 39–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2019.1592764
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung, W.-Y., Sedikides, C., & Wildschut, T. (2016). Induced nostalgia increases optimism (via social-connectedness and self-esteem) among individuals high, but not low, in trait nostalgia. Personality and Individual Differences, 90, 283–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.11.028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho, H. (2020a). Importance of leisure nostalgia on life satisfaction and leisure participation. The Service Industries Journal, 40(1–2), 90–109. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2019.1567714
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho, H. (2020b). Work-leisure conflict and well-being: The role of leisure nostalgia. Leisure Sciences, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2020.1829519
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho, H. (2021a). How nostalgia forges place attachment and revisit intention: A moderated mediation model. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 39(6), 856–870. https://doi.org/10.1108/MIP-01-2021-0012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho, H. (2021b). Power of good old days: How leisure nostalgia influences work engagement, task performance, and subjective well-being. Leisure Studies, 40(6), 793–809. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2021.1931415
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho, H., & Chiu, W. (2020). Sport nostalgia builds customer equity and future behavior. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 39(2), 315–328. https://doi.org/10.1108/MIP-03-2020-0106
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho, H., Chiu, W., & Tan, D. (2021a). Travel overseas for a game: The effect of nostalgia on satellite fans’ psychological commitment, subjective well-being, and travel intention to team sport events. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(10), 1418–1434. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1792857
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho, H., Joo, D., & Chi, C. G. Q. (2019a). Examining nostalgia in sport tourism: The case of US college football fans. Tourism Management Perspectives, 29, 97–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2018.11.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho, H., Joo, D., Moore, D., & Norman, W. C. (2019b). Sport tourists' nostalgia and its effect on attitude and intentions: A multilevel approach. Tourism Management Perspectives, 32, 100563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2019.100563
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho, H., Joo, D., & Woosnam, K. M. (2020a). Cross-cultural validation of the Nostalgia Scale for Sport Tourism (NSST): A multilevel approach. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 44(4), 624–643. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348019899461
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho, H., Joo, D., & Woosnam, K. M. (2020b). Sport tourists’ team identification and revisit intention: Looking at the relationship through a nostalgic lens. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 44(6), 1002–1025. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348020926550
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho, H., Khoo, E. C., & Lee, H.-W. (2019c). Nostalgia, motivation, and intention for international football stadium tourism. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 24(9), 912–923. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2019.1653339
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho, H., Lee, H. W., Moore, D., Norman, W. C., & Ramshaw, G. (2017). A multilevel approach to scale development in sport tourist nostalgia. Journal of Travel Research, 56(8), 1094–1106. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287516683834
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho, H., Pyun, D. Y., & Lim, S. H. (2020c). Enhancing the stability of the leisure nostalgia scale: Assessment of the measurement invariance between two different leisure populations. Leisure Studies, 39(2), 294–303. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2019.1653356
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho, H., Pyun, D. Y., & Wang, C. K. J. (2019d). Leisure nostalgia: Scale development and validation. Journal of Leisure Research, 50(4), 330–349. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2019.1602014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho, H., Ramshaw, G., & Norman, W. C. (2014). A conceptual model for nostalgia in the context of sport tourism: Re-classifying the sporting past. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 19(2), 145–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/14775085.2015.1033444
   Google Scholar
• Cho, H., Tan, K. M., & Chiu, W. (2021b). Will I be back? Evoking nostalgia through college students’ memorable exchange programme experiences. Tourism Review, 76(2), 392–410. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-06-2019-0270
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cloninger, C. R., & Zohar, A. H. (2011). Personality and the perception of health and happiness. Journal of Affective Disorders, 128(1-2), 24–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2010.06.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connell, J. (2017). Groundhopping: nostalgia, emotion and the small places of football. Leisure Studies, 36(4), 553–564. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2016.1216578
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, F. (1979). Yearning for yesterday: A sociology of nostalgia. Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• de Araujo, F. F., & da Rocha, A. (2019). The redefining of later life through leisure: Music and dance groups in Brazil. Leisure Studies, 38(5), 712–727. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2019.1636847
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denovan, A., & Macaskill, A. (2017). Stress, resilience and leisure coping among university students: Applying the broaden-and-build theory. Leisure Studies, 36(6), 852–865. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2016.1240220
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diener, E., Pressman, S. D., Hunter, J., Delgadillo, ‐., & Chase, D. (2017). If, why, and when subjective well-being influences health, and future needed research. Applied Psychology. Health and Well-Being, 9(2), 133–167. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dik, B. J., O’Connor, W. F., Shimizu, A. B., & Duffy, R. D. (2019). Personal growth and well-being at work: Contributions of vocational psychology. Journal of Career Development, 46(1), 31–47. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845317730642
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elwick, A., & Cannizzaro, S. (2017). Happiness in higher education. Higher Education Quarterly, 71(2), 204–219. https://doi.org/10.1111/hequ.12121
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairley, S. (2003). In search of relived social experience: Group-based nostalgia sport tourism. Journal of Sport Management, 17(3), 284–304. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.17.3.284
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairley, S., & Gammon, S. (2005). Something lived, something learned: Nostalgia's expanding role in sport tourism. Sport in Society, 8(2), 182–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430430500102002
   Google Scholar
• Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). What good are positive emotions? Review of General Psychology: Journal of Division 1, of the American Psychological Association, 2(3), 300–319. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.300
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218–226. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 359(1449), 1367–1377. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1512
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frey, B. S. (2018). Economics of happiness. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75807-7_4
   Google Scholar
• Geise, A. C. (2008). Personal growth and personality development: Well-being and ego development [Unpublished master’s thesis]. University of Missouri-Columbia.
   Google Scholar
• Glover, T. D., & Bates, N. R. (2006). Recapturing a sense of neighbourhood since lost: Nostalgia and the formation of first string, a community team Inc. Leisure Studies, 25(3), 329–351. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614360500468154
   Google Scholar
• Gruber, J., Kogan, A., Quoidbach, J., & Mauss, I. B. (2013). Happiness is best kept stable: Positive emotion variability is associated with poorer psychological health. Emotion (Washington, D.C.), 13(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gvion, L. (2009). Organised leisure as promoting nostalgia: Israeli senior citizens singing in Yiddish. Leisure Studies, 28(1), 51–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614360802334856
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (2nd ed.). Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Mena, J. A. (2012). An assessment of the use of partial least squares structural equation modeling in marketing research. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40(3), 414–433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-011-0261-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hearne, N. (2014). Where to play sports in Singapore: Guide to clubs and teams – football, cricket, rugby, baseball and more. The Honeycombers. https://thehoneycombers.com/singapore/sports-in-singapore/
   Google Scholar
• Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hepper, E. G., Ritchie, T. D., Sedikides, C., & Wildschut, T. (2012). Odyssey's end: Lay conceptions of nostalgia reflect its original homeric meaning. Emotion (Washington, DC), 12(1), 102–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hills, P., & Argyle, M. (1998). Positive moods derived from leisure and their relationship to happiness and personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 25(3), 523–535. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00082-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hills, P., & Argyle, M. (2002). The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: A compact scale for the measurement of psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 33(7), 1073–1082. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00213-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirschmann, M. T., Hart, A., Henckel, J., Sadoghi, P., Seil, R., & Mouton, C. (2020). COVID-19 coronavirus: recommended personal protective equipment for the orthopaedic and trauma surgeon. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 28(6), 1690–1698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofmann, W., Luhmann, M., Fisher, R. R., Vohs, K. D., & Baumeister, R. F. (2014). Yes, But Are They Happy? Effects of Trait Self-Control on Affective Well-Being and Life Satisfaction. Journal of Personality, 82(4), 265–277. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holbrook, M. B. (1993). Nostalgia and consumption preferences: Some emerging patterns of consumer tastes. Journal of Consumer Research, 20(2), 245–256. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2489272. https://doi.org/10.1086/209346
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holder, M. D., Coleman, B., & Sehn, Z. L. (2009). The contribution of active and passive leisure to children's well-being. Journal of Health Psychology, 14(3), 378–386. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105308101676
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hornung, B. R. (2006). Happiness and the pursuit of happiness. Kybernetes, 35(3/4), 323–346. https://doi.org/10.1108/03684920610653656
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurly, J. (2019). I feel something is still missing’: Leisure meanings of African refugee women in Canada. Leisure Studies, 38(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2018.1515241
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahneman, D., Diener, E., & Schwarz, N. (eds). (1999). Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology. Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, J., Heo, J., Lee, I. H., & Kim, J. (2015). Predicting personal growth and happiness by using serious leisure model. Social Indicators Research, 122(1), 147–157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-014-0680-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleiber, D. A., Hutchinson, S. L., & Williams, R. (2002). Leisure as a Resource in Transcending Negative Life Events: Self-Protection, Self-Restoration, and Personal Transformation. Leisure Sciences, 24(2), 219–235. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400252900167
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kugbey, N., Ayanore, M. A., Amu, H., Asante, K. O., & Adam, A. (2018). International note: Analysis of risk and protective factors for risky sexual behaviours among school-aged adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 68, 66–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurtz, J. L., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2013). Happiness promotion: Using mindful photography to increase positive emotion and appreciation. In J. J. Froh & A. C. Parks (Eds.), Activities for teaching positive psychology: A guide for instructors (pp. 133–136).  American Psychological Association
   Google Scholar
• Lepp, A. (2018). Correlating leisure and happiness: The relationship between the leisure experience battery and the Satisfaction With Life Scale. Annals of Leisure Research, 21(2), 246–252. https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2017.1325759
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liechty, T., Yarnal, C., & Kerstetter, D. (2012). ‘I want to do everything!’: Leisure innovation among retirement-age women. Leisure Studies, 31(4), 389–408.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little, T. D., Cunningham, W. A., Shahar, G., & Widaman, K. F. (2002). To parcel or not to parcel: Exploring the question, weighing the merits. Structural equation modeling, 9(2), 151–173.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, H., & Da, S. (2020). The relationships between leisure and happiness-A graphic elicitation method. Leisure Studies, 39(1), 111–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2019.1575459
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, Y., Shek, D. T. L., & Zhu, X. (2017). The influence of personal well-being on learning achievement in university students over time: Mediating or moderating effects of internal and external university engagement. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 2287. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, P. M. (2012). Common method bias in marketing: Causes, mechanisms, and procedural remedies. Journal of Retailing, 88(4), 542–555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretai.2012.08.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahadea, D., & Ramroop, S. (2015). Influences on happiness and subjective well-being of entrepreneurs and labour: Kwazulu-Natal case study. South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, 18(2), 245–259.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mauss, I. B., Tamir, M., Anderson, C. L., & Savino, N. S. (2011). Can seeking happiness make people unhappy? [corrected] Paradoxical effects of valuing happiness. Emotion (Washington, D.C.), 11(4), 807–815. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metin, Ö. Z. L. Ü., ÖZ, N. D., & Tasgin, E. (2018). Determination of leisure time orientations in university students, the relationship between leisure time boredom perceptions and social network sites usage purposes. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 20(2), 105–110.
   Google Scholar
• Meyers, M. C., van Woerkom, M., de Reuver, R. S., Bakk, Z., & Oberski, D. L. (2015). Enhancing psychological capital and personal growth initiative: Working on strengths or deficiencies. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 62(1), 50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milligan, M. J. (2003). Displacement and identity discontinuity: The role of nostalgia in establishing new identity categories. Symbolic Interaction, 26(3), 381–403. https://doi.org/10.1525/si.2003.26.3.381
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misener, K., Doherty, A., & Hamm-Kerwin, S. (2010). Learning from the experiences of older adult volunteers in sport: A serious leisure perspective. Journal of Leisure Research, 42(2), 267–289.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misurya, P. (2020). Nostalgia Fosters Authenticity: A Study to understand the link and its consequences for well-being. Studies in Indian Place Names, 40(40), 2877–2902. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000136
   Google Scholar
• Mitas, O., Qian, X. L., Yarnal, C., & Kerstetter, D. (2011). The Fun Begins Now!”: Broadening and building processes in red hat society® participation. Journal of Leisure Research, 43(1), 30–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2011.11950225
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nimrod, G. (2007). Retirees' leisure: Activities, benefits, and their contribution to life satisfaction. Leisure Studies, 26(1), 65–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614360500333937
   Google Scholar
• Nitzl, C., Roldan Jose, L., & Cepeda, G. (2016). Mediation analysis in partial least squares path modeling: Helping researchers discuss more sophisticated models. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 116(9), 1849–1864. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-07-2015-0302
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Oswald, A. J., Proto, E., & Sgroi, D. (2015). Happiness and productivity. Journal of Labor Economics, 33(4), 789–822. https://doi.org/10.1086/681096
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phau, I., Quintal, V., Marchegiani, C., & Lee, S. (2016). Looking beyond pasta and pizzas: Examining personal and historical nostalgia as travel motives. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 10(3), 296–309.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pugno, M. (2019). Happiness, human development, and economic (de) growth. Annali Della Fondazione Luigi Einaudi, 53, 151–171. https://doi.org/10.26331/1088
   Google Scholar
• Raibley, J. R. (2012). Happiness is not well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 13(6), 1105–1129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-011-9309-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rigdon, E., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. (2017). On comparing results from CB-SEM and PLS-SEM: Five perspectives and five recommendations. Marketing ZFP, 39(3), 4–16. https://doi.org/10.15358/0344-1369-2017-3-4
   Google Scholar
• Ringle, C. M., Wende, S., & Becker, J. M. (2015). SmartPLS 3. SmartPLS GmbH. http://www.smartpls.com
   Google Scholar
• Robbins, M., Francis, L. J., & Edwards, B. (2010). Happiness as stable extraversion: Internal consistency reliability and construct validity of the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire among undergraduate students. Current Psychology, 29(2), 89–94.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robitschek, C. (1998). Personal growth initiative: The construct and its measure. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 30(4), 183–198.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robitschek, C. (2003). Validity of Personal Growth Initiative Scale scores with a Mexican American college student population. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50(4), 496–502.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Routledge, C., Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., & Juhl, J. (2013). Nostalgia as a resource for psychological health and well‐being. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(11), 808–818. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12070.
   Google Scholar
• Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069–1081. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. H. (2008). Know thyself and become what you are: A eudaimonic approach to psychological well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9(1), 13–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9019-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarstedt, M., Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., Thiele, K. O., & Gudergan, S. P. (2016). Estimation issues with PLS and CBSEM: Where the bias lies!. Journal of Business Research, 69(10), 3998–4010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.06.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sass, D. A., & Smith, P. L. (2006). The effects of parceling unidimensional scales on structural parameter estimates in structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 13(4), 566–586. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15328007sem1304_4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schindler, R. M., & Holbrook, M. B. (2003). Nostalgia for early experience as a determinant of consumer preferences. Psychology and Marketing, 20(4), 275–302. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.10074
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedikides, C., & Wildschut, T. (2018). Finding Meaning in Nostalgia. Review of General Psychology, 22(1), 48–61. https://doi.org/10.1037/gpr0000109
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedikides, C., Wildschut, T., Arndt, J., & Routledge, C. (2008). Nostalgia. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17(5), 304–307. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00595.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephan, E., Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Zhou, X., He, W., Routledge, C., Cheung, W.-Y., & Vingerhoets, A. J. (2014). The mnemonic mover: Nostalgia regulates avoidance and approach motivation. Emotion (Washington, DC), 14(3), 545–561. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035673
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straume, L. V., & Vittersø, J. (2012). Happiness, inspiration and the fully functioning person: Separating hedonic and eudaimonic well-being in the workplace. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 7(5), 387–398. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2012.711348
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Pearson Education.
   Google Scholar
• Taber, K. S. (2018). The use of Cronbach’s alpha when developing and reporting research instruments in science education. Research in Science Education, 48(6), 1273–1296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-016-9602-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tkach, C., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2006). How Do People Pursue Happiness?: Relating Personality, Happiness-Increasing Strategies, and Well-Being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 7(2), 183–225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-005-4754-1
   Google Scholar
• Triantafillidou, A., & Siomkos, G. (2014). Consumption experience outcomes: satisfaction, nostalgia intensity, word-of-mouth communication and behavioural intentions. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 31(6/7), 526–540.
   Google Scholar
• Tsaur, S.-H., & Liang, Y.-W. (2008). Serious leisure and recreation specialization. Leisure Sciences, 30(4), 325–341. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400802165115
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Tilburg, W. A., Igou, E. R., & Sedikides, C. (2013). In search of meaningfulness: Nostalgia as an antidote to boredom. Emotion (Washington, DC), 13(3), 450–461. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030442
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitrano, C. (2018). The nature and value of happiness. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, M., & Wong, M. C. (2014). Happiness and leisure across countries: Evidence from international survey data. Journal of Happiness Studies, 15(1), 85–118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-013-9417-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waterman, A. S., Schwartz, S. J., Zamboanga, B. L., Ravert, R. D., Williams, M. K., Bede Agocha, V., Kim, S. Y., & Brent Donnellan, M. (2010). The questionnaire for Eudaimonic well-being: Psychometric properties, demographic comparisons, and evidence of validity. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 5(1), 41–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760903435208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei, X., Huang, S., Stodolska, M., & Yu, Y., (2015). Leisure time, leisure activities, and happiness in China. Journal of Leisure Research, 47(5), 556–576. https://doi.org/10.18666/jlr-2015-v47-i5-6120
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Arndt, J., & Routledge, C. (2006). Nostalgia: Content, triggers, functions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(5), 975. https://doi.org/10.18666/jlr-2015-v47-i5-6120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, D. W. (1994). Leisure benefits and student development. Recreational Sports Journal, 19(1), 38–42. https://doi.org/10.1123/nirsa.19.1.38
   Google Scholar
• Wulf, T., Bowman, N. D., Velez, J. A., & Breuer, J. (2020). Once upon a game: Exploring video game nostalgia and its impact on well-being. Psychology of Popular Media, 9(1), 83–95. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000208
   Google Scholar
• Yamamura, E. (2017). Identity, nostalgia and happiness among migrants: The case of the Kōshien high school baseball tournament in Japan. Pacific Economic Review, 22(5), 792–813. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0106.12226
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, X., Lynch, J. G., Jr., & Chen, Q. (2010). Reconsidering Baron and Kenny: Myths and truths about mediation analysis. Journal of Consumer Research, 37(2), 197–206. https://doi.org/10.1086/651257
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar