Understanding the Relationship between Race and Leisure Activities and Constraints: Exploring an Alternative Framework

References

• Anderson , E. 1985 . “ Race and neighborhood transition ” . In The new urban reality , Edited by: Peterson , P. E. 99 – 127 . Washington, DC : The Brookings Institution .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , E. 1999 . Code of the street: Decency, violence, and the moral life of the inner city , New York : W. W. Norton & Company .
   Google Scholar
• Arnold , M. L. and Shinew , K. J. 1998 . The role of gender, race and income on park use constraints . Journal of Park and Recreation Administration , 16 : 39 – 56 .
   Google Scholar
• Edwards , P. K. 1981 . Race, residence and leisure style: Some policy implications . Leisure Sciences , 4 : 95 – 112 .
   Google Scholar
• Feagin , J. R. 1991 . The continuing significance of race: Antiblack discrimination in public places . American Sociological Review , 56 : 101 – 116 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Floyd , M. F. 1998 . Getting beyond marginality and ethnicity: The challenge for race and ethnic studies in leisure research . Journal of Leisure Research , 30 : 3 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Floyd , M. F. and Shinew , K. J. 1999 . Convergence and divergences in leisure style among Whites and African-Americans: Towards an interracial contact hypothesis . Journal of Leisure Research , 31 : 359 – 384 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frey , W. H. 2001 . Micro melting pots . American Demographics , June 2001 : 20 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Gramann , J. H. and Allison , M. T. 1999 . “ Ethnicity, race, and leisure ” . In Leisure Studies: Prospects for the twenty-first century , Edited by: Jackson , E. L. and Burton , T. L. 283 – 291 . State College, PA : Venture Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Gobster , P. H. 2002 . Managing urban parks for a racially and ethnically diverse clientele . Leisure Sciences , 24 : 143 – 159 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez , E. 2002 . The ethnicity of public recreation participation model . Leisure Sciences , 24 : 123 – 142 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gramann , J. H. and Allison , M. T. 1999 . “ Ethnicity, race, and leisure ” . In Leisure studies: Prospects for the twenty-first century , Edited by: Jackson , E. and Burton , T. 283 – 297 . State College, PA : Venture Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Henderson , K. A. and Ainsworth , B. E. 2001 . Researching leisure and physical activity with women of color: Issues and emerging questions . Leisure Sciences , 23 : 21 – 34 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson , K. A. , Bialeschki , M. D. , Shaw , S. M. and Freysinger , V. 1996 . Both gains and gaps: Feminist perspectives on women's leisure , State College, PA : Venture Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Hibbler , D. K. and Shinew , K. J. 2002 . Interracial couples' experience of leisure: A social construction of a racialized other . Journal of Leisure Research , 34 : 135 – 156 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hultzman , W. 1993 . Is constrained leisure an internally homogeneous concept? An extension . Journal of Leisure Research , 25 : 319 – 334 .
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , E. L. 1988 . Leisure constraints: A survey of past research . Leisure Sciences , 10 : 203 – 215 .
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , E. L. and Henderson , K. A. 1995 . Gender-based analysis of leisure constraints . Leisure Sciences , 17 : 31 – 51 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson , E. L. and Scott , D. 1999 . “ Constraints to leisure ” . In Leisure studies: Prospects for the twenty-first century , Edited by: Jackson , E. L. and Burton , T. L. 299 – 321 . State College, PA : Venture Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , E. L. and Witt , P. A. 1994 . Change and stability in leisure constraints: A comparison of two surveys conducted four years apart . Journal of Leisure Research , 26 : 322 – 336 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , C. Y. , Bowker , J. M. , English , D. B. K. and Worthen , D. 1998 . Wildland recreation in the rural south: An examination of marginality and ethnicity theory . Journal of Leisure Research , 30 : 101 – 120 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , C. Y. , Bowker , J. M. and Cordell , H. K. 2001 . Outdoor recreation constraints: An examination of race, gender, and rural dwelling . Southern Rural Sociology , 17 : 111 – 133 .
   Google Scholar
• Keating , W. D. and Smith , J. 1996 . “ Neighborhoods in transition ” . In Revitalizing Urban Neighborhoods , Edited by: Keating , W. D. , Krumholz , N. and Star , P. 24 – 38 . Lawrence, KS : University Press of Kansas .
