“I Am Not Diversity Training”: Exploring the Experiences of Diverse Parks and Recreation Professionals Through Socio-Ecological Systems Theory

References

• Allison, M. T. (1999). Organizational barriers to diversity in the workplace. Journal of Leisure Research, 31(1), 78–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1999.11949852
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Civil Liberties Union. (2024). Mapping attacks on LGBTQ rights in U.S. state legislatures in 2024. February 13. Retrieved February 16, 2024, https://www.aclu.org/legislative-attacks-on-lgbtq-rights-2024 https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1999.11949852
   Google Scholar
• Andersen, P. H., & Kragh, H. (2010). Sense and sensibility: Two approaches for using existing theory in theory-building qualitative research. Industrial Marketing Management, 39(1), 49–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2009.02.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauman, C. W., Trawalter, S., & Unzueta, M. M. (2014). Diverse according to whom? Racial group membership and concerns about discrimination shape diversity judgments. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 40(10), 1354–1372. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167214543881
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertrand, M., & Mullainathan, S. (2004). Are Emily and Greg more employable than Lakisha and Jamal? A field experiment on labor market discrimination. American Economic Review, 94(4), 991–1013. https://doi.org/10.1257/0002828042002561
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bianco, M., Leech, N. L., & Mitchell, K. (2011). Pathways to teaching: African American male teens explore teaching as a career. Journal of Negro Education, 80(3), 368–383.
   Google Scholar
• Bond, M. A., & Haynes, M. C. (2014). Workplace diversity: A social-ecological framework and policy implications. Social Issues and Policy Review, 8(1), 167–201. https://doi.org/10.1111/sipr.12005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brockenbrough, E. (2015). “The discipline stop” Black male teachers and the politics of urban school discipline. Education and Urban Society, 47(5), 499–522. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013124514530154
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronfenbrenner, U. (1977). Toward an experimental ecology of human development. American Psychologist, 32(7), 513–531. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.32.7.513
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunn, C. (2023). Hamstrung by ‘golden handcuffs’: Diversity roles disappear three years after George Floyd’s murder inspired them. NBC News. February 27. Retrieved February 17, 2024, https://www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/diversity-roles-disappear-three-years-george-floyd-protests-inspired-rcna72026
   Google Scholar
• Byrne, J., & Wolch, J. (2009). Nature, race, and parks: Past research and future directions for geographic research. Progress in Human Geography, 33(6), 743–765. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132509103156
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter-Francique, A. R., & Olushola, J. (2016). Women coaches of color. In LaVoi, N. (Ed), Women in sports coaching (pp. 81–94). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control (CDC). (2022). The Social-ecological model: A framework for prevention. Retrived August 20, 2023, https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/about/social-ecologicalmodel.html
   Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Crompton, J. L., & West, S. T. (2008). The role of moral philosophies, operational criteria and operational strategies in determining equitable allocation of resources for leisure services in the United States. Leisure Studies, 27(1), 35–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614360701198048
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahmann, N., Wolch, J., Joassart-Marcelli, P., Reynolds, K., & Jerrett, M. (2010). The active city? Disparities in provision of urban public recreation resources. Health & Place, 16(3), 431–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2009.11.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorsch, T. E., Smith, A. L., Blazo, J. A., Coakley, J., Côté, J., Wagstaff, C. R., Warner, S., & King, M. Q. (2022). Toward an integrated understanding of the youth sport system. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 93(1), 105–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2020.1810847
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durkee, A. (2023). Supreme Court gets rid of affirmative action in college admissions. Forbes. June 29. Retrieved 17 February, 2024, https://www.forbes.com/sites/alisondurkee/2023/06/29/supreme-court-gets-rid-of-affirmative-action-in-college-admissions/?sh=299b2f0d2857
   Google Scholar
• Ely, R. J., & Thomas, D. A. (2020). Getting serious about diversity. Harvard Business Review, 98(6), 114–122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garamone, J. (2021). Biden Administration overturns transgender exclusion policy. U.S. Department of Defense. January 25. Retrieved 17 February, 2024. https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/article/2482048/biden-administration-overturns-transgender-exclusion-policy/ https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742058X16000187
   Google Scholar
• García, J. J., Gee, G. C., & Jones, M. (2016). A critical race theory analysis of public park features in Latino immigrant neighborhoods. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race, 13(2), 397–411. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742058X16000187
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goings, R. B., & Bianco, M. (2016). It’s hard to be who you don’t see: An exploration of Black male high school students’ perspectives on becoming teachers. The Urban Review, 48, 628–646.
   Google Scholar
• Haynes, N. A., & Jacobson, S. (2015). Barriers and perceptions of natural resource careers by minority students. The Journal of Environmental Education, 46(3), 166–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/00958964.2015.1011595
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson, K., Grappendorf, H., Bruton, C., & Tomas, S. (2013). The status of women in the parks and recreation profession in the United States. World Leisure Journal, 55(1), 58–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/04419057.2012.759142
   Google Scholar
• Hood, C. (1991). A public management for all seasons? Public Administration, 69(1), 3–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9299.1991.tb00779.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu, A. (2023). Corporate DEI initiatives are facing cutbacks and legal attacks. National Public Radio. August 19. Retrieved 17 February, 2024. https://www.npr.org/2023/08/19/1194595310/dei-affirmative-action-supreme-court-layoffs-diversity-equity-inclusion
   Google Scholar
• Hurd, A., Anderson, D. M., & Mainieri, T. (2021). Kraus’ recreation and leisure in modern society. Jones & Bartlett Learning.
   Google Scholar
• Ingersoll, R. M., May, H., & Collins, G. (2019). Recruitment, employment, retention and the minority teacher shortage. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 27(37), 37. https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.27.3714
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, C. (2005). ‘The first step is the two-step’: hegemonic masculinity and dancing in a country-western gay bar. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education (QSE), 18(4), 445–464. https://doi.org/10.1080/09518390500137626
   Google Scholar
• Jones, B. A., Arcelus, J., Bouman, W. P., & Haycraft, E. (2017). Sport and transgender people: A systematic review of the literature relating to sport participation and competitive sport policies. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 47(4), 701–716. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0621-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawakami, C., White, J. B., & Langer, E. J. (2000). Mindful and masculine: Freeing women leaders from the constraints of gender roles. Journal of Social Issues, 56(1), 49–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00151
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kivel, B. D., & Kleiber, D. A. (2000). Leisure in the identity formation of lesbian/gay youth: Personal, but not social. Leisure Sciences, 22(4), 215–232.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaVoi, N. M., & Dutove, J. K. (2012). Barriers and supports for female coaches: An ecological model. Sports Coaching Review, 1(1), 17–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/21640629.2012.695891
   Google Scholar
• Lee, K. J., Casper, J., & Floyd, M. (2019). Racial and ethnic diversity and inclusion efforts of public park and recreation agencies. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 38(1), 88-105. https://doi.org/10.18666/JPRA-2019-9785
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legg, E., & Karner, E. (2021). Development of a model of diversity, equity and inclusion for sport volunteers: An examination of the experiences of diverse volunteers for a national sport governing body. Sport, Education and Society, 26(9), 966–981. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2021.1907325
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legg, E., & Varney, R. (2024). Motivations, barriers, and supports. An examination of the experiences of women of color recreational sport coaches. Journal of Sport Management, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2022-0228
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• López, Q. (2023). 16 iconic moments in the LGBT rights movement from the last decade. Business Insider. October 12. Retrieved Feb 17, 2024, https://www.businessinsider.com/iconic-moments-lgbtq-rights-movement-2019-11#the-pentagon-announced-it-was-lifting-the-ban-on-transgender-people-serving-in-the-military-in-2016-although-the-victory-was-short-lived-10 https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2022-0228
   Google Scholar
• Massao, P. B., & Fasting, K. (2010). Race and racism: Experiences of Black Norwegian athletes. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 45(2), 147–162. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690210368233
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michaels, C., Blake, L., Lynn, A., Greylord, T., & Benning, S. (2022). Mental health and well-being ecological model. Center for Leadership Education in Maternal & Child Public Health, University of Minnesota–Twin Cities.
   Google Scholar
• Minkin, R. (2023). Diversity, equity and inclusion in the workplace. Pew Research Center. May 17. Retrieved Feb 17, 2024, https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2023/05/17/diversity-equity-and-inclusion-in-the-workplace/
   Google Scholar
• Mor Barak, M. E. (2015). Inclusion is the key to diversity management, but what is inclusion? Human Service Organizations: Management, Leadership & Governance, 39(2), 83–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/23303131.2015.1035599
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Recreation and Parks Association (NRPA). (2021). Diversity, equity and inclusion in parks and recreation report.
   Google Scholar
• National Recreation and Parks Association (NRPA). (n.d). Social equity and parks and recreation: Position statement. Retrieved March 8, 2023, from https://www.nrpa.org/our-work/Three-Pillars/social-equity-and-parks-and-recreation/
   Google Scholar
• Nowell, L. S., Norris, J. M., White, D. E., & Moules, N. J. (2017). Thematic analysis: Striving to meet the trustworthiness criteria. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16(1):7. https://doi.org/10.18666/JPRA-2017-V35-I2-7363
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oakleaf, L., & Richmond, L. P. (2017). Dreaming about access: The experiences of transgender individuals in public recreation. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 35(2), 108–119. https://doi.org/10.18666/JPRA-2017-V35-I2-7363
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orbe, M. P. (2000). Centralizing diverse racial/ethnic voices in scholarly research: The value of phenomenological inquiry. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 24(5), 603–621. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-1767(00)00019-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poushter, J., Gubbala, S., & Huang, C. (2023). How people in 24 countries view same-sex marriage. Pew Research Center. Retrieved August 1, 2023, from https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/06/13/how-people-in-24-countries-view-same-sex-marriage/
   Google Scholar
• Powers, S. L., Lee, K. J., Pitas, N. A., Graefe, A. R., & Mowen, A. J. (2020). Understanding access and use of municipal parks and recreation through an intersectionality perspective. Journal of Leisure Research, 51(4), 377–396. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2019.1701965
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powers, S. L., Pitas, N. A., & Mowen, A. J. (2023). Critical consciousness of systemic racism in parks among park agency directors and policymakers: An environmental justice tool for recreation and conservation leaders. Society & Natural Resources, 37(1), 24–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2023.2250737
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robledo, M. V., Edwards, M. B., Bocarro, J. N., Behnke, A. O., & Casper, J. M. (2022). Examination of ecological systems contexts within a Latino-based community sport youth development initiative. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 4, 869589. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9276919/pdf/fspor-04-869589.pdf https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2022.869589
   Google Scholar
• Rose, J., & Johnson, C. W. (2020). Contextualizing reliability and validity in qualitative research: Toward more rigorous and trustworthy qualitative social science in leisure research. Journal of Leisure Research, 51(4), 432–451. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2020.1722042
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowe, K., Shilbury, D., Ferkins, L., & Hinckson, E. (2013). Sport development and physical activity promotion: An integrated model to enhance collaboration and understanding. Sport Management Review, 16(3), 364–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2012.12.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoen, C., & Rost, K. (2021). What really works?! Evaluating the effectiveness of practices to increase the managerial diversity of women and minorities. European Management Journal, 39(1), 95–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2020.06.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwab, K. A., Dustin, D., Legg, E., Timmerman, D., Wells, M. S., & Arthur-Banning, S. G. (2013). Choosing sport management as a college major. SCHOLE: A Journal of Leisure Studies and Recreation Education, 28(2), 16–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/1937156X.2013.11949703
   Google Scholar
• Scott, S. V., & Rodriguez, L. F. (2015). “A fly in the ointment” African American male preservice teachers’ experiences with stereotype threat in teacher education. Urban Education, 50(6), 689–717. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085913519335
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sue, D. W. (2010). Microaggressions in everyday life: Race, gender, and sexual orientation. John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2022). Employed persons by detailed industry, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. Retrieved March 8, 2023, from https://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat18.htm
   Google Scholar
• UNICEF. (n.d.). Brief on the socioecological model. Retrieved 20 August, 2023, https://www.unicef.org/media/135011/file/Global%20multisectoral%20operational%20framework.pdf
   Google Scholar
• University of California Los Angeles Critical Race Studies. (2024). The number of anti-Critical Race Theory measures introduced has increased since 2020. Retrieved Feb 17, 2024, https://crtforward.law.ucla.edu/
   Google Scholar
• Webb, D., & Hodge, S. R. (2003). Factors that influence career choice of African American students to enter the adapted physical education profession. Physical Educator, 60(3), 134.
   Google Scholar
• Wolcott, V. W. (2012). Race, riots, and roller coasters: The struggle over segregated recreation in America. University of Pennsylvania Press.
   Google Scholar
• Worsley, J. D., & Stone, C. F. (2011). Framing the problem of barriers to upward mobility for African Americans in parks and recreation. Journal of Park & Recreation Administration, 29(2), 69–90.
   Google Scholar