   Google Scholar
• Kornblum , W. 1983 . Racial and cultural groups on the beach . Ethnic Groups , 5 : 109 – 124 .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , R. G. 1972 . “ The social definition of outdoor recreation places ” . In Social behavior, natural resources, and environment , Edited by: Burch , W. R. , Cheek , N. and Taylor , L. 68 – 84 . New York : Harper & Row .
   Google Scholar
• Massey , D. S. and Denton , N. A. 1993 . American apartheid: Segregation and the making of the under-class , Cambridge : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Markides , K. , Liang , J. and Jackson , J. 1990 . “ Race, ethnicity, and aging: Conceptual and methodological issues ” . In Handbook of aging and the social sciences , 3rd ed. , Edited by: Binstock , R. and George , L. 112 – 129 . San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mosley-Howard , G. S. and Evans , C. B. 2000 . Relationships and contemporary experiences of the African-American family: An ethnographic case study . Journal of Black Studies , 30 : 428 – 452 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Outley , C. W. and Floyd , M. F. 2002 . The home they live in: Inner city children's views on the influence of parenting strategies on their leisure behavior . Leisure Sciences , 24 : 161 – 179 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payne , L. L. , Mowen , A. J. and Orsega-Smith , E. 2002 . An examination of park preferences and behaviors among urban residents: The role of residential location, race, and age . Leisure Sciences , 24 : 181 – 198 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philipp , S. F. 1995 . Race and leisure constraints . Leisure Sciences , 17 : 109 – 120 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philipp , S. F. 1998 . Race and gender differences in adolescent peer group approval of leisure activities . Journal of Leisure Research , 30 : 214 – 232 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philipp , S. F. 1999 . Are we welcome? African-American racial acceptance in leisure activities and the importance given to children's leisure . Journal of Leisure Research , 31 : 385 – 403 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philipp , S. F. 2000 . Race and the pursuit of happiness . Journal of Leisure Research , 32 : 121 – 124 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson , J. P. and Godbey , G. 1999 . Time for life: The surprising ways Americans use their time , University Park, PA : The Pennsylvania State University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , D. and Shafer , C. S. 2001 . Recreational specialization: A critical look at the construct . Journal of Leisure Research , 33 : 319 – 343 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw , S. M. 1994 . Gender, leisure and constraint: Towards a framework for the analysis of women's leisure . Journal of Leisure Research , 26 : 8 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw , S. M. 2001 . Conceptualizing resistance: Women's leisure as political practice . Journal of Leisure Research , 33 : 186 – 201 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shinew , K. J. , Floyd , M. F. , McGuire , F. A. and Noe , F. P. 1995 . Gender, race, and subjective social class and their association with leisure preferences . Leisure Sciences , 17 : 75 – 89 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stamps , S. M. and Stamps , M. B. 1985 . Race, class and leisure activities of urban residents . Journal of Leisure Research , 17 : 40 – 56 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stebbins , R. A. 1992 . Amateurs, professionals, and serious leisure , Montreal : McGill-Queen's University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stodolska , M. 1998 . Assimilation and leisure constraints: Dynamics of constraint on leisure in immigrant populations . Journal of Leisure Research , 3 : 521 – 551 .
   Google Scholar
• Stodolska , M. and Jackson , E. L. 1998 . Discrimination in leisure and work experienced by a white ethnic minority group . Journal of Leisure Research , 30 : 23 – 46 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai , E. H. and Coleman , D. J. 1999 . Leisure constraints of Chinese immigrants: An exploratory study . Society and Leisure , 22 : 243 – 264 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Washburne , R. 1978 . Black under-participation in wildland recreation: Alternative explanations . Leisure Sciences , 1 : 175 – 189 .
   Google Scholar
• Washburne , R. and Wall , P. 1980 . Black-white ethnic differences in outdoor recreation , Ogden, UT : Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station . USDA Forest Service Research Paper. INT-249
   Google Scholar
• West , P. C. 1989 . Urban region parks and black minorities: Subculture, marginality, and interracial relations in park use in the Detroit metropolitan area . Leisure Sciences , 11 : 11 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Woodard , M. D. 1988 . Class, regionality, and leisure among urban Black Americans: The post-civil rights era . Journal of Leisure Research , 20 : 87 – 105 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar